Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Macro Observations and Single Bead Geometry
3.2. Microhardness
3.3. Microstructure and Phase Composition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | Mn | Si | P | S | N | Cu | Al | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05–0.14 | 0.2–0.8 | 0.1 | 0.025 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.015–0.08 | Bal |
Mo | Cr | W | V | C | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8.0 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.1 | Bal |
No. | Surface Layer Indication Free Cooling/Cryogenic | Scanning Speed (mm/min) | Laser Power (W) | Energy Input (J/mm) | Remarks Free Cooling/Cryogenic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LC1/HC1 | 250 | 250 | 60 | HQ/HQ |
2 | LC2/HC2 | 250 | 500 | 120 | UB/HQ, SP |
3 | LC3/HC3 | 250 | 750 | 180 | UB, SP/UB |
4 | LC4/HC4 | 250 | 1000 | 240 | HQ, SP/UB, SP |
5 | LC5/HC5 | 500 | 250 | 30 | HQ/HQ |
6 | LC6/HC6 | 500 | 500 | 60 | HQ/UB |
7 | LC7/HC7 | 500 | 750 | 90 | HQ, SP/UB |
8 | LC8/HC8 | 500 | 1000 | 120 | UB, V/HQ |
9 | LC9/HC9 | 750 | 250 | 20 | HQ/LF |
10 | LC10/HC10 | 750 | 500 | 40 | HQ, SP/IF |
11 | LC11/HC11 | 750 | 750 | 60 | UB/IF |
12 | LC12/HC12 | 750 | 1000 | 80 | HQ/UB |
13 | LC13/HC13 | 1000 | 250 | 15 | IF/LF |
14 | LC14/HC14 | 1000 | 500 | 30 | HQ/LF |
15 | LC15/HC15 | 1000 | 750 | 45 | UB/IF |
16 | LC16/HC16 | 1000 | 1000 | 60 | UB/UB |
Surface Layer | Energy Input (J/mm) | Penetration Depth (mm) | Height of Clad (mm) | Width of Clad (mm) | Total Area of Clad (mm2) | Area of Fusion Zone (mm2) | Dilution (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC1 | 60 | 0.08 ± 0.0016 | 0.17 ± 0.0014 | 1.35 ± 0.074 | 0.0901 | 0.0324 | 36 |
LC2 | 120 | 0.55 ± 0.009 | 0.25 ± 0.0038 | 1.89 ± 0.0154 | 0.8610 | 0.5762 | 67 |
LC3 | 180 | 0.82 ± 0.011 | 0.42 ± 0.0067 | 2.22 ± 0.0167 | 1.7102 | 1.2314 | 72 |
LC4 | 240 | 0.91 ± 0.013 | 0.85 ± 0.014 | 2.57 ± 0.081 | 2.9313 | 1.4363 | 49 |
LC5 | 30 | 0.11 ± 0.0019 | 0.14 ± 0.0009 | 1.17 ± 0.068 | 0.1921 | 0.0653 | 34 |
LC6 | 60 | 0.42 ± 0.007 | 0.22 ± 0.0091 | 1.71 ± 0.0148 | 0.7108 | 0.4691 | 66 |
LC7 | 90 | 0.56 ± 0.0084 | 0.33 ± 0.0037 | 2.03 ± 0.0151 | 1.114 | 0.7130 | 64 |
LC8 | 120 | 0.77 ± 0.01 | 0.53 ± 0.0088 | 2.19 ± 0.017 | 1.7404 | 0.9310 | 54 |
LC9 | 20 | 0.07 ± 0.0012 | 0.05 ± 0.0008 | 0.69 ± 0.0113 | 0.0601 | 0.0288 | 48 |
LC10 | 40 | 0.34 ± 0.004 | 0.08 ± 0.0013 | 1.42 ± 0.079 | 0.3611 | 0.2817 | 78 |
LC11 | 60 | 0.5 ± 0.0081 | 0.13 ± 0.0011 | 1.64 ± 0.081 | 0.6208 | 0.5090 | 82 |
LC12 | 80 | 0.67 ± 0.0093 | 0.24 ± 0.0038 | 1.76 ± 0.013 | 1.0105 | 0.7680 | 76 |
LC13 | 15 | 0.04 ± 0.0006 | 0.04 ± 0.0006 | 0.58 ± 0.0093 | 0.0312 | 0.0150 | 48 |
LC14 | 30 | 0.26 ± 0.004 | 0.102 ± 0.0021 | 1.28 ± 0.073 | 0.2704 | 0.2055 | 76 |
LC15 | 45 | 0.42 ± 0.0067 | 0.13 ± 0.0009 | 1.54 ± 0.084 | 0.5312 | 0.4409 | 83 |
LC16 | 60 | 0.57 ± 0.0078 | 0.24 ± 0.003 | 1.70 ± 0.0138 | 0.8204 | 0.5661 | 69 |
HC2 | 120 | 0.05 ± 0.0062 | 0.55 ± 0.0012 | 0.62 ± 0.0096 | 0.8609 | 0.0086 | 1.6 |
HC3 | 180 | 0.15 ± 0.0067 | 0.80 ± 0.0096 | 0.90 ± 0.0128 | 1.7113 | 0.0171 | 3.6 |
HC4 | 240 | 0.21 ± 0.0083 | 1.25 ± 0.071 | 1.10 ± 0.064 | 2.9307 | 0.0293 | 5.2 |
HC6 | 60 | 0.05 ± 0.0007 | 0.31 ± 0.0039 | 0.49 ± 0.0076 | 0.7112 | 0.0071 | 1.1 |
HC7 | 90 | 0.09 ± 0.0012 | 0.52 ± 0.0081 | 0.75 ± 0.014 | 1.105 | 0.0110 | 1.2 |
HC8 | 120 | 0.16 ± 0.0012 | 0.91 ± 0.0121 | 0.82 ± 0.0119 | 1.7408 | 0.0174 | 2.8 |
Surface Layer | Measurement Number | Length (µm) | Total Number of Dendrite Arms | Individual Value of SADS (µm) | Mean Value of SADS (µm) | Standard Deviation of SADS (µm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LC4 | 1 | 50 | 18 | 2.78 | 3.10 | 0.38021 |
2 | 70 | 23 | 3.04 | |||
3 | 70 | 19 | 3.68 | |||
4 | 70 | 21 | 3.33 | |||
5 | 50 | 19 | 2.63 | |||
6 | 50 | 16 | 3.13 | |||
HC4 | 1 | 37.5 | 28 | 1.34 | 1.28 | 0.09554 |
2 | 22.5 | 20 | 1.13 | |||
3 | 25 | 19 | 1.32 | |||
4 | 30 | 22 | 1.36 | |||
5 | 22.5 | 17 | 1.32 | |||
6 | 25 | 21 | 1.19 |
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Lisiecki, A.; Ślizak, D. Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions. Metals 2020, 10, 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020190
Lisiecki A, Ślizak D. Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions. Metals. 2020; 10(2):190. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020190
Chicago/Turabian StyleLisiecki, Aleksander, and Dawid Ślizak. 2020. "Hybrid Laser Deposition of Fe-Based Metallic Powder under Cryogenic Conditions" Metals 10, no. 2: 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10020190