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Open AccessArticle
Sulphur Copolymers with Pyrrole Compounds as Crosslinking Agents of Elastomer Composites for High-Performance Tyres
by
Simone Naddeo
Simone Naddeo ,
Vincenzina Barbera
Vincenzina Barbera and
Maurizio Galimberti
Maurizio Galimberti *
Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano,Via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Polymers 2024, 16(19), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192802 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 30 July 2024
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Revised: 26 September 2024
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Accepted: 27 September 2024
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Published: 3 October 2024
Abstract
Driving a car at extreme speeds, road holding, and sustainability do not go together well. Formula 1 racing is exciting but is not an example of sustainability. The aim of this work was to use materials, suitable for the treads of high-performance racing tyres, that can favour both high performance and sustainability. In particular, the objective was to achieve high dynamic rigidity at high temperatures (>100 °C) and a stable crosslinking network. A copolymer from an industrial waste such as sulphur and a comonomer from a circular biosourced material were used as the crosslinking agent of an elastomer composite based on poly(styrene-co-butadiene) from solution anionic polymerization and a carbon black with a high surface area. The biosourced circular material was 1,6-bis(2,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)hexane (HMDP), the di-pyrrole derivative of hexamethylenediamine. Two poly(S-co-HMDP) copolymers, with different S/HMDP ratios (6 and 8.9, Copolymer 1 and Copolymer 2) were carefully characterized by means of 1H-, 13C-, 2D1H-1H-COSY and 2D 1H-13C HSQC NMR. The comparison of the spectra highlighted the substitution with sulphur of the β-position of the pyrrole ring: mono-substitution largely prevailed in Copolymer 1 and also bi-substitution in Copolymer 2. The copolymers were used as additives in the vulcanization system. Compared with a reference composite, they allowed us to achieve more efficient vulcanization, a higher density of the crosslinking network, higher dynamic rigidity, better ultimate tensile properties, and better stability of the crosslinking network at high temperatures. Compared with a traditional oil-based crosslinking agent for elastomer composites with high rigidity and a stable structure at high temperatures, such as the perthiocarbamate 6-((dibenzylcarbamothioyl)disulfaneyl)hexyl 1,3-diphenylpropane-2-sulfinodithioate, the poly(S-co-HMDP) copolymers led to higher dynamic rigidity and better ultimate tensile properties. These improvements occurring simultaneously are definitely unusual. This work paves the way for the upcycling of circular materials in a large-scale application such as in tyres.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Naddeo, S.; Barbera, V.; Galimberti, M.
Sulphur Copolymers with Pyrrole Compounds as Crosslinking Agents of Elastomer Composites for High-Performance Tyres. Polymers 2024, 16, 2802.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192802
AMA Style
Naddeo S, Barbera V, Galimberti M.
Sulphur Copolymers with Pyrrole Compounds as Crosslinking Agents of Elastomer Composites for High-Performance Tyres. Polymers. 2024; 16(19):2802.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192802
Chicago/Turabian Style
Naddeo, Simone, Vincenzina Barbera, and Maurizio Galimberti.
2024. "Sulphur Copolymers with Pyrrole Compounds as Crosslinking Agents of Elastomer Composites for High-Performance Tyres" Polymers 16, no. 19: 2802.
https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16192802
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