Nutrients

14 pages, 564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Is Linked to Environmental Sustainability: The Role of the Mediterranean Diet

by Silvia García, Cristina Bouzas, Marina Ródenas-Munar, Violeta Cepeda, Lucía Ugarriza, Miguel Casares, Cristina Gómez, David Mateos and Josep A. Tur

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203206 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and climate change are major global health challenges. Aim: Our aim was to assess the relationship between intrahepatic fat content (IFC) and diet-related environmental impact in a Mediterranean diet (MD)-based intervention. Design: The design included a [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and climate change are major global health challenges. Aim: Our aim was to assess the relationship between intrahepatic fat content (IFC) and diet-related environmental impact in a Mediterranean diet (MD)-based intervention. Design: The design included a six-month longitudinal analysis within the frame of a FLIPAN randomized controlled trial, including 60 participants aged 40–60 years with MASLD, metabolic syndrome and obesity. Methods: IFC expressed as a percentage (%IFC) was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and dietary intake was assessed via a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Environmental impacts of diets were estimated using life cycle assessment data from the Agribalyse^® database, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water use, energy use and land use. A composite sustainability score was also calculated. Changes in liver fat and environmental footprints were analyzed using a general linear model (GLM) adjusted for within-subject variability and partial correlation analysis adjusted for energy intake, MD adherence and body weight. Results: The participants with the highest %IFC reduction group in the GLM showed the highest decreases in GHG emissions and land use. Water use increased in this same group. Energy use and the composite sustainability score did not differ significantly between groups. Higher %IFC reductions were also associated with higher MD adherence and lower visceral fat. When the adjusted partial correlation analysis for the environmental parameters was performed, only water use remained significant. Conclusions: Higher reductions in %IFC were linked to dietary patterns with lower GHG emissions and land use and higher water use. However, when adjusted by energy intake, MD adherence and body weight in continuous modeling, only higher water use was related to lower %IFC. These findings highlight the complexity of achieving environmentally sustainable and health-promoting diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet: Health Benefits and Sustainability)

14 pages, 670 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Serum Erythroferrone, a Regulator of Erythropoiesis and Iron Homeostasis, with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Apparently Healthy Young Adults—A Preliminary Study

by Katarzyna Bergmann, Anna Stefańska and Magdalena Krintus

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203205 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Recent studies suggest that erythroferrone (ERFE), an iron-regulating protein whose primary role is to inhibit hepcidin synthesis, may affect glucose and lipid metabolism, and its serum concentration is reduced in obese and diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.

Background: Recent studies suggest that erythroferrone (ERFE), an iron-regulating protein whose primary role is to inhibit hepcidin synthesis, may affect glucose and lipid metabolism, and its serum concentration is reduced in obese and diabetic individuals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of ERFE concentration with selected cardiometabolic risk factors in apparently healthy young adults. Methods: This preliminary study consisted of 122 (63 females, 59 males) normoglycemic, non-smoking subjects aged 25–40 years. In all participants, anthropometric measurements and the following laboratory tests were performed: fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum iron, lipid profile, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), ERFE and hepcidin. Results: The serum ERFE concentration was significantly lower in men compared to women (p = 0.009) and in subjects who were overweight (p < 0.001) and had abdominal obesity (p < 0.001). ERFE showed significant negative correlations with body mass index, waist–hip ratio, HbA1c, CRP, insulin, HOMA-IR and triglycerides. In the logistic regression analysis, ERFE was significantly associated with being overweight (OR = 0.051; p = 0.004), abdominal obesity (OR = 0.372; p < 0.001), HOMA-IR ≥2.0 (OR = 0.584; p = 0.013), CRP >1 mg/L (OR = 0.648; p = 0.020) and triglycerides (OR = 0.521; p = 0.033). A relevant predominance in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors was observed in subjects with ERFE levels in the first tertile (<1.35 ng/mL), compared to the third tertile (>2.19 ng/mL). Conclusions: Serum ERFE is inversely associated with being overweight, increased waist circumference, CRP, and markers of insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities, suggesting its potential relevance as a marker of early cardiometabolic risk in apparently healthy young adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathophysiology of Iron Metabolism—2nd Edition)

19 pages, 5245 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Gallic Acid Against Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Sleep Deprivation

by Xiangfei Zhang, Jingwen Cui, Jing Sun, Fengzhong Wang, Bei Fan and Cong Lu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203204 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Gallic acid (GA) is a dietary polyphenol widely found in walnuts, tea leaves, and grapes, and it is recognized for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) is known to disrupt redox balance, promote neuroinflammation, and impair cognition, while [...] Read more.

Background: Gallic acid (GA) is a dietary polyphenol widely found in walnuts, tea leaves, and grapes, and it is recognized for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) is known to disrupt redox balance, promote neuroinflammation, and impair cognition, while effective nutritional strategies to mitigate these effects remain scarce. This study was designed to evaluate the protective potential of GA against CSD-induced cognitive deficits in mice and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Seventy-two male ICR mice were randomly allocated to six groups, including control, CSD model, Ginkgo biloba extract, and GA at three doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg). After 28 days of treatment, cognitive performance was assessed using the open field test (OFT), novel object recognition (NOR), step-through passive avoidance (ST), and Morris water maze (MWM). Redox status and inflammatory mediators were determined by ELISA, while the hippocampal expression of proteins related to antioxidant defense and NF-κB signaling was analyzed by Western blotting. Results: GA supplementation improved exploratory activity, recognition memory, and spatial learning in the CSD mice. Biochemical evaluation revealed that total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were restored, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were reduced. These changes were accompanied by decreased circulating concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). At the molecular level, GA enhanced the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, while inhibiting p-p65, iNOS, and COX2 in the hippocampus. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that GA alleviates CSD-induced cognitive deficits through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and inhibition of NF-κB–mediated inflammatory responses. Thus, GA may represent a promising nutraceutical candidate for maintaining cognitive health under chronic sleep loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Potential of Phytochemicals in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

22 pages, 8047 KB

Open AccessArticle

Minimum Dietary Fat Threshold for Effective Ketogenesis and Obesity Control in Mice

by Jiawen Shou, Xingchen Dong, Fei Sun, Jia Li, Huiren Wang, Qing Ai, Michael Pellizzon and Ting Fu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203203 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ketogenic diets (KDs), defined by very low carbohydrate and high fat content, are widely studied for obesity and metabolic disease. However, KD formulations vary from 60–95% fat, leading to inconsistent induction of ketogenesis and variable outcomes. The fat threshold required for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ketogenic diets (KDs), defined by very low carbohydrate and high fat content, are widely studied for obesity and metabolic disease. However, KD formulations vary from 60–95% fat, leading to inconsistent induction of ketogenesis and variable outcomes. The fat threshold required for sustained ketosis, and the tissue-specific programs that mediate KD efficacy, remain unclear. Methods: We evaluated multiple KD formulations (80–95% fat) in C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) and diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Plasma, hepatic, and intestinal β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were measured together with expression of ketogenesis and fatty acid oxidation genes. Body weight, adipose distribution, and liver morphology were assessed under both direct feeding and therapeutic settings. Results: In WT mice, only diets exceeding 85% fat induced robust ketogenesis, reflected by elevated BHB and hepatic upregulation of Cd36, Cpt1a, Acat1, and Hmgcs2. Moderate KDs (80–85%) failed to trigger ketosis and resembled high-fat feeding. In obese mice, an 80% KD lowered fasting glucose without reducing body weight, whereas a 90% KD promoted systemic ketosis, weight loss, and adipose reduction. Interestingly, hepatic transcriptional programs for fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis were suppressed under 90% KD despite elevated BHB, suggesting reliance on substrate availability and peripheral utilization. In contrast, intestinal Hmgcs2 was strongly induced in both WT and DIO mice, with Oxct1 upregulated only in obesity, indicating local ketone production and consumption. Conclusions: These findings identify > 85% dietary fat as a threshold for sustained ketosis and highlight distinct liver–intestine contributions, underscoring ketogenesis as the central driver of KD’s anti-obesity benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

21 pages, 932 KB

Open AccessReview

The Neuroprotective Potential of Vitamin D₃

by Jacek Pietruszkiewicz, Katarzyna Mrozek, Mateusz Zwierz, Agata Wińska, Maria Suprunowicz, Aleksandra Julia Oracz and Napoleon Waszkiewicz

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203202 (registering DOI) - 12 Oct 2025

Abstract

Vitamin D₃ plays a pivotal role not only in bone health but also in the functioning of the nervous system, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Vitamin D₃ deficiency has [...] Read more.

Vitamin D₃ plays a pivotal role not only in bone health but also in the functioning of the nervous system, particularly in the context of age-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Vitamin D₃ deficiency has been associated with cognitive decline, heightened inflammation, and shortened leukocyte telomere length, which may contribute to accelerated cellular aging. Therapeutic interventions involving vitamin D₃ have been reported in selected clinical studies and meta-analyses to potentially enhance cognitive function, decrease amyloid β biomarkers, and prolong telomere length, although heterogeneity remains across study designs and populations. Furthermore, vitamin D₃ has been shown to influence the expression of genes implicated in DNA repair and oxidative stress response, including NRF2, OGG1, MYH, and MTH1. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of vitamin D₃ action in the context of neuroprotection and discusses potential directions for future research, including its possible therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D and Age-Related Diseases)

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17 pages, 10849 KB

Open AccessArticle

Isorhamnetin Exhibits Hypoglycemic Activity and Targets PI3K/AKT and COX-2 Pathways in Type 1 Diabetes

by Lijia Li, Jia Li, Jie Ren and Jengyuan Yao

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203201 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Isorhamnetin (ISO), a dietary O-methylated flavonol, was evaluated for hypoglycemic activity and mechanism in a streptozotocin (STZ) model of type 1 diabetes. Methods: We conducted untargeted plasma metabolomics (ESI±), network integration and docking, and measured pancreatic PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, and COX-2; INS-1 [...] Read more.

Background: Isorhamnetin (ISO), a dietary O-methylated flavonol, was evaluated for hypoglycemic activity and mechanism in a streptozotocin (STZ) model of type 1 diabetes. Methods: We conducted untargeted plasma metabolomics (ESI±), network integration and docking, and measured pancreatic PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, and COX-2; INS-1 β cells challenged with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 were used to assess viability, intracellular ROS, and PI3K phosphorylation. Results: ISO lowered fasting glycemia, increased circulating insulin, improved dyslipidemia by reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and preserved islet architecture. Untargeted plasma metabolomics (ESI±) indicated broad remodeling with enrichment of arachidonic-, linoleic-, starch/sucrose- and glycerophospholipid pathways. Network integration and docking prioritized targets converging on PI3K/AKT and COX-2/eicosanoid signaling. Consistently, in pancreatic tissue, ISO increased PI3K, phosphorylated AKT, and reduced COX-2. In INS-1 beta cells challenged with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, ISO improved viability, decreased intracellular ROS, and partially restored PI3K phosphorylation at 4 µM. Conclusions: Together, these data indicate that ISO exerts hypoglycemic effects while supporting β-cell integrity through activation of PI3K/AKT and tempering of COX-2–linked lipid-mediator pathways. ISO therefore emerges as a food-derived adjunct candidate for autoimmune diabetes, and the work motivates targeted lipidomics and in vivo pathway interrogation in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypoglycemic Properties and Pathways of Natural Substances)

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19 pages, 2436 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental Regulation of the Murine Selenoproteome Across Embryonic and Postnatal Stages: Implications for Human Nutrition and Health

by Shan-Shan Wang, Tong Li, Cheng-Jia Wei and Lan-Yu Cui

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203200 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Selenoproteins play indispensable roles in embryonic development, with their dysregulation linked to various metabolic and neurological disorders. This study aims to systematically quantify the mRNA expression levels of all 24 selenoprotein genes in murine heart, brain, liver, and kidney tissues across embryonic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Selenoproteins play indispensable roles in embryonic development, with their dysregulation linked to various metabolic and neurological disorders. This study aims to systematically quantify the mRNA expression levels of all 24 selenoprotein genes in murine heart, brain, liver, and kidney tissues across embryonic (E8.5, E12.5, E18.5) and postnatal (P7, P30, P90) developmental stages, in order to elucidate the regulatory landscape of selenium metabolism during development. Methods: We collected tissues from mice at six developmental stages and performed RNA extraction followed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to measure the expression of all 24 selenoprotein genes. Data were normalized using the geometric mean of ActB and Gapdh, and statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA with Duncan’s post hoc test. Results: Our analysis reveals three principal findings: (1) Distinct expression patterns emerge among selenoprotein families—deiodinases (Dio1-3) and thioredoxin reductases (Txnrd1-3) exhibit limited embryonic expression (<20-fold changes), while glutathione peroxidases (Gpx1, Gpx3, Gpx4) and biosynthesis-related genes (Selenop, Msrb1) show substantial postnatal upregulation (up to 600-fold increases); (2) Selenoproteins essential for embryonic survival (Gpx4, Txnrd1, Txnrd2, Selenoi, Selenot) display expression profiles concordant with their essential developmental functions; (3) Selenop and Msrb1, involved in selenium transport and redox regulation, demonstrate early embryonic upregulation with further increases during postnatal development. Conclusions: These spatiotemporal expression patterns elucidate the regulatory landscape of selenium metabolism during development and provide mechanistic insights into the phenotypes associated with selenium deficiency. The findings offer valuable implications for human nutritional interventions and developmental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients and Bioactive Molecules: Their Development, Interaction, and Impact on Human Health)

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23 pages, 3898 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase-Specific Alterations in Gut Microbiota and Their Associations with Energy Intake and Nutritional Clustering in Competitive Weightlifters

by Chun-Yu Kuo, Yu-Ching Lo, Wei-Ling Chen and Yi-Ju Hsu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203199 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigated how phase-specific dietary strategies and weight regulation influence gut microbiota composition and diversity in competitive weightlifters. Particular emphasis was placed on integrating energy intake, macronutrient clustering, and weight fluctuations across distinct training phases. Methods: Thirteen competitive weightlifters [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigated how phase-specific dietary strategies and weight regulation influence gut microbiota composition and diversity in competitive weightlifters. Particular emphasis was placed on integrating energy intake, macronutrient clustering, and weight fluctuations across distinct training phases. Methods: Thirteen competitive weightlifters were recruited, with 10–12 contributing complete data per phase. Fecal and dietary samples were collected during the preparation, competition, and transition phases. Gut microbiota was profiled via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and alpha/beta diversity was analyzed using QIIME2. K-means clustering based on caloric/macronutrient intake identified dietary patterns. Taxonomic differences were assessed using DESeq2, and microbial structures were compared across training phases, weight classes, and weight-change categories. Results: Overall phylum- and genus-level profiles and diversity indices remained stable across training phases, indicating community-level resilience. However, specific genera varied with dietary and physiological factors. Enterococcus was higher during the preparation phase, whereas Lactobacillus was enriched during the competition and transition phases as well as in the high-calorie cluster. Lightweight and heavyweight athletes also showed distinct microbial structures, and pre- and post-competition weight changes were associated with shifts in selected taxa. Notably, the low-calorie group exhibited higher Shannon diversity than the high-calorie group (p = 0.0058), with Lactobacillus dominance contributing to reduced evenness in high-energy diets. Conclusions: Despite overall microbial stability, dietary energy availability and body-weight regulation modulated specific taxa relevant to performance and recovery. By integrating dietary clustering, weight-class comparison, and pre- and post-competition weight changes, this study provides novel insight into the microbiota of resistance-trained athletes, a population underrepresented in previous research. Despite the modest sample size and single-season scope, this study offers new evidence linking dietary strategies, weight regulation, and gut microbiota in weightlifters, and highlights the need for validation in broader cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Nutrition and Gut–Brain Axis)

17 pages, 3890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AC1 Aggravates Bone Loss in a Male Rat Model of Deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA)-Salt-Induced Osteoporosis

by Xiaoqing Kuang, Haicui Wu, Tim Fat Shum, Chunyi Wen and Jiachi Chiou

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203198 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Osteoporosis is a prevalent and debilitating skeletal disease characterized by a progressive loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Probiotics have emerged as a potential therapeutic tool for treating osteoporosis through modulation of the gut microbiota. In this study, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Osteoporosis is a prevalent and debilitating skeletal disease characterized by a progressive loss of bone mass and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Probiotics have emerged as a potential therapeutic tool for treating osteoporosis through modulation of the gut microbiota. In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of live Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus AC1 (LR-AC1), isolated from a fecal sample from a newborn in Hong Kong, on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-induced bone loss in a rat model. Methods: Bone mass and microarchitecture were assessed using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Immunostaining for CD31⁺ and osterix, markers of endothelial cells and osteoblast precursors, respectively, was performed. Gut microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. The effects of an LR-AC1 cell-free conditioned supernatant (CCS) on osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were evaluated in vitro using RT-qPCR and wound healing assays. Results: LR-AC1 administration did not induce adverse effects in healthy rats; however, it exacerbated bone loss in rats with DOCA-salt-induced osteoporosis. Correspondingly, the number of CD31-positive endothelial cells and osterix-positive osteoprogenitors decreased with bone loss. In vitro, LR-AC1 CCS promoted osteoclastogenesis and angiogenesis, while in the presence of DOCA, LR-AC1 CCS inhibited BMSC migration. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that the relative abundances of the genera g_RF39 and g_Clostridia_UCG-014 correlated with the severity of bone loss. Conclusions: While several studies suggest that probiotics can prevent and treat osteoporosis, our findings indicate that in a male rat model of DOCA-salt-induced osteoporosis, live LR-AC1 aggravated bone loss. This effect is associated with alterations in gut microbiota and disruption of the coupling process in bone remodeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health (2nd Edition))

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12 pages, 507 KB

Open AccessReview

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in Celiac Disease

by Ridhima Kaul, Claire Jansson-Knodell, Madison L. Simons, Kendra Weekley, David Gardinier and Alberto Rubio-Tapia

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203197 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder where adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment. While this approach is rather effective, some patients experience ongoing symptoms, and this factor, along with the rigidity of the GFD, may predispose [...] Read more.

Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder where adherence to a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only available treatment. While this approach is rather effective, some patients experience ongoing symptoms, and this factor, along with the rigidity of the GFD, may predispose some to disordered eating behaviors, including Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). ARFID is characterized by persistent food avoidance that is not driven by body image concerns, resulting in nutritional, psychological, and social impairment. This scoping literature review explores the emerging intersection between ARFID and CeD, examining prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical features, complications, and management strategies. Recent studies report that 14–57% of individuals with CeD may meet the criteria for ARFID, depending on the population and screening tools used. Factors contributing to ARFID in CeD may include ongoing gastrointestinal symptoms, anxiety over gluten exposure, negative conditioned responses to food, social challenges related to GFD adherence, and psychiatric co-morbidities. ARFID in CeD is associated with worsened nutritional deficiencies, anxiety, depression, and impaired social functioning, making the diagnosis of ARFID challenging due to symptom overlap with CeD and other psychiatric conditions. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including medical, nutritional, and psychological interventions. Routine screening, early intervention, and integrated care models may improve outcomes and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet on Gut Health and Celiac Disease)

18 pages, 582 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Behavioral Profiles of Physical Activity and Dietary Intake in Young Adults and Their Associations with Lower Limb Injury Occurrence

by Jarosław Domaradzki

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203196 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: To delineate integrated lifestyle profiles combining physical activity (PA) and dietary intake (DI) and test their links with lower limb injury in physically active young adults. Methods: We analyzed a cross-sectional convenience sample of university students (men: n = 91, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: To delineate integrated lifestyle profiles combining physical activity (PA) and dietary intake (DI) and test their links with lower limb injury in physically active young adults. Methods: We analyzed a cross-sectional convenience sample of university students (men: n = 91, 20.5 ± 1.0 years; women: n = 118, 20.3 ± 0.8 years). PA (IPAQ) and DI (QEB) were assessed alongside self-reported injuries. Latent class modeling derived PA–DI profiles. Injury prevalence across profiles was compared (χ²), and logistic regression examined injury odds adjusting for sex, age, and BMI. Results: Four profiles emerged. Two reflected less healthy patterns (Profiles 2–3) and two healthier ones (Profiles 1, 4). Profile 4 showed higher vegetables/legumes/fermented milk and lower fast food/sugary drinks; Profile 3 combined greater sitting and fried/sweetened items with lower walking/milk intake. Overall injury prevalence was 56.9%, ranging from 44.1% (Profile 2) to 66.7% (Profile 4 exceeded Profile 2 in pairwise comparison (χ² (1) = 5.08, p = 0.024)). In adjusted models, men had higher injury odds (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.09–3.48, p = 0.025); profile membership was not independently predictive, and profile × sex interactions were null. Conclusions: Young adults cluster into distinct PA–DI patterns that differ behaviorally, but sex—rather than profile—was the most consistent correlate of injury. Prevention should integrate lifestyle screening with sex-specific strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Physical Activity in Modern Lifestyles)

18 pages, 615 KB

Open AccessArticle

FokI Polymorphism of the VDR Gene Is Associated with Vitamin D Insufficiency in Elite Male Power Athletes of Kazakhstan

by Aidana Gabdulkayum, Saya Amangeldikyzy, Adil Yerezhepov, Sayipzhamal Khassanova, Kenes R. Akilzhanov, Ulan Kozhamkulov, Saule Rakhimova, Ulykbek Kairov, Ainur Akilzhanova and Dauren Yerezhepov

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203195 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between VDR gene variants and vitamin D levels in elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Methods: We recruited 92 elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Concentrations of serum 25(OH)D were measured with the Access [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: We aimed to investigate the association between VDR gene variants and vitamin D levels in elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Methods: We recruited 92 elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Concentrations of serum 25(OH)D were measured with the Access 25(OH) Vitamin D Total Assay on the Unicel Dxl 800 Access Immunoassay System. Gene polymorphisms were determined by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) allelic discrimination assay using TaqMan™ probes. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency was registered in 63% of athletes. Age (χ² = 6.83, p < 0.01), BMI (χ² = 6.83, p < 0.01), and sport experience (χ² = 4.44, p < 0.04) showed a statistically significant association with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency (age, χ² = 7.93, p < 0.01; BMI, χ² = 5.11, p < 0.03; sport experience, χ² = 6.19, p = 0.01). The A/A genotype of the VDR FokI polymorphism (rs2228570) showed a strong correlation with vitamin D insufficiency (G/G-G/A vs. A/A, OR = 9.25, 95% CI = 2.01–42.51, p < 0.01) but not deficiency. Conclusions: Our study reveals a significant prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Age, BMI, and sport experience are essential factors in developing personalized strategies to address vitamin D insufficiency. The A/A genotype of the VDR FokI polymorphism can be used as a potential biomarker for vitamin D inadequacy in elite male power athletes of Kazakhstan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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11 pages, 651 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Modification with Food Order and Divided Carbohydrate Intake Improves Glycemic Excursions in Healthy Young Women

by Yuki Higuchi, Takashi Miyawaki, Shizuo Kajiyama, Kaoru Kitta, Shintaro Kajiyama, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Michiaki Fukui and Saeko Imai

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203194 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Previous studies show that allocating carbohydrates earlier and vegetables/protein later in late-evening meals improves glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence remains insufficient regarding the effects of distributing carbohydrate intake across the day by dividing [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Previous studies show that allocating carbohydrates earlier and vegetables/protein later in late-evening meals improves glycemic control in both healthy individuals and those with type 2 diabetes. However, evidence remains insufficient regarding the effects of distributing carbohydrate intake across the day by dividing three regular meals into five smaller meals. Methods: We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover trial to compare the effects of two dietary patterns: (1) a conventional three-meal pattern with simultaneous intake of all food components, and (2) a five-meal pattern incorporating divided carbohydrate portions and a fixed food order—vegetables first, followed by protein, and then carbohydrates. Eighteen healthy young women consumed the same test meals under both patterns. Glucose fluctuations were monitored using an intermittently continuous glucose monitoring system. Results: The five-meal pattern with food sequencing significantly improved the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE; 2.56 ± 0.13 vs. 3.49 ± 0.32 mmol/L, p < 0.01), glucose peak, and incremental area under the glucose curve for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and the time above the target glucose range [>7.8 mmol/L; 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 4.2 ± 1.0%, p < 0.01] compared to the three-meal pattern. Conclusions: These findings suggest that divided carbohydrate intake and food order ameliorates the MAGE in healthy young women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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11 pages, 225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Safety of FEES Performed by Speech-Language Pathologists and Physicians–Evidence Supporting Task Sharing from a Retrospective Observational Study of 964 Consecutive Examinations

by Małgorzata Polit, Joanna Chmielewska-Walczak, Maria Sobol, Izabela Domitrz and Kazimierz Niemczyk

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203193 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is one of the two gold-standard tools for assessing oropharyngeal dysphagia (alongside Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study). Although generally considered safe, concerns about complications persist, particularly in systems where FEES is not routine and professional roles differ. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is one of the two gold-standard tools for assessing oropharyngeal dysphagia (alongside Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study). Although generally considered safe, concerns about complications persist, particularly in systems where FEES is not routine and professional roles differ. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of FEES performed by both speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and physicians, in order to provide evidence of its safety in a healthcare system where the procedure is not yet widely established and to identify patient subgroups potentially at higher risk of procedure-related complications. (2) Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 964 consecutive FEES procedures. Examinations were carried out by trained SLPs or physicians. Data included demographics, clinical status, operator qualifications, setting, and complications, classified as minor (vomiting, poor tolerance, early termination) or major (laryngospasm, epistaxis). (3) Results: The overall complication rate was 1.14% (11/964): 0.6% minor and 0.5% major. All events were self-limiting. Complication rates did not differ between SLPs (1.05%) and physicians (1.23%) or by experience, setting, drug use, penetration–aspiration scale score, or nasogastric tube. Four complications occurred in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, suggesting higher risk. (4) Conclusions: FEES is safe and well tolerated when performed by either physicians or SLPs. These findings underscore the value of task sharing in dysphagia diagnostics, demonstrating that a shared model increases service capacity, reduces delays, and facilitates timely management of dysphagia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

11 pages, 442 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Nutrition, Inflammation, and Immunity: The CALLY Index as a Novel Prognostic Biomarker in Acute Geriatric Care

by Francesca Mancinetti, Anna Giulia Guazzarini, Martina Gaspari, Michele Francesco Croce, Rocco Serra, Patrizia Mecocci and Virginia Boccardi

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203192 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition, systemic inflammation, and immune dysfunction are key determinants of adverse outcomes in older adults following acute illness. Composite biomarkers integrating these domains could enhance early risk stratification. This study investigates, for the first time in acute geriatric care, the prognostic value [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Malnutrition, systemic inflammation, and immune dysfunction are key determinants of adverse outcomes in older adults following acute illness. Composite biomarkers integrating these domains could enhance early risk stratification. This study investigates, for the first time in acute geriatric care, the prognostic value of the C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte (CALLY) index—a composite marker of nutritional, inflammatory, and immune status—in predicting short-term survival. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 264 patients admitted to the acute geriatrics ward of Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital in Perugia. The CALLY index was calculated as: (Albumin × Lymphocytes)/(CRP × 10⁴). The optimal prognostic cut-off was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Three-month survival was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results: The cohort included 167 women (63.3%) and 97 men (36.7%), with a mean age of 88.0 ± 6.4 years. At 3-month follow-up, 80 patients (30.3%) had died. The CALLY index showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.647 (95% CI: 0.576–0.718; p < 0.001), with a cut-off of 0.055 (sensitivity: 68.5%, specificity: 46.3%). Among deceased patients, 42.5% had a CALLY index <0.055. After multivariable adjustment, a lower CALLY index remained independently associated with increased mortality (B = −0.805; OR = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.215–0.930; p = 0.031). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated significantly higher survival in patients with a CALLY index ≥ 0.055 (Log-rank test: 13.71; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The CALLY index shows a modest but statistically significant discriminative ability for predicting short-term mortality in acutely ill older adults. As a simple, low-cost marker derived from routine laboratory tests, it holds potential for integration into clinical workflows to guide nutritional, metabolic, and prognostic management strategies in geriatric acute care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Critically Ill Patients)

11 pages, 570 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring CALD and Non-CALD Women’s Behavioral and Dietary Responses to a Low-Intensity Intervention for Gestational Diabetes

by Kai Liu, Georgia S. Clarke, Melissa Oxlad and Jessica A. Grieger

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3191; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203191 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cultural backgrounds can shape dietary beliefs, food preferences, and attitudes toward health interventions. However, limited research has explored adherence or behavioral responses following a dietary intervention in women from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cultural backgrounds can shape dietary beliefs, food preferences, and attitudes toward health interventions. However, limited research has explored adherence or behavioral responses following a dietary intervention in women from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds. This secondary analysis of a randomized controlled feasibility trial in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) explored differences in adherence, satisfaction, and behavior change between CALD and White (non-CALD) women. Methods: Thirty-eight participants were randomized to the dietary intervention (individualized, culturally tailored dietary advice) or standard care. Data collected at baseline (26–32 weeks’ gestation) and end of study (close to delivery) included a behavior change questionnaire, a 10-point Likert scale for adherence and satisfaction with the intervention, and 24-h dietary recall. Results: Eighteen participants self-reported as CALD and 20 self-reported as non-CALD. All intervention group participants, irrespective of cultural background, were motivated to make dietary changes, with similar mean [95% CI] adherence scores (CALD: 8.10 [7.27, 8.94] vs. non-CALD: 7.58 [6.66, 8.51]), and satisfaction scores to the intervention (CALD: 7.85 [6.96, 8.74] vs. non-CALD 6.88 [5.89, 7.86]). Within the intervention or standard care groups there were no differences in dietary intake between CALD and non-CALD participants. Conclusions: A low-intensity individualized dietary intervention for GDM was similarly acceptable and feasible for our small group of CALD and non-CALD participants. Findings support the potential for broadly applicable dietary strategies in antenatal care but also highlight the need for more culturally nuanced research to ensure inclusive interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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13 pages, 579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breakfast Skipping Among Dormitory- and Home-Residing High School Students: Insights from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2018–2024

by Jeong Mi Lee and Jee-Seon Shim

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203190 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Skipping breakfast is common among adolescents. Providing breakfast at school is a potential solution; however, its effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to compare breakfast skipping between dormitory- and home-residing high school students, analyze trends over time, and identify reasons for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Skipping breakfast is common among adolescents. Providing breakfast at school is a potential solution; however, its effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to compare breakfast skipping between dormitory- and home-residing high school students, analyze trends over time, and identify reasons for skipping breakfast. Methods: This study analyzed data from high school students who participated in the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey between 2018 and 2024, and who lived either in dormitories (n = 11,394) or at home (n = 164,446). The frequency of breakfast consumption over the previous seven days was surveyed; breakfast skipping was defined as missing breakfast on at least five of these seven days. Results: Students living in dormitories had more breakfast days than those living at home (4.6 ± 0.04 vs. 3.7 ± 0.01, p < 0.001). The prevalence of breakfast skipping among students living in dormitories was approximately half of that among students living at home. The association between breakfast skipping and residence type remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders (odds ratio: 0.37; 95% confidence interval: 0.34–0.39). The prevalence of breakfast skipping increased more rapidly between 2018 and 2024 among students living in dormitories (15.1–25.0%, annual percent change = 8.7%, p < 0.05) than in those living at home (35.3–45.3%, annual percent change = 4.0%, p < 0.05). In 2022, the main reasons for skipping breakfast among students living in dormitories and at home were oversleeping (32.2%) and lack of time (39.6%), respectively. Conclusions: Students living in dormitories were less likely to skip breakfast than those living at home. However, even when breakfast is provided, a substantial and increasing proportion of adolescents skip breakfast. These findings suggest that creating a supportive environment alone is insufficient and that strategies are needed to enhance awareness of the importance of breakfast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Children's Growth and Development)

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15 pages, 1146 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between the Jiangnan Diet and Mild Cognitive Impairment Among the Elderly

by Mengjie He, Yan Zou, Ronghua Zhang, Danting Su and Peiwei Xu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3189; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203189 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The Jiangnan diet—a traditional dietary pattern prevalent in Eastern China—is a newly proposed dietary pattern. This study provides additional epidemiological evidence for the promotion of the Jiangnan diet through examining the association between the Jiangnan diet and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The Jiangnan diet—a traditional dietary pattern prevalent in Eastern China—is a newly proposed dietary pattern. This study provides additional epidemiological evidence for the promotion of the Jiangnan diet through examining the association between the Jiangnan diet and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out during 2020 among 1084 community-dwelling adults aged 55 years and above across multiple sites in Zhejiang Province, China. Data collection encompassed basic information of the population, cognition (using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), dietary intake information (using the Food Frequency Questionnaire, FFQ), life pattern, depressive symptoms (using the Mental Health Assessment Scale for the Elderly), and physical examinations (e.g., height, weight). The dietary patterns were assessed using a validated semi-quantitative FFQ. Factor analysis was used to analyze the 16 categories of food intake of the participants, and dietary patterns and the “Jiangnan diet” were extracted. The Jiangnan diet scores were categorized into quartiles: Q1 (lowest) to Q4 (highest). Multivariate logistic regression was employed to examine the association between adherence to the Jiangnan diet and the prevalence of MCI, with results expressed as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The estimated prevalence of MCI in the study population was 24.6%. The dietary pattern characterized by whole grains, low salt, and low oil was identified as the “Jiangnan diet”. Participants with the highest adherence to the “Jiangnan diet” pattern had 79.2% lower odds of MCI than those with the lowest adherence (odds ratio = 0.208, 95% CI = 0.120~0.362, p < 0.0001) after adjusting for age, frequency of social activities, depression, hypertension, alcohol consumption, and energy intake. Conclusions: High adherence to the Jiangnan diet was associated with lower odds of MCI. To further verify the relationship between the Jiangnan diet and MCI, future studies will focus on longitudinal research exploring different dietary patterns and disease outcomes across various regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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15 pages, 353 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Emotion Regulation, Stress, Social Support, and Lifestyle Factors as Predictors of Eating Behaviors and Diet Quality: Evidence from a Large Community Sample

by Małgorzata Obara-Gołębiowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3188; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203188 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Psychological vulnerabilities, including early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), emotion regulation difficulties, perceived stress, and limited social support, are increasingly recognized as drivers of maladaptive eating and obesity. These findings underscore the need for health education and health promotion strategies that address psychological determinants [...] Read more.

Background: Psychological vulnerabilities, including early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), emotion regulation difficulties, perceived stress, and limited social support, are increasingly recognized as drivers of maladaptive eating and obesity. These findings underscore the need for health education and health promotion strategies that address psychological determinants of eating behavior. However, few studies integrate these psychological mechanisms with dietary and lifestyle indicators in both community and medical populations. Methods: A total of 1500 adults (aged 18–65 years; 53% women) recruited from community and medical settings participated in the study. Data were collected between January 2018 and February 2025 using standardized paper-based questionnaires. Participants completed validated measures of EMSs (YSQ-S3), emotion regulation (DERS), stress (PSS-10), social support (MSPSS), eating-related behaviors (QERB), diet (FFQ-6; Unhealthy Diet Index [UDI]), and physical activity (IPAQ-SF). Anthropometric indices included body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) as an indicator of central adiposity. Analyses involved multivariate regression, mediation, and moderation models. Results: EMSs were associated with emotional overeating and higher UDI scores. Difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the EMS–eating relationship (β_indirect = 0.27, p < 0.001). Perceived stress amplified, while social support attenuated, the association between EMSs and emotion regulation difficulties. UDI was inversely related to physical activity (β = −0.14, p < 0.01) and positively to sedentary time (β = 0.12, p < 0.01). Both BMI and WC were higher among participants reporting greater stress, emotion dysregulation, and unhealthy eating. All effects remained robust after adjustment for age, gender, and BMI. Conclusions: Early maladaptive schemas and emotion regulation difficulties contribute to unhealthy dietary patterns and central adiposity, with stress and social support acting as contextual moderators. Integrating psychological assessment with validated dietary and lifestyle measures provides a comprehensive framework for obesity prevention and schema-informed interventions. From a lifespan perspective (18–65 years), these findings highlight the need for multidomain strategies targeting cognitive–emotional and behavioral mechanisms of weight regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Disordered Eating Behaviours Across the Life Spectrum)

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15 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Dietary Anthocyanidin, Dietary Inflammatory Potential, and Risk of Small-for-Gestational-Age in China

by Binyan Zhang, Kun Xu, Baibing Mi, Hong Yan, Duolao Wang, Shaonong Dang and Ke Men

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203187 - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The interaction between anthocyanidin intake and dietary inflammatory potential might influence small-for-gestational-age (SGA), but the available evidence has been limited. This study aims to examine the associations of anthocyanidin with SGA and whether these associations change with dietary inflammatory potential. Methods: Data [...] Read more.

Background: The interaction between anthocyanidin intake and dietary inflammatory potential might influence small-for-gestational-age (SGA), but the available evidence has been limited. This study aims to examine the associations of anthocyanidin with SGA and whether these associations change with dietary inflammatory potential. Methods: Data were derived from 2244 pregnant women enrolled in a community-based, randomized controlled trial between 2015 and 2019 in China. Anthocyanidin intake was calculated with the use of validated food-frequency questionnaires. The energy-adjusted dietary inflammatory index (EDII) was determined by aggregating data from 33 food parameters. Infant birth outcome measurements were obtained from hospital records. Associations were assessed by generalized estimating equations with adjustment for confounding factors. Results: During 39.7 gestational weeks of follow-up, 234 SGA cases occurred. The median intake of anthocyanidin was 28.7 mg/d. Higher consumption of total anthocyanidins (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97), cyanidin (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97), and peonidin (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.96 to 0.97) subclasses was associated with a reduced risk of SGA. EDII was associated with an increased risk of SGA (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.12). In addition, we observed that higher anthocyanidin intake was inversely associated with EDII (β: −0.40, 95% CI: −0.46 to −0.34). The inverse anthocyanidin-SGA association was mostly greater among women in the highest tertile of EDII (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.68) compared with the lowest tertile. Conclusions: Higher anthocyanidin intake was inversely associated with SGA, especially among women with higher EDII scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 702 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Nutritional Therapy in the Treatment of Adults with Crohn’s Disease: A Review

by Raffaele Li Voti, Fabio Salvatore Macaluso, Elena Banci, Angelo Campanozzi, Giulia D’Arcangelo, Alessia De Blasi, Salvatore Oliva, Elena Sofia Pieri, Sara Renzo, Cosimo Ruggiero, Giusy Russo, Luca Scarallo, Paolo Lionetti and Ambrogio Orlando

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3186; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203186 - 10 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a multifactorial pathogenesis involving genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. Dietary patterns have recently garnered growing attention for their potential benefits and risks in patients with IBD. Nutritional therapy has been [...] Read more.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a multifactorial pathogenesis involving genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, and environmental triggers. Dietary patterns have recently garnered growing attention for their potential benefits and risks in patients with IBD. Nutritional therapy has been established as an effective option in pediatric populations, but its role in adults remains less defined. The available studies indicate that while no single diet can be universally recommended, adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with multiple health benefits. Nutritional therapy appears promising in inducing clinical remission in adults with mild to moderate CD, particularly when partial enteral nutrition is combined with food-based modifications. Tailoring these strategies to cultural contexts and providing support from qualified dietitians may improve adherence, clinical outcomes, and overall quality of life. This review highlights the growing role of nutritional therapy in adult CD and its potential integration into routine management alongside conventional treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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14 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Dietary Iron, SNP rs2794720, and Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Chinese Males and Females: A Community-Based Study in a Chinese Metropolis

by Zihan Hu, Hongwei Liu, Zhengyuan Wang, Jiajie Zang, Fan Wu and Zhenni Zhu

Nutrients 2025, 17(20), 3185; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17203185 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 24

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome, a cardiovascular risk cluster, is recognized as a global health priority influenced by gene–diet interactions. The rs2794720 polymorphism has not been previously reported in relation to metabolic syndrome. This study examined the associations between dietary iron, SNP rs2794720, and metabolic [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic syndrome, a cardiovascular risk cluster, is recognized as a global health priority influenced by gene–diet interactions. The rs2794720 polymorphism has not been previously reported in relation to metabolic syndrome. This study examined the associations between dietary iron, SNP rs2794720, and metabolic syndrome in Chinese metropolitan population, with a focus on sex-specific and genotype-specific effects. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study enrolled 2639 adults (1254 males, 1385 females) from Shanghai, China. Anthropometric measurements, laboratory analyses, and genotyping for the participants were performed. Dietary assessment utilized the 3-day 24 h dietary recall method. Metabolic syndrome was identified by the presence of at least three out of five metabolic abnormalities according to the NCEP—ATP III criteria. Results: After adjusting for confounders, in males, metabolic syndrome risk was associated with dietary iron (p = 0.002) but not with rs2794720 (p = 0.731). In females, metabolic syndrome risk was associated with rs2794720 (p = 0.014) and dietary iron (p = 0.016), with a significant interaction observed between rs2794720 and dietary iron (p = 0.047). Stratified by rs2794720, among females lacking the C allele, there was a linear trend between dietary iron and metabolic syndrome risk (p = 0.048). Compared to the reference group (lowest-intake GG homozygotes), the Q2–Q4 Ors (95% CI) were 5.31 (1.08, 39.52), 5.50 (1.16, 40.28), and 8.40 (1.80, 41.44)), while the major allele carriers did not show this trend (p = 0.704); compared to the reference group, the Q1–Q4 ORs(95% CI) were 6.13 (1.68, 39.66), 7.53 (2.06, 48.86), 8.10 (2.20, 52.60), and 7.84 (2.07, 51.70)). Conclusions: Our study first identified rs2794720 as a novel SNP associated with metabolic syndrome in Chinese females. The association between dietary iron and metabolic syndrome risk was unique to GG homozygotes (the minority), whereas CC/CG genotypes (the majority) showed no such association. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 22 articles

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