A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human–Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Blood Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratorial Procedures
2.4. Interviews for Risk Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Serological Analysis
3.2. Molecular Analysis
3.3. Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Order, Family | Species | Tested | Positive (%) | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|
O. Primates | 66 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–5.5% | |
Atelidae | Alouatta seniculus | 1 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–79.4% |
Ateles chamek | 6 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–39.0% | |
Lagothrix l. poeppigii | 25 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–13.3% | |
Pitheciidae | Cacajao clavus | 5 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–43.5% |
Plecturocebus cupreus | 1 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–79.4% | |
Pithecia monachus | 6 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–39.0% | |
Callitrichidae | Saimiri macrodon | 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–65.8% |
Cebidae | Cebus albiforns | 5 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–43.5% |
Sapajus macrocephalus | 15 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–20.4% | |
O. Rodentia | 122 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.1–0.5% | |
Cuniculidae | Cuniculus paca | 122 | 1 (0.8%) | 0.1–0.5% |
O. Cetartiodactyla | 208 | 4 (1.92%) | 0.75–4.8% | |
Cervidae | Mazama americana | 74 | 3 (4.1%) | 1.4–11.3% |
Mazama nemorivaga | 9 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–29.9% | |
Tayassuidae | Pecari tajacu | 63 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–5.8% |
Tayassu pecari | 62 | 1 (1.6%) | 0.3–8.6% | |
O. Perissodactyla | 35 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–9.9% | |
Tapiridae | Tapirus terrestris | 35 | 0 (0.0%) | 0.0–9.9% |
Total | 431 | 5 (1.16%) | 0.5–2.7% |
Candidate Models | k | AIC | Delta | w |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 2 | 54.53 | 0.00 | 0.43 |
Sex | 2 | 55.91 | 1.38 | 0.22 |
Sex + Age | 3 | 55.74 | 1.21 | 0.24 |
Sex * Age | 4 | 57.49 | 2.96 | 0.10 |
Candidate Models | k | AIC | Delta | w |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 2 | 77.17 | 0.00 | 0.50 |
Sex | 2 | 81.48 | 4.31 | 0.06 |
Sex + Age | 3 | 77.99 | 0.82 | 0.33 |
Sex * Age | 4 | 80.08 | 2.91 | 0.12 |
Activity | Frequency | HBV Risk [4,9,12,13,14] | HEV Risk [6,39,40] |
---|---|---|---|
Consumption of wild meat | 100%, 84/84 | No | Yes |
Consumption of viscera from wild animals | 55.89%, 19/34 | No | Yes |
Consumption of animals found dead in the forest | 15%, 6/40 | No | Yes |
Use of safety measures when handling hunted animals | 0%, 0/17 | Yes | Yes |
Inspection of lesions in hunted animals | 41.17%, 7/17 | No | Yes |
Consumption of meat with lesions | 82.5%, 33/40 | No | Yes |
Injuries while handling hunted animals | 18.75%, 3/16 | Yes | Yes |
Preparation of meat at low temperatures | 47.72%, 21/44 | No | Yes |
Source of drinking water supply | No | Yes | |
| 0%, 0/47 | ||
| 57.4%, 27/47 | ||
| 87.2%, 41/47 | ||
Drinking water treatment | No | Yes | |
| 76.1%, 35/46 | ||
| 28.3%, 13/46 | ||
Source of water used for cooking | No | Yes | |
| 82.4%, 28/34 | ||
| 52.9%, 18/34 | ||
Wastewater disposal after cooking | No | Yes | |
| 26/34, 76.5% | ||
| 9/34, 26.5% | ||
| 3/34, 8.8% | ||
| 1/34, 2.9% | ||
Use of animal products as medicine | 19.35%, 12/62 | Yes | Yes |
Consumption of non-potable water | 100%, 84/84 | No | Yes |
Presence of domestic animals at home | 91.3%, 42/46 | Yes | No |
| 19%, 8/42 | ||
| 26.2%, 11/42 | ||
| 100%, 42/42 | ||
Presence of wild animals at home | 25%, 19/76 | Yes | Yes |
| 73.7%, 14/19 | ||
| 5.3%, 1/19 | ||
| 15.8%, 3/19 | ||
| 5.3%, 1/19 | ||
Presence of mice and rats at home | 100%, 84/84 | Yes | Yes |
Experienced bites from mice and rats | 16.7%, 14/84 | Yes | No |
Presence of bats at home | 98.8%, 83/84 | Yes | No |
Experienced bites from bats | 26.2%, 22/84 | Yes | No |
Has tattoos | 26.15%, 17/65 | Yes | No |
Has had surgeries or transfusions | 27.41%, 17/62 | Yes | No |
Use of condoms | 34%, 27/73 | Yes | No |
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Menajovsky, M.F.; Espunyes, J.; Ulloa, G.; Montero, S.; Lescano, A.G.; Santolalla, M.L.; Cabezón, O.; Mayor, P. A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human–Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon. Microorganisms 2024, 12, 1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091868
Menajovsky MF, Espunyes J, Ulloa G, Montero S, Lescano AG, Santolalla ML, Cabezón O, Mayor P. A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human–Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon. Microorganisms. 2024; 12(9):1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091868
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenajovsky, María Fernanda, Johan Espunyes, Gabriela Ulloa, Stephanie Montero, Andres G. Lescano, Meddly L. Santolalla, Oscar Cabezón, and Pedro Mayor. 2024. "A Survey of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis E Virus at the Human–Wildlife Interface in the Peruvian Amazon" Microorganisms 12, no. 9: 1868. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091868