Nutrients

13 pages, 982 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Diet on the Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Success in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases—A Literature Review

by Natalia Komorniak, Katarzyna Gaweł, Anna Deskur, Jan Pawlus and Ewa Stachowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203314 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic method involving the administration of appropriately prepared feces from a healthy donor to the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient. This literature review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the available evidence on the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a therapeutic method involving the administration of appropriately prepared feces from a healthy donor to the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient. This literature review aims to summarize and critically evaluate the available evidence on the impact of different dietary patterns and nutrients on the efficacy of FMT. Methods: The present literature review focuses on the impact of diet on the gut microbiota in the context of the effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation. A literature review was conducted based on the PubMed Database. Results: More and more data confirm the close link between diet and gut microbiota and suggest that proper nutrition before and after FMT may support the effectiveness of this procedure. It appears that increased fiber intake significantly delays the loss of diversity in the transplanted microbiota, thereby enhancing the beneficial clinical effects following FMT. Additionally, the use of an anti-inflammatory components in the diet combination with FMT could be effective in achieving clinical remission in patients with ulcerative colitis. Conclusions: Based on the literature review, it appears that the most optimal nutritional model (through its beneficial effect on the composition of the gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids production, and intestinal barrier integrity) to support the effectiveness of FMT is an anti-inflammatory diet rich in dietary fiber (for both the donor and the recipient). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

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23 pages, 2377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy and Safety of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 Supplementation on Cognitive Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Hyang-Im Baek, So-Young Kwon, Hye-Ji Noh, Su Young Son, Jong Cheon Joo and Soo Jung Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203313 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 733

Abstract

Background: Modulation of the gut–brain axis using probiotics present a promising approach for enhancing cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In prior non-clinical research, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) exhibited potential to enhance cognitive function. We therefore conducted a clinical trial [...] Read more.

Background: Modulation of the gut–brain axis using probiotics present a promising approach for enhancing cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In prior non-clinical research, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) exhibited potential to enhance cognitive function. We therefore conducted a clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of LL supplementation in MCI. Methods: A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center trial was performed in 100 participants aged 55–80 years. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive LL (n = 50, 5.0 × 10⁹ CFU/day) or placebo (n = 50). Efficacy and safety were evaluated at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: LL supplementation resulted in significantly greater improvements than placebo in the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognition 13 total score, the memory sub-score, reaction time for Part A of the Trail Making Test, and word/color reaction times on the Stroop test. Taxonomic and metabolomic profiling of fecal samples showed significantly greater changes in the relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms in the LL group, with the most pronounced shifts at the family (Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae) and genus (Lactobacillus) levels. In addition, the LL group exhibited significantly higher fecal levels of indole-derived metabolites, including 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, and indole-3-glycol. Safety assessments indicated LL was safe and well-tolerated, with no clinically relevant changes in laboratory findings or adverse events. Conclusions: These findings suggest that LL supplementation may enhance cognitive function in MCI by modulating the gut–brain axis through effects on gut microbiota and related metabolites, and could serve as a safe functional food to support cognitive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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33 pages, 2481 KB

Open AccessReview

Dairy-Gut Microbiome Interactions: Implications for Immunity, Adverse Reactions to Food, Physical Performance and Cardiometabolic Health—A Narrative Review

by Javier Modrego, Lisset Pantoja-Arévalo, Dulcenombre Gómez-Garre, Eva Gesteiro and Marcela González-Gross

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203312 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objective: Milk and fermented dairy products are widely consumed functional foods and beverages, offering not only essential nutrients but also bioactive compounds with potential to modulate host immunity, metabolism, and the gut microbiome. This narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Milk and fermented dairy products are widely consumed functional foods and beverages, offering not only essential nutrients but also bioactive compounds with potential to modulate host immunity, metabolism, and the gut microbiome. This narrative review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the relationship between dairy consumption, gut microbiome, immune modulation, adverse reactions to food, physical performance and cardiometabolic health. Methods: An extensive literature analysis was conducted to explore how milk and fermented dairy products modulate the gut microbiome and influence the immune and cardiometabolic health. This study synthesis focused on key dairy bioactive compounds, such as probiotics, miRNAs, milk-derived peptides and exosomes and on evaluating their proposed mechanisms of action in inflammation and metabolic regulation, and their possible influence on physical performance through gut–microbiome interactions. Additionally, advances in metagenomic and metabolomic technologies were reviewed for their potential to uncover host–microbiota interactions relevant to precision nutrition strategies. Results: Fermented dairy products have shown potential in promoting beneficial bacteria growth such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, short-chain fatty acid synthesis and reduction in proinflammatory biomarkers. Specific dairy-derived peptides and exosomal components may further support gut barrier integrity, immune regulation and improve physical performance and reduce cardiometabolic risk factors. Additionally, emerging evidence links individual gut microbiota profiles to specific metabolic responses, including tolerance to lactose and bovine milk proteins. Conclusions: Integrating microbiome science with traditional nutritional paradigms enhances our understanding of how dairy influences immune and cardiometabolic health. Overall, current evidence suggests that investigating dairy-microbiome interactions, alongside lifestyle factors such as physical activity, may inform future personalized nutrition strategies aimed at supporting metabolic and immune health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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23 pages, 3175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Dietary Patterns, Lifestyle Practices, and Forest Foods with Bioactive Potential to Address Micronutrient Deficiencies and Noncommunicable Diseases in Northeast India

by Devaprasanna Patrick, Jancirani Ramaswamy, Thangavel Palanisamy, Raghu Raman and Prema Nedungadi

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203311 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Natural solutions, such as locally available food resources (LAFRs) and nontimber forest products (NTFPs), are recognized for their bioactive potential in addressing health challenges. Despite Mizoram’s rich biodiversity, the population faces increasing risks of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs). Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Natural solutions, such as locally available food resources (LAFRs) and nontimber forest products (NTFPs), are recognized for their bioactive potential in addressing health challenges. Despite Mizoram’s rich biodiversity, the population faces increasing risks of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and micronutrient deficiencies (MNDs). Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed priority dietary preferences, food group consumption, dietary diversity score, and lifestyle practices, alongside a review of the nutraceutical potential of LAFRs and NTFPs. A three-day dietary recall was analyzed using t-tests at a 5% significance level against standards from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). One-way ANOVA was further employed to examine potential differences in food group consumption among occupational, gender, and age groups. Results: Results revealed strong cultural preferences for carbohydrate-rich breakfasts and meat-based dinners, with lunch often skipped or replaced by snacks. Over 85% of participants reported inadequate intake of milk, fruits, pulses, and nuts. Compared with older and high-income women, younger women exhibited the lowest intake of food groups and nutrient-dense foods. Occupation significantly influenced dietary patterns, with heavy workers consuming more cereals but fewer micronutrient-rich foods. A shift from traditional to modern dietary and lifestyle practices was observed, influencing overall diet quality and long-term health outcomes. The mean Dietary Diversity Score (0–10) was 5.6 ± 1.3, indicating significant gender differences in diet variety (males: 5.8 ± 1.2; females: 5.4 ± 1.4; p = 0.04). The review highlights that LAFRs and NTFPs serve as valuable sources of antioxidants, anti-inflammatory compounds, and bioactives with antidiabetic and anticancer properties while also providing essential micronutrients. Conclusions: The findings reveal a marked dietary transition in Mizoram and underscore the urgent need for food-based strategies to address nutrient gaps and the growing burden of NCDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Habits, Nutritional Knowledge, and Nutrition Education)

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27 pages, 1056 KB

Open AccessReview

Digital Microinterventions in Nutrition: Virtual Culinary Medicine Programs and Their Effectiveness in Promoting Plant-Based Diets—A Narrative Review

by Virág Zábó, Andrea Lehoczki, János Tamás Varga, Ágnes Szappanos, Ágnes Lipécz, Tamás Csípő, Vince Fazekas-Pongor, Dávid Major and Mónika Fekete

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203310 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases and improved health outcomes. However, sustaining dietary changes remains challenging. Digital interventions—including virtual culinary medicine programs, web-based nutrition coaching, SMS and email reminders, mobile application–based self-management, and hybrid community programs—offer promising strategies [...] Read more.

Background: Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases and improved health outcomes. However, sustaining dietary changes remains challenging. Digital interventions—including virtual culinary medicine programs, web-based nutrition coaching, SMS and email reminders, mobile application–based self-management, and hybrid community programs—offer promising strategies to support behavior change, enhance cooking skills, and improve dietary adherence. These approaches are relevant for both healthy individuals and those living with chronic conditions. Methods: We conducted a narrative review of studies published between 2000 and 2025 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, supplemented with manual searches. Included studies comprised randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, feasibility studies, and qualitative research. Interventions were categorized by modality (SMS, email, web platforms, mobile apps, virtual culinary programs, and hybrid formats) and population (healthy adults, patients with chronic diseases). Outcomes examined included dietary quality, self-efficacy, psychosocial well-being, and program engagement. Results: Most studies reported improvements in dietary quality, cooking skills, nutrition knowledge, and psychosocial outcomes. Virtual cooking programs enhanced dietary adherence and engagement, particularly among individuals at cardiovascular risk. Digital nutrition education supported behavior change in chronic disease populations, including patients with multiple sclerosis. SMS and email reminders improved self-monitoring and participation rates, while mobile applications facilitated real-time feedback and goal tracking. Hybrid programs combining online and in-person components increased motivation, social support, and long-term adherence. Reported barriers included limited technological access or skills, lack of personalization, and privacy concerns. Conclusions: Virtual culinary medicine programs and other digital microinterventions—including SMS, email, web, mobile, and hybrid formats—are effective tools to promote plant-based diets. Future interventions should focus on personalized, accessible, and hybrid strategies, with attention to underserved populations, to maximize engagement and sustain long-term dietary change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promotion of a Healthy Nutrition and an Active Lifestyle Across the Lifespan and in Different Settings)

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14 pages, 1202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Body Composition and Survival in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Patients Treated with Neoadjuvant Radiochemotherapy

by Piotr Kolenda, Marcin Mardas, Piotr Radomyski, Maciej Trojanowski, Maria Litwiniuk, Wojciech Warchoł and Marta Stelmach-Mardas

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203309 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Nutritional status is a recognized determinant of treatment tolerance and clinical outcomes in oncology. This study aimed to assess body composition using computed tomography (CT) and to evaluate its association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with locally [...] Read more.

Background: Nutritional status is a recognized determinant of treatment tolerance and clinical outcomes in oncology. This study aimed to assess body composition using computed tomography (CT) and to evaluate its association with progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) undergoing curative multimodal therapy. Methods: A total of 216 patients with LARC who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) were retrospectively assessed. Two radiochemotherapy protocols were used: long-course chemoradiotherapy (lcCRT) (radiation therapy administered daily at doses of 1.8 or 2.0 Gy, for a total dose of 50.4–55.8 Gy) with concurrent chemotherapy: either 5-FU with leucovorin or capecitabine and total neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (tnCRT)—short-course radiotherapy (5 × 5 Gy) followed by sequential chemotherapy with CAPOX or FOLFOX. Surgery was performed 6.5 weeks after completing CRT. Radiotherapy was delivered using linear accelerators based on the Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy technique. CT scans were used to assess nutritional status. Survival analyses were performed. Data on food consumption frequency were collected using the Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire (KomPAN^®). Non-Healthy-Diet-Index-14 (nHDI-14) was calculated. Results: Median observation time was 58 months (range 4–118 months). VATI level and OS (HR: 0.4618 95% CI: 0.2194–0.9719, p = 0.0419), as well as SATI and OS (HR: 0.4707 95% CI: 0.2286–0.9693, p = 0.0409) were significantly associated. This association was not significant for PFS (VATI: HR: 0.7084 95% CI: 0.4055–1.2376, p = 0.2259; SATI: HR: 0.6864 95% CI: 0.3932–1.1981, p = 0.1855). SMI and PMI values were not significantly related either PFS (SMI-HR: 0.6728, 95% CI: 0.4031–1.1231, p = 0.1295; PMI-HR: 0.7385, 95% CI: 0.4628–1.1785, p = 0.2036) or OS (SMI-HR: 0.9128, 95% CI: 0.4703–1.7720, p = 0.7876; PMI-HR: 0.6592 95% CI: 0.3684–1.1794, p = 0.1603). No significant association was found between sarcopenia development and PFS (HR: 1.2733 CI: 0.7589–2.1363; p = 0.3602) or OS (HR: 1.1207; CI: 0.5681–2.2107; p = 0.7424). Significant differences between men and women in alcohol intake and nHDI-14 were observed. Conclusions: Low visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue index were significantly associated with worse OS in patients with LARC undergoing multimodal treatment. The nHDI-14 was negatively correlated with the duration of observation and patients’ age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology)

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16 pages, 265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Is There a Difference in Overweight and Obesity Between Christian Orthodox Fasters and Non-Fasters? A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Greece

by Nikolaos E. Rodopaios, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Alexandra-Aikaterini Koulouri, Sousana K. Papadopoulou, Petros Skepastianos, Maria Hassapidou, Zoi Tsimtsiou and Antony G. Kafatos

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203308 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess nutrient intake among individuals adhering to the Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting and to investigate potential differences in dietary intake according to Body Mass Index (BMI) classification. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled participants through [...] Read more.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess nutrient intake among individuals adhering to the Christian Orthodox Church (COC) fasting and to investigate potential differences in dietary intake according to Body Mass Index (BMI) classification. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled participants through announcements at public universities, churches, and monasteries, targeting both urban and religious adult populations. A total of 228 adults with a BMI exceeding 25 kg/m² were enrolled. Of these, 121 had followed COC fasting practices for at least 10 years or since childhood, while 107 non-fasters were age-matched. Exclusion criteria included age under 18 years, refusal to provide consent, absence from measurements, non-communicable diseases, food allergies, pregnancy, or lactation. Results: Overweight and obesity rates were similar in both groups. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in body composition measurements [body fat %, fat mass (kg), fat free mass (kg), waist circumference]. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in non-fasters. Non-fasters reported higher intake of sugar, dietary protein, fats (saturated and polyunsaturated), and cholesterol. Fasters consumed lower amounts of vitamin A, vitamins B (B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, pantothenic acid), iron, phosphorus, sodium, zinc, and calcium. Serum folic acid levels were higher, and fasting glucose and phosphorus levels were lower in fasters. Distinct dietary patterns were observed between groups, with fasters consuming more fish and traditional plant-based foods, while non-fasters consumed higher amounts of meat, dairy products, and alcohol. Conclusions: COC fasting is associated with favorable dietary and metabolic profiles, including improved glucose regulation. However, its impact on weight status appears limited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

13 pages, 763 KB

Open AccessReview

Visceral Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in IgA Nephropathy: Nutritional and Metabolic Perspectives on Disease Progression

by Agnieszka Skibicka and Sylwia Małgorzewicz

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203307 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Introduction: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in the world. In addition to genetic and immunological factors, visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are the main determinants of disease progression. This review aims to critically assess the role of visceral [...] Read more.

Introduction: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulonephritis in the world. In addition to genetic and immunological factors, visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are the main determinants of disease progression. This review aims to critically assess the role of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome in driving the progression of IgA nephropathy (IgAN), with an emphasis on their underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Methods: A systematic review was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. PubMed was searched (2015–2025) using terms related to IgA nephropathy, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and immunometabolic pathways. Only English-language observational and clinical studies in adults, excluding pediatric and animal studies, were included in the review. Additional sources were consulted to give context to the mechanistic aspects of obesity-related IgAN progression. Results: Visceral obesity and MetS accelerate IgAN progression through endocrine, inflammatory, and immune pathways, including cytokines derived from visceral adipose tissue, adipokines, intestinal dysbiosis, and BAFF/APRIL-mediated immune activation. MetS patients had higher proteinuria, a faster decrease in eGFR, and a higher risk of end-stage renal failure (23/65 vs. 15/60 endpoints, p < 0.001). Nutritional and metabolic interventions—including weight reduction, GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual GLP-1/GIP agonists, and bariatric/metabolic surgery—demonstrate renoprotective effects in obesity-related kidney disease and may have implications for IgAN. Conclusions: Obesity should be considered a chronic disease and a modifiable risk factor for IgAN. Nutrition-focused interventions targeting visceral obesity and metabolic dysfunction can slow the progression of the disease and should be included in renal guidelines. This review expands current knowledge by demonstrating that when sequential steps of IgAN pathophysiology are mapped with respect to endocrine and immunological effects of visceral adipose tissue, they converge on the same proinflammatory and immune pathways. This convergence suggests a bidirectional amplification loop in which obesity accelerates IgAN progression and increases the burden of complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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26 pages, 718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Restricted Eating and Prebiotic Supplementation Demonstrate Feasibility and Acceptability in Young Adult Pediatric Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial

by Kate Cares, Manoela Lima Oliveira, Alyssa Bryner, Bernice Man, Zhengjia Chen, Beatriz Peñalver Bernabé, Mary Lou Schmidt, Marian Fitzgibbon and Kelsey Gabel

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203306 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: The optimization of treatment for pediatric cancer has increased 5-year survivor rates to over 80%. Currently, there are almost half a million survivors of a pediatric cancer alive in the United States, with numbers increasing worldwide. Despite increased survivorship, pediatric cancer survivors [...] Read more.

Background: The optimization of treatment for pediatric cancer has increased 5-year survivor rates to over 80%. Currently, there are almost half a million survivors of a pediatric cancer alive in the United States, with numbers increasing worldwide. Despite increased survivorship, pediatric cancer survivors (PCSs) are at high risk for long-term chronic disease, including cardiometabolic dysregulation at an early age due to cancer-related treatments. PCSs often have increased adiposity, perturbation in the gut microbiome, and chronic systemic inflammation compared to age-matched controls. Time-restricted eating (TRE) has emerged as an effective dietary intervention to promote weight loss in individuals with increased adiposity and cardiometabolic disease. Prebiotic supplements may enhance the efficacy of TRE by promoting satiety via the gut microbiome. Given the accessibility of both TRE and prebiotic supplements, this type of dietary intervention may be ideal for young adult PCSs. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of 12 weeks of TRE with and without a prebiotic supplement among young adult PCSs. Changes in body weight, body composition, and cardiometabolic disease risk markers were explored. Methods: Feasibility was measured based on recruitment (n = 20), retention (>80%), and adherence to the TRE eating window and prebiotic (>80%), and acceptability was measured based on a validated survey. Body weight, body composition, blood pressure, and additional blood-based cardiometabolic disease risk markers were also measured before and following the intervention. Results: Feasibility was not met based on recruitment (n = 13), but retention and adherence exceeded the a priori hypothesis. Acceptability also met the a priori hypothesis. Improvements were observed in some cardiometabolic disease risk markers, including a significant decrease in fat mass and visceral fat mass in both groups following the intervention. Conclusions: Given the positive outcomes related to retention, adherence, and acceptability, as well as some cardiometabolic disease risk markers, a larger and longer study of TRE and prebiotic supplementation in PCSs is warranted. However, innovative recruitment strategies should be implemented, such as leveraging social media and targeting larger geographical areas, given recruitment challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time-Restricted Eating, Circadian Rhythms, and Cardiometabolic Risk)

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20 pages, 649 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Healthy Eating to Positive Mental Health in Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model Involving Stress Management and Peer Support

by Inmaculada C. Rodríguez-Rojo, Montserrat García-Sastre, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Daniel Cuesta-Lozano, Leonor García-Rodríguez, Patricia Blázquez-González, Patricia González-Alegre, Juan Manuel López-Reina-Roldán and Raquel Luengo-González

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203305 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

Background: Adolescent mental health is a growing public health concern, with increasing prevalence of anxiety, depression, and emotional dysregulation. While nutrition is a recognized factor in physical health, its role in mental well-being, especially through holistic models, remains underexplored. Objectives: This study examines [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescent mental health is a growing public health concern, with increasing prevalence of anxiety, depression, and emotional dysregulation. While nutrition is a recognized factor in physical health, its role in mental well-being, especially through holistic models, remains underexplored. Objectives: This study examines a moderated mediation model in which perceived healthy eating (self-rated diet quality) was associated with positive mental health (PMH) in adolescents, mediated by stress management and moderated by peer social support. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 505 adolescents aged 13 to 15 years (mean age 13.62). Using PROCESS Model 14, we tested a moderated mediation model where perceived nutrition served as the predictor, stress management as the mediator, and PMH as the outcome. Peer support was included as a moderator of the mediation pathway. Gender, age, nationality and educational variables were controlled for in the analysis. Results: The model explained 36% of the variance in PMH. Perceived healthy eating was significantly associated with better stress management (B = 0.20, p < 0.001), which in turn was related to higher levels of PMH (B = 6.38, p < 0.001). Peer support played a moderating role between stress management and PMH. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of promoting nutritional awareness and adolescents’ self-perception of healthy eating to support both physical and emotional well-being. Interventions should adopt a holistic approach that integrates emotional regulation strategies and leverages peer influence to enhance mental health outcomes. Given the alarming rates of mental health issues in youth, nutrition-based programs that incorporate psychosocial components may offer a promising avenue for prevention and promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Children’s and Adolescents’ Diet, Nutrition and Lifestyle Habits on Physical and Mental Health: From the Latest Perspective)

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10 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Metabolic Control, Dietary Habits, Activity, and Psychological Condition in Children and Adolescents Treated with Personal Insulin Pumps

by Agnieszka Lejk, Karolina Myśliwiec, Jędrzej Chrzanowski, Jacek Burzyński, Arkadiusz Michalak, Malwina Musiał-Paździor, Marta Bandura, Jolanta Rutkowska-Kośmińska, Kinga Drzewińska, Aleksandra Grabowska, Mateusz Okonek, Marta Herstowska, Michał Hoffmann and Wojciech Fendler

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203304 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most frequently occurring chronic metabolic conditions in the pediatric and adolescent population. That is why our aim in this study was to compare metabolic control, eating habits, activity, and mental health in patients [...] Read more.

Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most frequently occurring chronic metabolic conditions in the pediatric and adolescent population. That is why our aim in this study was to compare metabolic control, eating habits, activity, and mental health in patients using insulin pumps with predictive low glucose suspend (PLGS) and advanced hybrid closed loop (AHCL) systems. Methods: We selected 37 patients and collected clinical, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and question-naire data (food frequency questionnaire (FFQ-6), physical activity questionnaire for children (PAQ-C), pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL). Additionally, all pa-tients participated in culinary workshops, which included education on a low-glycemic-index diet. Results: We observed a significant difference between the PLGS and the AHCL groups for mean glucose, coefficient of variation, and Time in Range (≤54, 70–140, 70–180, ≥180, and ≥250 mg/dL). Patients with higher Time Below Range consumed juices or sugary drinks more frequently. All participants had incor-rect eating habits and engaged in irregular physical activity. Conclusions: We observed no significant differences in the diabetes-specific quality of life scores between the PLGS and AHCL groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Challenges in Adolescents and Young Adults: Implications for Health and Disease)

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24 pages, 1254 KB

Open AccessReview

Chlorogenic Acid’s Role in Metabolic Health: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

by Katarzyna Zalewska, Maciej Kulawik, Julia Gierszewska, Zofia Gramala, Oliwia Kalus, Michał Karpiński, Joanna Maćkowiak, Antoni Staniewski, Zofia Szymańska, Barbara Zalewska, Wei Lu, Judyta Cielecka-Piontek and Przemysław Zalewski

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203303 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 815

Abstract

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic and quinic acids, is a dietary polyphenol abundant in coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) as its predominant isomer. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the biological activities, mechanisms [...] Read more.

Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic and quinic acids, is a dietary polyphenol abundant in coffee, tea, fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants, with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) as its predominant isomer. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the biological activities, mechanisms of action, and potential therapeutic applications of CGA in the prevention and management of metabolic disorders. CGA demonstrates a broad spectrum of biological activities relevant to human health. Its mechanisms of action involve modulation of oxidative stress and key cellular signaling pathways, as well as regulation of metabolic processes, contributing to improved insulin sensitivity, lipid balance, and overall energy homeostasis. These properties make CGA a promising agent against metabolic syndrome (type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) which is a major global health challenge. Despite its health benefits, CGA’s oral bioavailability remains limited, prompting research into optimized extraction methods, novel formulations, and structural modifications. Current evidence supports its safety even at high doses, reinforcing its potential as a nutraceutical, functional food ingredient, and adjunctive therapeutic compound in chronic disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytonutrients in Diseases of Affluence)

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14 pages, 623 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Eating Patterns and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Assessed from Mobile Food Records of Australian Adults

by Janelle D. Healy, Satvinder S. Dhaliwal, Christina M. Pollard, Amelia J. Harray, Lauren Blekkenhorst, Fengqing Zhu and Deborah A. Kerr

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203302 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 483

Abstract

Background/Objective: Temporal eating patterns and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption have independently been associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases. Little is known about the temporal patterns of UPF consumption, as data is challenging to collect. Temporal data can be extracted from mobile food records [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Temporal eating patterns and ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption have independently been associated with obesity and non-communicable diseases. Little is known about the temporal patterns of UPF consumption, as data is challenging to collect. Temporal data can be extracted from mobile food records (mFRs). The aim of this study was to identify the temporal eating patterns of those consuming UPFs using an mFR. Methods: A combined sample of 243 young (18–30 years) and 148 older (>30 years) adults completed a 4-day mFR. The time of eating was extracted from the mFR image metadata. UPFs were identified using the NOVA food classification system. The proportion of total energy intake (EI) from UPFs was calculated hourly. Using chi-square tests, a day-of-the-week analysis compared weekends (Friday–Sunday) with weekdays (Monday–Thursday). A multivariate logistic regression of UPF EI terciles was conducted, expressed as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The proportion of total EI from UPFs was significantly different between younger adults (mean ± SD = 48.8 ± 15.6%) and older adults (36.1 ± 15.1%) (p < 0.001). Age-differentiated 24 h temporal eating pattern analysis found that younger adults had two distinct UPF EI peaks, with the highest at 8 pm, followed by 1 pm. Older adults followed a more conventional three-meal pattern with an additional peak at 7 am. Weekend UPF EI was higher than on weekdays for older adults (~560 kJ, p = 0.003), with no difference for younger adults. Multivariable logistic regression found no significant associations between UPF intake terciles and demographic variables (sex, BMI, education). Conclusions: The peak UPF EI occurred at conventional mealtimes, and UPFs accounted for a substantial proportion of energy intake, especially for younger adults. The timing of UPF EI provides important information for developing public health nutrition interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Dietary Assessment)

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18 pages, 912 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Nutritional Status on Severe Radiation-Induced Mucositis in Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemo-Radiotherapy

by África Fernández-Forné, Rocío Fernández-Jiménez, María Dolores Toledo-Serrano, Herminda Jiménez-Rodríguez, Marina Muñoz-Lupiáñez, María Asunción Ruiz-López, José Manuel García-Almeida, Lourdes De la Peña-Fernández, María Isabel Queipo-Ortuño and Jaime Gómez-Millán

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203301 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Severe radiation-induced mucositis (RIM) is the most distressing acute side effect experienced by oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients during chemo-radiotherapy (CRT), with a prevalence between 40 and 68%. RIM severity exhibits a multifactorial etiology that remains unclear. We aimed to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Severe radiation-induced mucositis (RIM) is the most distressing acute side effect experienced by oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) patients during chemo-radiotherapy (CRT), with a prevalence between 40 and 68%. RIM severity exhibits a multifactorial etiology that remains unclear. We aimed to analyze nutritional and morphofunctional predictive factors for severe RIM in OPSCC patients undergoing CRT. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted. Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA), functional assessment and dosimetric analysis were performed prior to radiotherapy. Results: Eighty-two patients were analyzed. Severe RIM affected 46.3% of patients. Severe malnutrition according to GLIM (p = 0.011), prolonged Timed Up and Go (TUG) test (p = 0.025) and larger PTV54 volume (p = 0.049) were independent predictive factors for severe RIM, while higher fat-free mass (FFM) (p = 0.006) showed a protective effect. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of a comprehensive early nutritional assessment for accurately identifying patients at a higher risk of severe RIM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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16 pages, 253 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychosocial and Academic Implications of Food Insecurity Among International Students: A Qualitative Study in Hungary

by Soukaina Hilal, Putu Ayu Indrayathi, László Róbert Kolozsvári, Péter Torzsa and Imre Rurik

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203300 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent research suggests that international students are particularly susceptible to food insecurity (FI). Yet very few studies have qualitatively examined their experiences with FI and its impacts on their health and well-being. Therefore, our study sought to address this research gap [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recent research suggests that international students are particularly susceptible to food insecurity (FI). Yet very few studies have qualitatively examined their experiences with FI and its impacts on their health and well-being. Therefore, our study sought to address this research gap by exploring the psychosocial and academic challenges linked to FI among international students in Hungary. Methods: A qualitative approach using semi-structured, in-depth, one-on-one interviews was carried out from 31 July to 15 November 2024 with 15 international students studying at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Qualitative data were analyzed using a general inductive approach with the aid of NVivo 11 software. Results: International students discussed five themes regarding the psychosocial implications of FI: stress and anxiety, sadness and depression, anger and frustration, guilt over financial burden, and social isolation. In terms of academic impact, four themes were mentioned: difficulty concentrating, sacrificing studies for work, diminished academic performance, and a loss of motivation and interest in their studies. Conclusions: This study enriches our understanding of the lived experiences of FI among international students. The findings may help shape targeted interventions that align with their needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interdependence of Nutrition and Mental Well-Being)

17 pages, 1018 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Folate Supplementation for Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review

by Ana Carolina Alves Maues, Mònica Gemma Moren Abat, María Benlloch and Gonzalo Mariscal

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3299; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203299 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 718

Abstract

Background: Peripheral neuropathy (PN) represents a considerable and rapidly growing global health burden, with diabetic PN alone impacting nearly half of diabetic patients. Evidence from experimental studies highlighted that folate supplementation may protect nerve health by supporting myelin maintenance, minimizing oxidative stress, and [...] Read more.

Background: Peripheral neuropathy (PN) represents a considerable and rapidly growing global health burden, with diabetic PN alone impacting nearly half of diabetic patients. Evidence from experimental studies highlighted that folate supplementation may protect nerve health by supporting myelin maintenance, minimizing oxidative stress, and enhancing neurotrophic factors. Nevertheless, its clinical efficacy and safety in managing PN have not yet been established. This study seeks to evaluate the role of folate in managing PN regarding the efficacy and safety endpoints. Methods: Up to July 2025, a comprehensive search of four electronic databases, encompassing PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library, was executed, collecting studies evaluating the folate in managing PN. Outcomes included pain scores, symptom improvement endpoints, Neuropathy Total Symptom Score (NTSS) scores, epidermal nerve fiber density (ENFD), biomarkers, and side effects. Results: The narrative synthesis demonstrated consistent symptomatic benefits with pain reductions reaching 3 points, with symptom resolution rates of 87.5% and NTSS-6 score enhancements varying from 0.9 to 1.5 points. Notably, objective structural improvements in ENFD were observed, with increases reaching 97%. Furthermore, folate showed an excellent safety and tolerability profile with only one adverse event reported among 1367 individuals. Folate significantly decreased homocysteine and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. Conclusions: Folate showed promising symptomatic benefits for peripheral neuropathy, with objective structural improvements (ENFD) and favourable biomarker changes (homocysteine, hs-CRP reduction), with an excellent safety profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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17 pages, 3096 KB

Open AccessArticle

Activation of Sirtuin3 by 6,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone Against Myoblasts Senescence by Attenuating D-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

by Bingsi Li, Yuxuan Gu, Libing Zhou, Rui Chen, Yiwei Liu, Zexuan Wan, Ziyi Liang, Yukang Wang, Renlei Ji and Zhian Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203298 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objective: Cellular senescence is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism underlying sarcopenia, an age-related muscle disorder with no effective therapeutic. 6,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (DMF), a flavonoid isolated from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, has shown anti-senescence potential. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Cellular senescence is increasingly recognized as a key mechanism underlying sarcopenia, an age-related muscle disorder with no effective therapeutic. 6,4′-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone (DMF), a flavonoid isolated from Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, has shown anti-senescence potential. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of DMF against myoblasts senescence and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Method: A cellular model of senescence was established in C2C12 myoblasts using D-galactose (D-gal). The effects of DMF pretreatment were evaluated by assessing senescence phenotypes, myogenic differentiation, and mitochondrial function. The role of Sirtuin3 (SIRT3) was confirmed using siRNA-mediated knockdown. Results: DMF Pre-treatment effectively attenuated D-gal-induced senescence, as indicated by restored proliferation, reduced senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, decreased DNA damage, and the downregulation of p53, p21^Cip1/WAF1 and p16^INK4a. Furthermore, DMF rescued myogenic differentiation capacity, enhancing the expression of Myoblast determination protein 1, Myogenin, Myosin heavy chain and Muscle-specific regulatory factor 4, and promoting myotube formation. Mechanistically, DMF was identified as a SIRT3 activator. It enhanced SIRT3 expression and activity, leading to the deacetylation and activation of the mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2. This consequently reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, improved mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, and suppressed the NF-κB pathway by inhibiting IκBα phosphorylation and p65 acetylation/nuclear translocation. Crucially, all the beneficial effects of DMF—including oxidative stress reduction, mitochondrial functional recovery, anti-inflammatory action, and ultimately, the attenuation of senescence and improvement of myogenesis—were abolished upon SIRT3 knockdown. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that DMF alleviates myoblasts senescence and promotes myogenic differentiation by activating the SIRT3-SOD2 pathway, thereby reducing oxidative stress and NF-κB-driven inflammation responses. DMF emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for sarcopenia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Interaction, Metabolic Adaptation and Healthy Aging)

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10 pages, 699 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Vitamins and Minerals with Type 1 Diabetes Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study

by Lucia Shi, Wiame Belbellaj and Despoina Manousaki

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203297 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies can alter immune responses in animals. However, the impact of micronutrients on autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans remains unclear since the described associations are based on observational data and they cannot establish [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Previous studies suggest that nutrient deficiencies can alter immune responses in animals. However, the impact of micronutrients on autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans remains unclear since the described associations are based on observational data and they cannot establish causality. This study aims to examine the causal relationship between various micronutrients and T1D using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: We performed a two-sample MR analysis using genetic variants from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of 17 micronutrients as instrumental variables (IVs). We analyzed T1D GWAS datasets of European (18,942 cases/520,580controls), multi-ancestry (25,717 cases/583,311 controls), Latin American/Hispanic (2295 cases/55,134 controls), African American/Afro-Caribbean (6451 cases/109,410 controls), and East Asian (1219 cases/132,032 controls) ancestries. We applied the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method in our main analysis, and additional MR estimators (MR-Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, MR-PRESSO) to address pleiotropy, and the Steiger test to test directionality in sensitivity analyses. Results: Following Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/17), we found positive association between potassium levels and T1D risk (OR = 1.098, 95% CI [1.075, 1.122] p = 5.5 × 10⁻¹⁸) in the multi-ancestry analysis. Zinc, vitamin B12, retinol, and alpha tocopherol showed nominal associations. Vitamin C, D, K1, B6, beta- and gamma-tocopherol, magnesium, iron, copper, selenium, carotene, and folate showed no significant effects on T1D risk. For the multi-ancestry analysis, we had sufficient power to detect ORs for T1D larger than 1.065. Conclusions: Higher serum potassium levels were associated with increased T1D risk in our MR study, though supporting observational evidence is currently limited. Other micronutrients are unlikely to have large effects on T1D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health: 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 1061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Exercise Cognition and Prefrontal Hemodynamic Responses in Athletes: An Investigation of Low vs. High Glycemic Index Breakfast

by Çiğdem Bediz, Ferya Bertan, Erkan Günay, Egemen Mancı and Cem Şeref Bediz

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3296; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203296 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of low and high glycemic index (LGI and HGI) breakfasts on post-exercise cognitive functions and prefrontal hemodynamic responses. Methods: Ten male athletes aged 18–22 years participated in this study. The athletes conducted two [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of low and high glycemic index (LGI and HGI) breakfasts on post-exercise cognitive functions and prefrontal hemodynamic responses. Methods: Ten male athletes aged 18–22 years participated in this study. The athletes conducted two laboratory visits in a randomized manner. Athletes were given different glycemic index (GI) levels (low and high) for pre-exercise meals on different days, with the same calorie values, carbohydrate, and fat content. A total of 90 min after breakfast, a 30 min submaximal exercise was performed using a cycling ergometer. During the laboratory visits, blood glucose measurements were performed at the 0th (fasting), 90th (pre-exercise), and 120th (post-exercise) min. Additionally, the “3-Back test” was performed pre- and post-exercise to assess working memory and their prefrontal hemodynamic responses were monitored via functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. The collected data were evaluated in the SPSS 22 statistical program. Results: The HGI breakfast led to higher blood glucose levels at the 90th (pre-exercise) and 120th min (post-exercise) than LGI breakfast (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between HGI and LGI breakfasts in the results of the “3-Back Test” performed pre- and post-exercise. In terms of prefrontal hemodynamic responses, no difference was observed in post-exercise oxy-hemoglobin responses between the conditions. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicate that an increase in the glycemic index of breakfast has the potential to affect prefrontal oxygenation responses during cognitive tasks. However, no effect of glycemic index level was observed on cognitive and hemodynamic values at the end of the exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Cognitive Function)

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17 pages, 437 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Chinese Adult’s Food Literacy on Healthy Eating Intentions Based on the Planned Behaviour Theory

by Yingying Li and Ji-Yun Hwang

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203295 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Unhealthy diets are major contributors to obesity and chronic diseases. In 2023, 50.7% of Chinese adults were overweight or obese, underscoring the need to strengthen healthy-eating intentions. Methods: We analysed a cross-sectional online survey of 1145 adults (18–64 years) from Henan and [...] Read more.

Background: Unhealthy diets are major contributors to obesity and chronic diseases. In 2023, 50.7% of Chinese adults were overweight or obese, underscoring the need to strengthen healthy-eating intentions. Methods: We analysed a cross-sectional online survey of 1145 adults (18–64 years) from Henan and Shandong. Moderation was tested using multiple linear regression with mean-centred interaction terms between each Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) construct (attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control [PBC]) and each food-literacy component (production, choices, preparation and cooking, intake, disposal). Models were adjusted for age, occupation, marital status, alcohol use, physician-diagnosed chronic disease, and living with family. To address multicollinearity, we performed a ridge-regression robustness check (L2-regularised linear model; λ = 0.02 selected by 10-fold cross-validation; CV-RMSE = 0.483; CV-R² = 0.631). We report B, SE, β, p-values, and R²/adjusted R². Results: The overall food-literacy score did not significantly moderate the associations between attitude, subjective norms, or PBC and healthy-eating intention (p = 0.328, 0.671, 0.985). In component-wise analyses, only intake (intake) significantly moderated the PBC–intention association (B = 0.002, SE = 0.001, t = 2.497, p = 0.013); in the ridge model, the effect remained positive (β = 0.182; λ = 0.02). PBC (β = 0.459) and subjective norms (β = 0.169) were the strongest main-effect predictors. The best-fitting model explained R² = 0.663 of the variance in intention (adjusted R² = 0.663). Conclusions: Among adults in Henan and Shandong, the intake component of food literacy strengthened the association between PBC and healthy-eating intention, whereas overall food literacy showed no general moderating effect. Interventions should prioritise intake-related skills (e.g., portion planning, lower-sodium choices and nutrition label use) to enhance perceived behavioural control and, in turn, intention. Given the cross-sectional design, causal inference is limited; longitudinal, capability-building evaluations are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Subclinical Cardiac Biomarkers: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of U.S. Adults in NHANES 2001–2004

by Jiahuan Helen He, Shutong Du, Valerie K. Sullivan, Lauren Bernard, Vanessa Garcia-Larsen, Eurídice Martínez-Steele, Ana Luiza Curi Hallal, Julia A. Wolfson, Mika Matsuzaki, Amelia S. Wallace, Mary R. Rooney, Michael Fang, John W. McEvoy, Elizabeth Selvin and Casey M. Rebholz

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3294; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203294 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed food consumption has been shown to be linked with clinical cardiovascular disease. This study aims to examine the associations of ultra-processed food consumption with biomarkers for subclinical-level myocardial damage [high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT)] and myocardial stretch [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed food consumption has been shown to be linked with clinical cardiovascular disease. This study aims to examine the associations of ultra-processed food consumption with biomarkers for subclinical-level myocardial damage [high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and T (hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT)] and myocardial stretch (NT-proBNP) in U.S. adults. Methods: We used data from 6615 U.S. adults aged ≥20 years without prevalent cardiovascular disease from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2004. We identified ultra-processed food by applying the Nova classification to dietary recall data, and we divided participants into quartiles based on their consumption, expressed as a proportion of total daily energy (%kcal) and gram intakes (%grams). We defined elevated cardiac biomarkers as hs-cTnI > 12 ng/L in men and >10 ng/L in women, hs-cTnT ≥ 14 ng/L for all participants, and NT-proBNP ≥ 125 pg/mL for age < 75 y and ≥450 pg/mL for age ≥ 75 y. We used multivariable logistic regression with adjustment for socio-demographic, total energy intake, behavioral, and clinical characteristics. Results: Higher ultra-processed food intake in %grams was associated with elevated NT-proBNP [odds ratio (OR) for quartile 4 vs. 1: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.00–1.61] when socio-demographic characteristics and total energy intake were adjusted for, but this was not the case with hs-cTnI or hs-cTnT. Further adjusting for clinical characteristics attenuated the association with NT-proBNP (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.61). There was no consistent association between ultra-processed food in %kcal and elevated NT-proBNP, hs-cTnT, or hs-cTnI. Conclusions: Ultra-processed food consumption is associated with subclinical myocardial stretch, a precursor to early heart failure. This supports the potential risks of subclinical cardiovascular disease associated with consuming ultra-processed food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ultra Processed Foods and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability of a Modified 24 h Dietary Recall and Veggie Meter to Assess Fruit and Vegetable Intake in New Zealand Children

by Varshika V. Patel, Thalagalage Shalika Harshani Perera, Elaine Rush, Sarah McArley, Carol Wham and David S. Rowlands

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3293; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203293 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables (F + V) supports healthy growth and development in children, yet many New Zealand children do not meet national dietary recommendations, and methods to evaluate intake require good reliability. Objectives: To establish the validity and reliability of [...] Read more.

Adequate intake of fruits and vegetables (F + V) supports healthy growth and development in children, yet many New Zealand children do not meet national dietary recommendations, and methods to evaluate intake require good reliability. Objectives: To establish the validity and reliability of a modified 24 h multiple pass recall (MPR) for evaluating F + V and carotenoid intakes in children aged 9–13 years. The reliability of the Veggie Meter^® (VM^®), a non-invasive reflection spectrometer to estimate skin carotenoid scores and derive blood carotenoid concentrations, was also examined. Methods: Thirty-two children (20 boys, 12 girls) completed three 24 h MPRs and parent-assisted weighed food diaries (WFDs) on randomised weekdays and weekends. Skin carotenoid scores were assessed using the VM^®. The validity of the MPR was evaluated against WFDs using log-transformed Pearson correlations and mean x-axis bias. The reliability was assessed by the coefficient of variation (CV) and Pearson correlations. Results: Participants did not meet recommended F + V intakes (5–5.5 servings/day): MPR (mean fruit 1.3 servings/day; vegetables 2.0), WFD (fruit 1.3; vegetables 1.9). The MPR was a valid tool to estimate fruit and vegetable daily servings (combined-day Pearson coefficients > 0.71) with only trivial–small standardized mean bias-offset vs. WFD; however, the reliability was poor for the MPR-estimated carotenoid intake (CV 126%) and F + V intake. In contrast, the VM^® was reliable (Pearson correlation 0.97–0.99) with low measurement error (CV 4.0–5.2%). Conclusions: The modified 24 h MPR was valid but unreliable for estimating F + V and carotenoid intake. The VM^® demonstrated high reliability as a biomarker of skin carotenoid status in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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14 pages, 714 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Sarcopenia in South Korean Adults: Based on the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

by Sunhye Shin and Mi Joung Kim

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3292; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203292 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although vitamin D has been associated with sarcopenia in older adults, evidence across age groups remains limited. This study evaluated the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and muscle health in Korean adults aged ≥19 years. Methods: Data utilized in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although vitamin D has been associated with sarcopenia in older adults, evidence across age groups remains limited. This study evaluated the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and muscle health in Korean adults aged ≥19 years. Methods: Data utilized in this study were obtained from the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IX-1. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were analyzed in relation to appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), grip strength, and sarcopenia using multivariable regression models. Results: Among 3,920 participants, 46.5% had VDD, with the highest prevalence observed in younger adults. After adjusting for age, body mass index, energy intake, and other confounding factors, serum 25(OH)D levels showed a positive association with ASM in middle-aged men (β = 0.005; p = 0.007) and with maximal handgrip strength in young men (β = 0.097; p = 0.048). Among older men, those with VDD had significantly higher odds of low muscle mass (OR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.10–3.02) and sarcopenia (OR = 2.30; 95% CI: 1.03–5.16) than those without VDD, after adjusting for potential confounders. No significant associations were observed in women. Conclusions: These results suggest that maintaining adequate vitamin D levels may benefit muscle health in men. Further prospective or interventional studies are needed to more accurately assess the effects of vitamin D on muscle health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D and Age-Related Diseases)

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11 pages, 585 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Can Vitamin D Reduce Glucocorticoid-Induced Adverse Effects in Patients with Giant Cell Arteritis? Results from 1568 Patients in the Spanish ARTESER Registry

by Gastón A. Ghio, Marta Domínguez-Álvaro, Iñigo Hernández Rodríguez, Elisa Fernández-Fernández, Maite Silva-Díaz, Joaquín M. Belzunegui, Clara Moriano, Julio Sánchez Martín, Javier Narváez, Eva Galíndez Agirregoikoa, Anne Riveros Frutos, Francisco Ortiz Sanjuán, Tarek C. Salman Monte, Margarida Vasques Rocha, Carlota L. Iñiguez, Alicia García Dorta, Clara Molina Almela, María Alcalde Villar, José L. Hernández, Santos Castañeda and Ricardo Blanco Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203291 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Objective: To determine whether oral vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of glucocorticoid (GC)-associated severe adverse events (SAEs) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) included in the Spanish ARTESER registry. Methods: The ARTESER registry collected data from patients diagnosed with GCA across [...] Read more.

Objective: To determine whether oral vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of glucocorticoid (GC)-associated severe adverse events (SAEs) in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) included in the Spanish ARTESER registry. Methods: The ARTESER registry collected data from patients diagnosed with GCA across 26 Spanish public hospitals between June 2013 and March 2019. SAEs were defined as fatal, life-threatening, or requiring hospitalization. Patients were categorized according to the use or non-use of oral vitamin D supplements. Incidence rates (IRs) of SAEs were expressed per person-year with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cox proportional hazards models assessed vitamin D supplementation and its interaction with cumulative glucocorticoid dose. Results: Of 1568 patients (mean age 76.9 ± 8.1 years; 70.1% women) receiving GC, 120 (7.6%) experienced SAEs (IR 0.039; 95% CI 0.033–0.047). Vitamin D supplementation was documented in 1186 (75.6%) compared with 382 (24.4%) non-supplemented patients. SAE incidence was similar in supplemented (n = 89; 7.5%; IR 0.038, 95% CI 0.030–0.046) and non-supplemented patients (n = 31; 8.1%; IR 0.045, 95% CI 0.031–0.064) (p = 0.387). Multivariable Cox regression showed a significant interaction between vitamin D supplementation and cumulative glucocorticoid dose (interaction term HR 0.90; p = 0.033), consistent with a dose-dependent protective effect. Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation was not independently associated with a lower incidence of GC-related SAEs, likely due to residual confounding factors. However, the interaction with cumulative GC exposure suggests a modulatory effect. Prospective studies incorporating stratified baseline vitamin D assessments are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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11 pages, 677 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Oxidative Stress Through a Wheat Aleurone-Rich Diet: Are Short-Chain Fatty Acids Possible Mediators?

by Roberta Testa, Dominic Salamone, Angela A. Rivellese, Gabriele Riccardi, Marilena Vitale, Rosalba Giacco and Giuseppina Costabile

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203290 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 793

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dietary fibers from cereals promote the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which have been linked to improved glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced inflammation, and decreased oxidative stress. Wheat aleurone, a bran fraction enriched in fermentable fibers and bioactive compounds, may [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dietary fibers from cereals promote the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which have been linked to improved glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced inflammation, and decreased oxidative stress. Wheat aleurone, a bran fraction enriched in fermentable fibers and bioactive compounds, may enhance SCFA production, but clinical evidence remains limited. This study investigated whether a wheat aleurone-rich diet, compared with a refined wheat diet, modulates circulating SCFA concentrations and their relationship with oxidative stress in individuals at elevated cardio-metabolic risk. Methods: In a randomized, cross-over trial, 23 adults with abdominal obesity and at least one additional metabolic syndrome feature consumed isoenergetic diets enriched with wheat aleurone or refined wheat for 8 weeks. Fasting and postprandial serum SCFA concentrations were measured over 3 h following standardized test meals using the gas chromatography method. Urinary 8-isoprostane excretion was assessed as a biomarker of oxidative stress using the ELISA method. SCFA values are reported as changes (increase/decrease) from fasting values, calculated by subtracting the fasting value from that of each time point. Results: Compared with refined wheat, the wheat aleurone diet significantly increased postprandial butyrate response (p = 0.005, time × meal interaction), with higher values observed at 150 min (p = 0.027) and 180 min (p = 0.001). The mean change in postprandial butyrate was also greater after the wheat aleurone diet (+0.95 ± 1.92 vs. −0.32 ± 2.01 µmol/L; p = 0.040). Importantly, butyrate at 180 min was inversely correlated with urinary 8-isoprostane (r = −0.618, p = 0.019). No significant differences were found for acetate or propionate. Conclusions: A wheat aleurone-rich diet enhances postprandial butyrate production and is associated with lower oxidative stress, suggesting a role of butyrate in mediating the antioxidant benefits of wheat aleurone in individuals with cardio-metabolic risk. This study is registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT02150356. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Components, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Diseases)

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17 pages, 3106 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Hydrogel-Based Finger Foods: Enhancing Nutritional Intake and Swallowing Safety in Older Persons with Dysphagia

by Enrika Lazickaitė, Milda Keršienė, Viktorija Eisinaitė, Ina Jasutienė, Gytė Damulevičienė and Daiva Leskauskaitė

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203289 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Dysphagia is a common problem in older adults, characterized as a swallowing disorder that prevents food from passing from the mouth to the esophagus. Besides impairing dietary intake and leading to malnutrition, dysphagia also severely restricts water intake. Purpose: This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Dysphagia is a common problem in older adults, characterized as a swallowing disorder that prevents food from passing from the mouth to the esophagus. Besides impairing dietary intake and leading to malnutrition, dysphagia also severely restricts water intake. Purpose: This study aimed to develop polysaccharide-based hydrogels as dysphagia-friendly finger foods designed to provide high water content and enable controlled vitamin delivery to older persons with dysphagia. Procedures: Agar–carboxymethylcellulose (Agar-CMC) composite hydrogels with incorporated vitamins C, B₉, B, and D₃ were developed and tested for their textural and rheological properties, vitamin stability during storage, and vitamin release under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Finally, a fiberoptic endoscopic swallowing assessment and sensory evaluation were conducted. Main Findings: Increasing the agar concentration in Agar-CMC hydrogels improved their internal structure and handling properties as finger foods, while still being easily breakable during swallowing. Agar-CMC hydrogels’ structure protected vitamins during processing and six weeks of storage. Vitamin release started immediately and remained steady in the gastric phase, with a noticeable increase at the beginning of the intestinal phase, resulting in 70–100% vitamin release by the end of this phase. The Fiberoptic Endoscopic Swallowing Evaluation confirmed their suitability for individuals with mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia, with a low risk of aspiration (1 point on the Penetration-Aspiration Scale out of 8). Principal Conclusions: The developed Agar-CMC hydrogels present a promising dysphagia-friendly finger food alternative with high water content. They effectively deliver essential vitamins throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and notably demonstrate a low aspiration risk, making them suitable for individuals with mild to moderate oropharyngeal dysphagia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition and Lifecare on Malnutrition)

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16 pages, 300 KB

Open AccessReview

The Relationship Between Social Media Use and Disordered Eating in Young Adults Aged 18–30: A Narrative Review

by Danai Athanasoula, Aikaterini Salpa, Fotini Sonia Apergi and Ilias I. Vlachos

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3288; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203288 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Social media use has become ubiquitous, with governmental bodies and researchers expressing a growing concern about its impact on mental health. This review aims to examine the relationship between social media use and disordered eating in individuals aged 18–30. Specifically, we aim [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Social media use has become ubiquitous, with governmental bodies and researchers expressing a growing concern about its impact on mental health. This review aims to examine the relationship between social media use and disordered eating in individuals aged 18–30. Specifically, we aim to identify specific patterns of use (including addictive use) that are associated with increased risk for disordered eating. Methods: A search was conducted in March 2025 using PubMed and PsycINFO. Keywords were based on social media platforms and eating behaviors. Inclusion criteria were published studies in peer-reviewed journals from 2015–2025, written in English, with participants aged 18–30, whose disordered eating outcomes were assessed using validated measures. Conclusions: 637 articles were screened, with 28 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Most studies assessed general social media use, without specifying the platform type. The EAT-26 and EDE-Q scales were used in most research to assess disordered eating. Data were narratively synthesized based on the type of social media variables assessed. Our findings demonstrate a complex relationship between social media use and disordered eating, with more consistent associations being found when the type of content (fitspiration and thinspiration) was the independent variable. These findings align with qualitative findings, which highlighted ambivalence in relation to the effect of social media: it is viewed as both a source of support and social comparison. Avenues for future research include longitudinal studies to understand the interaction between individual factors and social media patterns of use, as well as the utilization of platform-generated data on online engagement patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Social Media on Eating Behavior)

15 pages, 2207 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Two Different Insulin Dose Calculation Methods on Postprandial Glycemia After a Mixed Meal in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Study

by Magdalena Dymińska, Emilia Kowalczyk-Korcz, Katarzyna Piechowiak and Agnieszka Szypowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3287; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203287 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Optimal postprandial glycemic control is crucial to maintain time in range (TIR:3.9–10.0 mmol/L, 70–180 mg/dL) and time in tight range (TITR:3.9–7.8 mmol/L, 70–140 mg/dL), both important to reduce microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, insulin dosing based on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Optimal postprandial glycemic control is crucial to maintain time in range (TIR:3.9–10.0 mmol/L, 70–180 mg/dL) and time in tight range (TITR:3.9–7.8 mmol/L, 70–140 mg/dL), both important to reduce microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). However, insulin dosing based on carbohydrate counting fails to compensate for delayed hyperglycemia from protein and fat. This study evaluated two advanced insulin dosing algorithms designed to improve postprandial control in adolescents with T1DM. Methods: In this randomized, prospective, double-blind, crossover trial, 58 adolescents with T1DM (median age 15.5 years) were enrolled, all using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and a continuous glucose monitoring system in non-automated mode. For two consecutive days, participants consumed standardized mixed meals for breakfast (50 g of carbohydrates, 200 kcal from protein and fat) and received an extended bolus delivered for four hours, based on the Pankowska Equation (PE, i.e., Fat-Protein Units × Insulin-to-Carbohydrate Ratio (ICR)) and the Sieradzki Equation (SE, i.e., 30% × Carbohydrate Units × ICR). Postprandial glucose was monitored for five hours using a glucometer and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM). The primary outcome was the capillary blood glucose level at predefined time points. The secondary outcomes were the frequency of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability parameters. Results: Both methods kept postprandial glucose within the recommended TIR. The SE method provided longer TITR (82.51% vs. 70.49%, p = 0.6281) and fewer hypoglycemic episodes at 180 and 300 min. Glucose levels at 60 min, were higher after PE (136 ± 35.2 mg/dL vs. 124 ± 32.2 mg/dL, p = 0.016). Conclusions: Both algorithms provided effective postprandial control after a mixed meal, but SE achieved a longer TITR and fewer late hypoglycemic events. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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23 pages, 490 KB

Open AccessReview

Magnesium Depletion Score as an Indicator of Health Risk and Nutritional Status—A Scoping Review

by Rebecca B. Costello, Zhongqi Fan and Taylor C. Wallace

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3286; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203286 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Magnesium is an essential nutrient involved in more than 600 enzymatic reactions, and nutritional status is estimated to be critical for many metabolic and biochemical processes in humans. Although magnesium deficiency and inadequacy impacts multiple chronic disease states, signs and symptoms [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Magnesium is an essential nutrient involved in more than 600 enzymatic reactions, and nutritional status is estimated to be critical for many metabolic and biochemical processes in humans. Although magnesium deficiency and inadequacy impacts multiple chronic disease states, signs and symptoms are often nonspecific and nutritional status is difficult to measure. The recently developed magnesium depletion score (MDS) is a promising tool for identifying individuals at risk of magnesium deficiency or inadequacy and associated comorbidities, but its clinical applicability and validity across broad populations remains unclear. Methods: Using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and JBI Collaborating Center guidelines for conducting scoping reviews, four electronic databases (MEDLINE/ PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) were systematically searched from inception to 20 May 2025 for clinical and observational English-language studies that assessed the impact of MDS on health and/or nutritional status. The protocol was preregistered on Open Science Framework prior to data extraction. Results: 48 articles, inclusive of 39 cross-sectional and 15 prospective cohort analyses, as well as a single secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial, were included in the scoping review. All but two analyses reported adverse associations with a high MDS. MDS was inversely correlated with dietary magnesium intake across studies. Conclusions: The MDS, particularly when utilized alongside traditional dietary intake assessment, offers promise as a tool for more rapidly identifying individuals at risk of magnesium deficiency (or insufficiency), and associated comorbidities, although large clinical trials are needed to confirm these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium Status in Human Health)

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22 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine Brucea javanica in Cancer Treatment: A Review of Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications

by Weiyin Xu, Hongmei Yang, Yanan Zhou, Rixin Guo, Jing Liu, Feng Wei and Yongqiang Lin

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3285; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203285 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Brucea javanica (BJ), a key representative of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is derived from the dried mature fruit of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr., a plant in the Simaroubaceae family. Its pharmacological activity is largely attributed to diverse chemical constituents. To date, approximately 200 [...] Read more.

Brucea javanica (BJ), a key representative of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, is derived from the dried mature fruit of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr., a plant in the Simaroubaceae family. Its pharmacological activity is largely attributed to diverse chemical constituents. To date, approximately 200 distinct chemical constituents have been isolated and identified, mainly comprising quassinoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, steroids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Contemporary pharmacological studies have demonstrated the significant activities of BJ in various areas, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasitic effects. Notably, its oil form (Brucea javanica oil) has been extensively utilized in treating various cancer types. This review aims to systematically summarize the antitumor components, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications in cancer therapy, with the goal of providing theoretical support for further antitumor research and the development of new BJ-based drugs, highlighting its potential as an antitumor agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modulation of Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cells and Tumors by Dietary Bioactive Compounds)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 130 articles

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