Attenuation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Factors by a Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial and Eukaryotic Cells Lines and Antimicrobials
2.2. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
2.3. Growth Curves
2.4. Challenge Tests (Counting Living Larvae)
2.5. H2O2 Production in CHSE-214 Cells Response to Treatment Following Infection
2.6. In Vitro Adhesion and Infection Assay on CHSE-214 Cell Line and qRT-PCR for hcp1 and hcp2 Expression
2.7. Cytotoxicity Assay
2.8. Motility Assay
3. Results
3.1. The Role of Antimicrobial Mixtures in the Growth and Survival of V. parahaemolyticus Strains A3 and D4
3.2. Motility
3.3. The Impact of Auranta 3009 on the hcp1 and hcp2 Gene Expression at 1.5% and 3% NaCl
3.4. Infection Assay
3.5. Challenge Tests
3.6. In vitro Epithelial H2O2 Release in Response to Treatment
3.7. Cytotoxicity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specification | NaCl (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
1.5 | 3 | ||
V.p A3 | MIC (%) | 0.0625 | 0.0625 |
MBC (%) | 0.0625 | 0.0625 | |
V.p D4 | MIC (%) | 0.125 | 0.0625 |
MBC (%) | 0.5 | 0.0625 |
Antimicrobial Concentration (%) | Strain | |
---|---|---|
V. parahaemolyticus A3 (% of mortality) | V. parahaemolyticus D4 (% of mortality) | |
0 | 98.2 ± 4.3 | 97.3 ± 2.1 |
0.0625 | 2.8 ± 3.3 | 3.04 ± 1.9 |
0.031 | 11 ± 2.2 | 7.2 ± 4.3 |
0.015 | 18 ± 4.3 | 21 ± 4.4 |
0.007 | 38 ± 1.1 | 46 ± 5.2 |
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Pinkerton, L.; Linton, M.; Kelly, C.; Ward, P.; Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, G.; Pet, I.; Stef, L.; Sima, F.; Adamov, T.; Gundogdu, O.; et al. Attenuation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Factors by a Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120679
Pinkerton L, Linton M, Kelly C, Ward P, Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Pet I, Stef L, Sima F, Adamov T, Gundogdu O, et al. Attenuation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Factors by a Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials. Microorganisms. 2019; 7(12):679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120679
Chicago/Turabian StylePinkerton, Laurette, Mark Linton, Carmel Kelly, Patrick Ward, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru, Ioan Pet, Lavinia Stef, Filip Sima, Tabita Adamov, Ozan Gundogdu, and et al. 2019. "Attenuation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Virulence Factors by a Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials" Microorganisms 7, no. 12: 679. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7120679