Genetic and Phenotypic Diversities in Experimental Populations of Diploid Inter-Lineage Hybrids in the Human Pathogenic Cryptococcus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ancestral Clones
2.2. Mutation Accumulation (MA) Experiments
2.3. Ploidy Analysis of D120 Cultures
2.4. Detecting the Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH)
2.5. Growth Studies in Nine Conditions
2.6. Susceptibility to Fluconazole
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Ploidy Changes among D120 Cultures of 140 MA Lines
3.2. Genotypic Diversity among D120 Cultures of 140 MA Lines
3.3. LOH among 140 MA Lines
3.4. Growth Rates of D120 Cultures under Nine Environmental Conditions
3.5. Fluconazole MIC Changes of D120 Cultures
3.6. Relationship between Parental Genetic Divergence and the Genetic and Phenotypic Changes among MA Lines
3.7. Impacts of Fluconazole Stress on Genetic and Phenotypic Changes among MA Lines
3.8. Relationships between the Observed Genetic Changes and Phenotypic Changes among MA Lines
4. Discussion
4.1. Contributions of Parental Divergence to Genetic Changes
4.2. Contributions of Fluconazole Stress to Genetic Changes
4.3. Interaction Effects of Factors on the Observed Changes among MA Lines
4.4. Relationships between Ploidy Changes and Phenotypic Changes
4.5. Relationships between LOH and Phenotypic Changes
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Crosses | Ancestral Clones | MATa Parent (Lineage) | MATα Parent (Lineage) | Parental Haploid Genome Divergence | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Inter-lineage crosses within CGSC | VGI × VGIII | YMD72 | B4495 (VGI) | JF101 (VGIII) | 0.038 |
VGIV × VGIII | YMD36 | JF109 (VGIII) | WM779 (VGIV) | 0.045 | |
VGII × VGIII | YMD135 | B4546 (VGIII) | R265 (VGII) | 0.135 | |
Inter-lineage crosses between CNSC and CGSC | VNI × VGIII | YMD165 | JF109 (VGIII) | CDC15 (VNI) | 0.171 |
YMD10 | KN99a (VNI) | JF101 (VGIII) | 0.171 | ||
VNIV × VGIII | YMD88 | B4546 (VGIII) | JEC21 (VNIV) | 0.172 | |
YMD89 | B4546 (VGIII) | JEC21 (VNIV) | 0.172 |
Ancestral Clones | Number of MA Lines | Number of Multi-Locus Genotypes (MLGs) | Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) |
---|---|---|---|
YMD72 | 20 | 9 | 2.06 |
YMD36 | 20 | 14 | 2.39 |
YMD135 | 20 | 11 | 2.00 |
YMD165 | 20 | 2 | 0.42 |
YMD10 | 20 | 14 | 2.53 |
YMD88 | 20 | 16 | 2.69 |
YMD89 | 20 | 17 | 2.76 |
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You, M.; Lin, Y.M.; Dobrin, A.; Xu, J. Genetic and Phenotypic Diversities in Experimental Populations of Diploid Inter-Lineage Hybrids in the Human Pathogenic Cryptococcus. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081579
You M, Lin YM, Dobrin A, Xu J. Genetic and Phenotypic Diversities in Experimental Populations of Diploid Inter-Lineage Hybrids in the Human Pathogenic Cryptococcus. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(8):1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081579
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou, Man, Yuxin Monica Lin, Annamaria Dobrin, and Jianping Xu. 2021. "Genetic and Phenotypic Diversities in Experimental Populations of Diploid Inter-Lineage Hybrids in the Human Pathogenic Cryptococcus" Microorganisms 9, no. 8: 1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081579