Animals

21 pages, 2309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Season on Testicular Development and Spermatogenesis in Hu Sheep: Insights from Antioxidant Indices, Oxylipins, and Transcriptomics

by Wanhong Li, Xinyue Zhang, Jie Shen and Xiuxiu Weng

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2824; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192824 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2025

Abstract

Numerous factors, including genetic, environmental, and nutritional, are involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, little is known about the effects of seasonal factors on pre-sexual maturity testicular development in Hu rams, which are famous for their high fertility and year-round estrus onset. [...] Read more.

Numerous factors, including genetic, environmental, and nutritional, are involved in testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, little is known about the effects of seasonal factors on pre-sexual maturity testicular development in Hu rams, which are famous for their high fertility and year-round estrus onset. This study explored the effect of the birth season on testicular development and spermatogenesis in Hu sheep. Thirty-six 6-month-old male lambs born in summer (n = 18) and winter (n = 18) were selected for analysis. Results showed that summer-born lambs exhibited significantly higher cauda sperm density (102.65 ± 9.56 vs. 16.86 ± 2.02 × 10⁷/g), antioxidant indices such as superoxide dismutase (SOD: 6.29 ± 1.01 vs. 4.09 ± 0.25 U/mgprot), and higher expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) than winter-born lambs. Conversely, the malondialdehyde content (1.08 ± 0.32 vs. 2.13 ± 0.34 nmol/mgprot) was significantly lower in the summer-born group (p < 0.05) than in the winter-born group. A total of 44 differential oxylipins and 326 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and transcriptomics, respectively. An integrated analysis of oxylipins and transcriptomics revealed that these differential molecules were enriched in metabolic pathways. Notably, downregulated DEGs (e.g., UAP1L1 and NAT8L) were significantly correlated with upregulated differential oxylipins (e.g., epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids). These results indicate that compared to the winter-born group, the testicular tissues of summer-born rams showed stronger testicular antioxidant capacity and lower lipid peroxidation at the sexual maturity stage, which contributes to spermatogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Male Animal Reproduction: Focus on Testicular Health, Semen Quality, and Fertility)

17 pages, 5697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitogenomic Insights into Phylogeny, Biogeography and Adaptive Evolution of the Genus Typhlomys (Rodentia: Platacanthomyidae)

by Chao Na, Xiaohan Wang, Yaxin Cheng, Yixin Huang, Shuiwang He, Laxman Khanal, Shunde Chen, Xuelong Jiang and Zhongzheng Chen

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192823 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2025

Abstract

Soft-furred tree mice (genus Typhlomys), which are native to southern China and northern Vietnam, are unique rodents capable of echolocation. Little is known about their taxonomy, ecology, and natural history. In this study, we generated the complete mitochondrial genomes of seven species/putative [...] Read more.

Soft-furred tree mice (genus Typhlomys), which are native to southern China and northern Vietnam, are unique rodents capable of echolocation. Little is known about their taxonomy, ecology, and natural history. In this study, we generated the complete mitochondrial genomes of seven species/putative species of Typhlomys. We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of these mitochondrial genomes focusing on sequence length, A+T content, A/T bias, A+T-rich regions, overlapping and intergenic spacer regions, nucleotide composition, relative synonymous codon usage, ancestral distributions, and the non-synonymous/synonymous substitution ratio (Ka/Ks). Additionally, we analyzed the phylogeny and adaptive evolution of these species/putative species. The mitogenomes of Typhlomys ranged from 16,487 to 17,380 bp in length, encoding the complete set of 37 genes typically found in mammalian mitogenomes. The base composition exhibited an A+T bias. The most frequently used codons were CUA (Leu), AGC (Ser), GGA (Gly) and UUA (Leu), UUG, CUG, CGU and GCG were the less frequently used codons. Ancestral distribution reconstruction suggests that Typhlomys originated in Central or Southwestern China. Notably, we found that the Ka/Ks ratio of the ND5 gene in T. huangshanensis was greater than 1, indicating that this gene has undergone positive selection for efficient respiration in higher elevations and colder climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3577 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of Relative Abundance Distribution and Environmental Differences for Blue Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) on the High Seas of the North Pacific Ocean

by Heng Zhang, Hanji Zhu, Famou Zhang, Sisi Huang, Jianhua Wang, Delong Xiang, Yang Li and Yuyan Sun

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192822 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2025

Abstract

The accurate assessment and management of Blue Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) resources in the high seas of the Northwest Pacific are constrained by the persistent issue of data misreporting in catch records, which arises from [...] Read more.

The accurate assessment and management of Blue Mackerel (Scomber australasicus) and Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) resources in the high seas of the Northwest Pacific are constrained by the persistent issue of data misreporting in catch records, which arises from their high morphological similarity. This study integrates fishery logbooks and field sampling data from Chinese purse seine fleets (2014–2023), along with key oceanographic factors—six of which were finally selected after correlation analysis. We introduce, for the first time, a Zero-One Inflated Beta Model (ZOIBM) to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of the relative abundance of these two mackerel species. Furthermore, a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was employed to reveal the environmental mechanisms driving their niche differentiation. The results show that the ZOIBM demonstrates excellent performance (R² = 0.63, RMSE = 0.305), effectively quantifying the proportional composition of the two species in mixed catches. Spatially, high-abundance areas of Blue Mackerel were concentrated within 35–44° N, 145–160° E, with its proportion decreasing at higher latitudes. In contrast, Chub Mackerel exhibited an opposite latitudinal pattern, with its high-abundance areas covering a broader latitudinal range (35–47.5° N). The analysis of environmental drivers indicated that SST was the most critical factor for differentiation, while Chla and VO further amplified the divergence in resource utilization strategies between the species. From 2014 to 2023, the distribution centroids of both mackerel species showed significant northward and eastward shifts, and their spatial overlap has been continuously increasing. This research provides a methodological reference for the fine-scale assessment of co-occurring fish resources and offers a scientific basis for the sustainable management of the North Pacific mackerel fishery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Population Characteristics of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and Their Environmental Driving Factors)

18 pages, 2017 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Optimizing Sow and Litter Performance via a Comprehensive Service-to-Weaning Feeding Regimen

by Julia Cantin, Carlos Cantin, Olga Mitjana, Maria Teresa Tejedor, Carlos Gil-Rubio, Ana Maria Garrido and Maria Victoria Falceto

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2821; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192821 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2025

Abstract

Hyperprolific genetic lines achieve large litters but are at increased risk of metabolic stress, impaired sow condition, and reduced piglet viability. This study aimed to evaluate whether a phase-specific feeding program from service to weaning improves sow metabolic status and body condition, and [...] Read more.

Hyperprolific genetic lines achieve large litters but are at increased risk of metabolic stress, impaired sow condition, and reduced piglet viability. This study aimed to evaluate whether a phase-specific feeding program from service to weaning improves sow metabolic status and body condition, and enhances offspring performance, compared with a standard program. Sixty gilts and 268 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to a control group (standard commercial diets; C) or a treatment group (phase-specific diet; T) covering early and late gestation, peripartum, and lactation. Compared to a commercial feeding strategy, four custom-made, phase-specific diets were fed as follows: for early gestation (greater amount of essential aa and fat content), late gestation (higher amount of CP and essential aa), peripartum (improved nutrient profile at lower fat and fiber content), and lactation (higher essential aa and calorie content). On gestation day 113, T gilts had greater backfat thickness (BFT) and lower blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) than C. T multiparous sows showed greater BFT and longissimus muscle depth (LMD) and lower BHBA on day 113, fewer stillborn piglets, lower incidences of neonatal diarrhea, and fewer negative lactation curves and postpartum hypophagia. On day 28 of lactation, T litters had heavier piglets, and LMD remained higher in T sows. The phase-specific feeding program improved the metabolic state, body condition, and reproductive outcomes in hyperprolific sows and enhanced offspring growth through weaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Best Management Practices for Breeding Sows and Boars)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 4609 KB

Open AccessArticle

Saving the Mahachai Betta: Genetic Erosion and Conservation Priorities Under Urbanization Pressure

by Ton Huu Duc Nguyen, Trifan Budi, Tavun Pongsanarm, Thitipong Panthum, Worapong Singchat, Narongrit Muangmai, Aingorn Chaiyes, Warong Suksavate, Sahabhop Dokkaew, Darren K. Griffin, Prateep Duengkae and Kornsorn Srikulnath

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192820 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mahachai Betta (Betta mahachaiensis) is a bubble-nesting fighting fish endemic to brackish habitats in Bangkok, Samut Sakhon, and Samut Prakan, where rapid urbanization and industrial growth threaten persistence. We evaluated genetic structure and diversity across 10 populations (81 individuals) to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mahachai Betta (Betta mahachaiensis) is a bubble-nesting fighting fish endemic to brackish habitats in Bangkok, Samut Sakhon, and Samut Prakan, where rapid urbanization and industrial growth threaten persistence. We evaluated genetic structure and diversity across 10 populations (81 individuals) to inform conservation planning. Methods: This study combined microsatellite genotyping (13 loci) with ecological niche modeling to assess genetic variability, population connectivity, and landscape–environmental drivers of differentiation. Results: Habitat loss and fragmentation were associated with reduced gene flow and decreased genetic diversity. Mean allelic richness was 2.65 and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.20 to 0.46, with F_ST values up to 0.400. Forward simulations predicted severe erosion of diversity within the next 12.5–37.5 years. Populations showed clear genetic subdivision, most pronounced in Samut Prakan and Samut Sakhon, with two Samut Sakhon populations (SKN3 and SKN7) reflecting strong environmental heterogeneity. Conclusions: Improving habitat connectivity and intensifying local community engagement are priority actions to enhance the resilience and long-term persistence of Mahachai Betta. This study provides the first integrated genetic and landscape-based assessment of the species, highlighting its rapid genetic erosion under urbanization and offering a foundation for targeted, evidence-based conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 2997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Enzymatic Pretreatment of Wet-Grade Maize Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles and Maize Germ Meal for Enhanced Metabolizable Energy Utilization in Broilers

by Mengli Zheng, Huixin Zhang, Jing An, Haoran Wei, Tieying Zhang and Qinghua Chen

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192819 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study addressed the challenges posed by wet-grade maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which are characterized by high moisture and complex fibers that limit their storage and utilization in poultry feed. Three experiments were conducted to enhance their nutritional value through [...] Read more.

This study addressed the challenges posed by wet-grade maize distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which are characterized by high moisture and complex fibers that limit their storage and utilization in poultry feed. Three experiments were conducted to enhance their nutritional value through enzymatic and solid-state fermentation treatments. In vitro pre-digestion using multiple enzymes significantly improved dry matter solubility (DMS) and reducing sugar yield for maize DDGS and the ingredient maize germ meal (MGM). Using optimized parameters, wet-based DDGS-MGM was subjected to solid-state fermentation with 500 mg/kg of cellulase and 200 mg/kg of the X1 enzyme (a laboratory-developed multi-enzyme complex), and this treatment enhanced both DMS and reducing sugar yield, and the resulting fermented product was subsequently applied in further experiments. In the broiler trial, forty 22-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with similar body weights were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, including the control group, (50% DDGS + 50% MGM) unfermented group, (62.5% DDGS + 37.5% MGM) unfermented group, (50% DDGS + 50% MGM) fermented group, and (62.5% DDGS + 37.5% MGM) fermented group, with eight replicates per treatment (one broiler per replicate). Replacement of 30% of the basal diet with fermented 50:50 DDGS-MGM material significantly increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME by 2.74 MJ/kg and 2.73 MJ/kg, respectively, corresponding to improvements of 39.60% and 40.81% compared to the unfermented control (p < 0.05). Economic analysis indicated that using 5% fermented DDGS-MGM in feed reduced cost by 20.45 RMB per metric ton. These findings demonstrate that bioprocessing can improve the utilization and economic value of maize processing by-products, although further validation under practical conditions is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

16 pages, 5672 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of the Dietary Lipid Level on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Oxidative Response and Hepatopancreatic Health in Macrobrachium rosenbergii

by Haoyue Guo, Jie Xu, Kangyu Deng, Anran Wang, Chungui Huang, Min Zhang, Deng Deng, Huangen Chen and Shuyan Miao

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192818 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study examined how the dietary lipid levels influence growth performance, lipid metabolism, oxidative response and hepatopancreatic health in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. A total of 720 post-larvae (0.86 ± 0.01 g) were divided into 4 groups according to the lipid levels in 43% [...] Read more.

This study examined how the dietary lipid levels influence growth performance, lipid metabolism, oxidative response and hepatopancreatic health in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. A total of 720 post-larvae (0.86 ± 0.01 g) were divided into 4 groups according to the lipid levels in 43% protein-contained diets: 6% (L6), 8% (L8), 10% (L10), and 12% (L12). The results exhibited a significant increase in both the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) in the L8 group (p < 0.05). Hepatopancreatic lipid metabolism genes (fas, acc, srebp1, and fabp) showed increased expression at higher dietary lipid levels (p < 0.05). The expression of ampk was significantly reduced, whereas the expression of atgl was increased in the L8 group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the activities of total superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) level were significantly higher in the L8 group, while the content of malondinaldehyde (MDA) was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). H&E staining of the hepatopancreas revealed that high-lipid diets resulted in severe hepatopancreas damage. Moreover, the L8 group exhibited consistently high cumulative survival rates under both ammonia nitrogen and high-temperature stress (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study recommends a dietary lipid level of 8% to optimize growth performance in M. rosenbergii under high-density rearing conditions (70 prawns/m³). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Voluntary Additional Welfare Monitoring of Farm Animals Used in Research: Maximising Benefits Requires Sustained Support

by Siobhan Mullan, Jessica Stokes, Helena Elizabeth Hale and Timm Konold

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2817; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192817 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aim of this project was to co-create an animal welfare monitoring system that incorporated both positive and negative welfare measures that would contribute to best practice husbandry standards of farm animals in a real animal research setting. Researchers worked with nine staff [...] Read more.

The aim of this project was to co-create an animal welfare monitoring system that incorporated both positive and negative welfare measures that would contribute to best practice husbandry standards of farm animals in a real animal research setting. Researchers worked with nine staff to co-design six bespoke welfare assessment protocols to be conducted in addition to legally required welfare monitoring for adult cattle, calves, sheep, pigs, and goats in specific experimental environments. Four protocols were subsequently applied with variable frequency by three staff to cattle, goats, and two pig populations. Assessments were all observational, and included behavioural scan sampling, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment scores, visual analogue mood scores, and physical condition data. Two staff provided feedback on their views of the process. A key finding was that with facilitation, staff could generate protocols that included elements designed to encourage or evaluate interventions to promote positive emotions. However, data collection was sporadic, and although the staff who provided feedback reported that they valued the process highly, they noted that the primary challenge was finding the time to conduct the assessments. We therefore conclude that sustained support is likely to be required to maximise the benefits for the animals and staff of developing and conducting voluntary welfare monitoring of farm animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions)

19 pages, 8109 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Habitat Suitability and Relative Abundance of the European Wildcat (Felis silvestris) in the Southeastern Part of Its Range

by Despina Migli, Christos Astaras, Nikolaos Kiamos, Stefanos Kyriakidis, Yorgos Mertzanis, George Boutsis, Nikolaos Oikonomakis, Yiannis Tsaknakis and Dionisios Youlatos

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192816 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The European wildcat exhibits considerable plasticity in its habitat requirements across its distribution, with differences increasing along a continental-scale latitudinal gradient. While wildcats often favor deciduous and mixed forests with dense cover and prey, studies show these preferences vary across their expansion. Range-wide [...] Read more.

The European wildcat exhibits considerable plasticity in its habitat requirements across its distribution, with differences increasing along a continental-scale latitudinal gradient. While wildcats often favor deciduous and mixed forests with dense cover and prey, studies show these preferences vary across their expansion. Range-wide conservation efforts will benefit from incorporating knowledge generated by robust regional ecological models. We used data from a large camera trap grid (n = 292 stations), spanning across eight wildcat-associated habitats, within its range in northern Greece, to understand the regional ecological parameters affecting the species’ habitat selection. We analyzed the data using single-season density-induced detection heterogeneity occupancy models (Royle–Nichols), considering 12 environmental and anthropogenic parameters. The global model’s GoF was high (p = 0.9). Elevation and percent forest cover were both significantly negatively related to wildcat occupancy (as derived from the modeled “relative abundance index” N). Likewise, there was a negative, but moderate, relation between distance to freshwater bodies and human settlements with wildcat occupancy. We used the model-average coefficients to generate a predictive map of wildcat relative abundance across northern Greece, which identified 47,930 km² of potential wildcat habitat. Assuming a range of densities between 0.05 and 0.3 ind/km² in areas with predicted low, medium, and high relative abundance, we speculate the putative wildcat population in northern Greece to be between 3535 and 7070 individuals. The findings, which vary from ecological models of the species in northern Europe, show the need for regional models and the importance of Greece, and the Balkan peninsula, for the species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

13 pages, 271 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Citric By-Product, Fibrolytic Enzyme and Lactobacillus spp. to Enhance Broiler Performance

by Nantanant Somparn, Padsakorn Pootthachaya, Warin Puangsap, Kittima Pattanasaeng, Chaiyapruek Hongladdaporn, Chanon Suntara, Anusorn Cherdthong, Perapong Phaengphairee and Sawitree Wongtangtintharn

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2815; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192815 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of citric acid by-product (CABP), either alone or in combination with fibrolytic enzyme (F) and Lactobacillus spp. (L), in broiler diets. A total of 160 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks (average initial body weight 43.0 ± 0.16 [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of citric acid by-product (CABP), either alone or in combination with fibrolytic enzyme (F) and Lactobacillus spp. (L), in broiler diets. A total of 160 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks (average initial body weight 43.0 ± 0.16 g) were randomly assigned to four CABP-based diets (4 replicates × 10 birds each): 12% CABP, CABP+F (0.05%), CABP+L (0.025%), and CABP+FL (0.05% F + 0.025% L). Birds were fed for 35 days in three phases: starter (days 1–10), grower (days 11–24), and finisher (days 25–35). Compared with the CABP-only group, broilers receiving CABP+F, CABP+L, or CABP+FL exhibited higher body weight and weight gain during the finisher and overall phases (p < 0.05). Carcass traits did not differ significantly among treatments, although meat hardness was reduced in the CABP+FL group (p < 0.05). Additive-supplemented groups also showed changes in intestinal morphology, with a lower villus height-to-crypt depth ratio compared with CABP alone. Red blood cell counts were not different between CABP and CABP+L, while hepatic enzyme activities (ALT, AST, ALP) remained unchanged across treatments, indicating no adverse effects on liver function. Overall, supplementation of CABP-based diets with fibrolytic enzymes and/or Lactobacillus spp. improved broiler performance and certain meat quality traits relative to CABP alone, without negative impacts on liver health or carcass yield. However, as no conventional corn–soy control diet was included, the results should be interpreted as comparisons within CABP-based diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Effects of Feed Ingredients on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Animals)

16 pages, 11906 KB

Open AccessArticle

RXR Expression Profiles in Yak Reproductive Tissues During Follicular, Luteal, and Pregnancy Phases

by Xiaokun Zhang, Wenbin Ma, Xin Ma, Jianying Chang, Juan Yang, Meng Wang, Libin Wang, Qian Zhang and Yangyang Pan

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2814; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192814 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

The yak is a large ruminant that lives in the high-altitude and hypoxic environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China and typically exhibits limited reproductive capacity, posing a significant challenge to the advancement of animal husbandry in the region. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs), [...] Read more.

The yak is a large ruminant that lives in the high-altitude and hypoxic environment of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China and typically exhibits limited reproductive capacity, posing a significant challenge to the advancement of animal husbandry in the region. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs), as an important member of the NR superfamily, play a key role in the regulation of reproductive hormone synthesis, follicular development, and embryo implantation. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the expression characteristics and potential functions of RXRs in the yak’s reproductive system. This study characterized RXR expression in ovarian, uterine, and oviductal tissues from three yaks per reproductive phase (follicular, luteal, and pregnancy). Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and immunofluorescence (IF), we analyzed RXR mRNA and protein expression and localization. RXR expression varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05), peaking in ovaries during the follicular phase, oviducts during the luteal phase, and uteri during pregnancy. RXRs were localized in ovarian granulosa and theca cells, oviductal epithelium, and uterine endometrial glands, with dynamic nuclear–cytoplasmic shifts. These findings suggest RXRs regulate key reproductive processes in yaks, offering insights on improving fertility in high-altitude environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 850 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wild Birds Pose Unique Food Safety Threats in the US Southeast

by Sofia Varriano, Jared C. Smith, Olivia M. Smith, Pedro A. P. Rodrigues, Zachary Snipes, Kerrie Roach, Joshua L. Dawson, Justin Shealy, Laurel L. Dunn, Nikki W. Shariat and William E. Snyder

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2813; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192813 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Natural areas near farmland can provide refuge for birds that contribute to natural pest control. However, birds can endanger food safety by defecating on or near produce. Work in the western US suggests that Campylobacter spp. are the potential foodborne pathogens most commonly [...] Read more.

Natural areas near farmland can provide refuge for birds that contribute to natural pest control. However, birds can endanger food safety by defecating on or near produce. Work in the western US suggests that Campylobacter spp. are the potential foodborne pathogens most commonly associated with wild birds and that pathogen prevalence is higher in landscapes dominated by animal agriculture. However, relatively little is known about other fresh-market-produce growing regions. Working on produce farms in the Southeastern US, we characterized bird communities, tested bird feces deposited on crop foliage for Campylobacter and Salmonella, and searched for landscape features associated with heightened bird-associated food safety risks. We found that bird communities on farms were generally similar across ecoregions. Campylobacter was never detected from bird feces deposited on crop foliage, but Salmonella was detected in 8.6% of fecal samples. Salmonella prevalence in crop-surface-collected bird feces was highest when farms also produced livestock and when wetland cover was prevalent in the landscape. Overall, our results suggest that on-farm livestock production may be an indicator of bird-associated food safety risks in the Southeast, as in the West. We suggest there may be some similarities, but important differences, in food safety risks posed by birds in different US produce growing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

29 pages, 1865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Feasibility of Implementing Stunning for Farmed Fish in the EU: A Multi-Species Assessment

by Griffin Carpenter, Myriam Vanderzwalmen and Helen Lambert

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2812; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192812 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Stunning of farmed fish prior to slaughter is increasingly recognized as a key animal welfare priority, yet uptake remains limited in the EU aquaculture sector. While the effects of different stunning methods on fish welfare are the subject of significant recent research, the [...] Read more.

Stunning of farmed fish prior to slaughter is increasingly recognized as a key animal welfare priority, yet uptake remains limited in the EU aquaculture sector. While the effects of different stunning methods on fish welfare are the subject of significant recent research, the effect on aquaculture businesses remains unclear. Therefore, this study assesses the economic feasibility of implementing electrical stunning for four species where it is not currently routine: carp, trout, seabass, and seabream. Using a granular cost model across 17 country–species–system combinations, and cost data from 2018 to 2020, the impact of introducing in-water and dry electrical stunning systems under various cost pass-through and sensitivity scenarios is evaluated. Results show that while stunning increases the production costs, under realistic assumptions, 16 out of 17 segments remain profitable, with the one unprofitable segment already being unprofitable under business-as-usual conditions. Three trout systems even experience cost savings due to reduced labor requirements. Sensitivity analyses confirm the robustness of these findings across plausible increases in operating costs and financing assumptions. Even under a 0% cost pass-through, 16 segments still remain profitable. These results provide timely, policy-relevant evidence to support species-specific welfare legislation, while identifying segments that may require targeted support for compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 4348 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Pathway Analysis of SNP Loci Affecting Abdominal Fat Deposition in Broilers

by Dachang Dou, Hengcong Chen, Yaowen Ge, Jiamei Zhou, Cheng Chang, Fuyang Zhang, Shengwei Yang, Zhiping Cao, Peng Luan, Yumao Li and Hui Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2811; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192811 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Excessive abdominal fat deposition accompanying rapid growth in broiler chickens seriously affects production efficiency. Using divergently selected broiler lines from Northeast Agricultural University, we integrated transcriptome sequencing, whole-genome resequencing, and three-dimensional genomic data to identify key SNPs affecting abdominal fat deposition. From 3,850,758 [...] Read more.

Excessive abdominal fat deposition accompanying rapid growth in broiler chickens seriously affects production efficiency. Using divergently selected broiler lines from Northeast Agricultural University, we integrated transcriptome sequencing, whole-genome resequencing, and three-dimensional genomic data to identify key SNPs affecting abdominal fat deposition. From 3,850,758 initial SNPs, 22,721 high-quality SNPs were selected (|ΔAF| ≥ 0.9) and validated to obtain 7341 reliable SNPs. GWAS identified 16 SNPs significantly associated with abdominal fat weight, while LD analysis revealed 22 highly linked SNPs, finally determining 2302 candidate SNPs. Transcriptome analysis identified 825 differentially expressed genes (p ≤ 0.05, |FC| ≥ 1.5). Functional annotation revealed 201 SNPs located in differentially expressed gene regions, including 8 coding SNPs and 193 non-coding SNPs, with an additional 15 SNPs potentially regulating through long-range chromatin interactions. Mechanistic analysis showed that coding SNPs regulate gene expression by altering codon translation rates or mRNA stability, while non-coding SNPs regulate transcription by affecting transcription factor binding. Phenotypic association analysis demonstrated that all 213 SNPs can cause ≥2-fold differences in abdominal fat weight, with 182 SNPs causing ≥3-fold differences. This study successfully identified 213 functional SNPs affecting abdominal fat deposition in broilers and revealed their molecular basis for regulating fat metabolism through multiple mechanisms, providing important genetic markers for low-fat breeding in broilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploratory Metabolomic Fingerprinting of Aqueous Humor in Healthy Horses and Donkeys, and in Horses with Ocular Pathologies

by Ignacio Corradini, Eduard Jose-Cunilleras, Pau Nolis, María Mar López-Murcia and Aloma Mayordomo-Febrer

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192810 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aims to generate foundational metabolomic data of aqueous humor (AH) in healthy horses and donkeys, and to investigate potential changes or trends in the metabolomic profile associated with age, sex or ocular pathology in horses. The AH metabolomic fingerprint from 5 [...] Read more.

This study aims to generate foundational metabolomic data of aqueous humor (AH) in healthy horses and donkeys, and to investigate potential changes or trends in the metabolomic profile associated with age, sex or ocular pathology in horses. The AH metabolomic fingerprint from 5 donkeys and 35 equine eyes (17 controls, 8 with cataracts, 6 with retinal disease and 4 with anterior chamber disease (ACD)) were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. A linear mixed-effects model, with individual horse as a random effect and group as a fixed effect, with multiple testing correction using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) method was used to compare groups. The metabolomic profile of the donkeys and horse’s AH is very similar to that of other mammals. Threonine was higher in young horses (p = 0.04), and creatinine was elevated in males (p = 0.04). Compared with control groups, dimethyl sulfone was higher in the retina (p < 0.00) and cataract (p = 0.05) groups. Arginine (p = 0.05) and valine (p = 0.03) were lower in the retina group compared to controls. This study successfully characterized the AH metabolomic profile in healthy horses and donkeys and identified several metabolites that could be associated with ocular pathology, warranting further investigation to determine their potential as biomarkers of ocular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Protease Levels on Growth Performance, Feeding Regulation, Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, and Endogenous Protease Secretion in Chinese Perch (Siniperca chuatsi)

by Shizhen Liu, Yi Yi, Qingda Tian, Jianmei Su and Liwei Liu

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192809 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

300 healthy Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) (34.35 ± 0.47 g) were randomly divided into five groups (P1–P5) fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg protease for 8 weeks. Compared to P1, protease supplementation significantly up-regulated endogenous pepsinogen [...] Read more.

300 healthy Chinese perch (Siniperca chuatsi) (34.35 ± 0.47 g) were randomly divided into five groups (P1–P5) fed diets supplemented with 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg protease for 8 weeks. Compared to P1, protease supplementation significantly up-regulated endogenous pepsinogen genes (pga1 and pgc) and down-regulated the muscle deamination gene ampd. In comparison to P1, the expression level of the hepatic gene ast increased in P2, P3, and P5, while gdh elevated in P2 and P3 (p < 0.05). Compared to P1, the expression of feeding-related gene npy decreased while pomc increased in P2; agrp increased in P3; and pomc and cart decreased in P5, resulting in significant increases in feed intake in P2, P3, and P5 (p < 0.05). Glycolytic genes (gk and pk) and lipid metabolism gene pparα were up-regulated in P2, P3 and P5, while hsl increased in P3 but decreased in P5 (p < 0.05). P5 exhibited significantly improved weight gain rate, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and protein retention rate, alongside reduced feed conversion ratio compared with P1. Therefore, dietary 1.6 g/kg protease significantly enhances growth, improves feed efficiency, stimulates pepsinogen secretion, and modulates deamination, glycolytic, and lipid metabolism genes in Siniperca chuatsi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutritional Ingredients for Aquaculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitoquinone Can Effectively Improve the Quality of Thawed Boar Sperm

by Yingying Dong, Qian Wang, Hechuan Wang, Qing Guo, Yanbing Li and Jingchun Li

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2808; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192808 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Boar sperm is susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species during in vitro preservation, leading to lipid peroxidation, which changes the sperm structure and affects its quality after thawing. Exogenous antioxidants play a vital role in preventing this damage. This research aimed to [...] Read more.

Boar sperm is susceptible to damage by reactive oxygen species during in vitro preservation, leading to lipid peroxidation, which changes the sperm structure and affects its quality after thawing. Exogenous antioxidants play a vital role in preventing this damage. This research aimed to assess the impact of incorporating Mitoquinone into cryopreservation extenders on the quality and antioxidant capacity of boar sperm. Mitoquinone was added to the cryopreservation extender at varying concentrations, namely, 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 nmol/L. Post-thawing, the sperm were examined for motility parameters, acrosome integrity, DNA integrity, mitochondrial activity, membrane integrity, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The results showed that compared with the control group, 150 nmol/L Mitoquinone could improve sperm viability after freezing and thawing and significantly reduce the malformation rate (p < 0.05). The addition of 150 nmol/L Mitoquinone led to a significant increase in the acrosome integrity, DNA integrity, mitochondrial activity, and membrane integrity of the boar sperm compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, it enhanced the antioxidant capacity of the sperm. This study demonstrated that the cryopreservation extender containing 150 nmol/L of Mitoquinone can enhance the effectiveness of semen cryopreservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1822 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extended Analysis of Status Epilepticus and Cluster Seizures in Dogs in the Context of Overall Epilepsy Incidence: 254 Cases

by Martinas Jankauskas, Aistė Gradeckienė, Sigitas Čižinauskas, Olli Saalasti, Dmitrij Kvitka and Vita Riškevičienė

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192807 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs, characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures are typically classified as single generalized (SG), cluster seizures (CS), or status epilepticus (SE), with CS and SE representing neurological emergencies linked to high [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological disorders in dogs, characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Epileptic seizures are typically classified as single generalized (SG), cluster seizures (CS), or status epilepticus (SE), with CS and SE representing neurological emergencies linked to high morbidity and mortality. This retrospective study analyzed 254 canine epilepsy cases from two veterinary clinics in Finland and Lithuania, aiming to evaluate the frequency and clinical associations of CS and SE. Patient data included age of seizure onset, sex, weight, neuter status, blood test results, clinical and neurological examinations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, etiology classification and clinical outcome. Seizure type distribution was as follows: CS in 47.2%, SG in 26.8%, and SE in 26.0% of cases. SG seizures were significantly more common than CS in dogs aged 6–72 months (54.4% vs. 38.3%, p = 0.005), and more frequent in first-time cases compared to previously treated ones (p = 0.005). SE was significantly associated with inflammatory brain disease, abnormal clinical and neurological findings, and a higher rate of euthanasia (29.2%, p < 0.05). Dogs with structural epilepsy were older (median 108 months) and more likely to develop SE (35.5%). Most cases initially presented as SG (58.1%), but 44.5% progressed to CS and 24.6% to SE. MRI revealed lesions in 46.5% of cases, with SE more frequent in dogs with inflammatory changes and SG predominating in neoplastic cases. No significant associations were found between seizure type and sex, reproductive status, or body weight. These findings provide new insights into seizure presentation, progression, and underlying pathology, supporting the importance of early diagnosis and individualized clinical management in canine epilepsy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 478 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficiency of Poultry Farms: A Dynamic Analysis Based on a Stochastic Frontier Approach and Panel Data

by Maria Bonaventura Forleo, Paola Di Renzo, Luca Romagnoli, Vincenzo Giaccio and Alfonso Scardera

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2806; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192806 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

EU production is important for global poultry markets and is concentrated in a few countries, including Italy. The aim of this study is to investigate the technical efficiency of Italian poultry farms in 2019–2022, characterized by the COVID-19 pandemic and avian influenza, which [...] Read more.

EU production is important for global poultry markets and is concentrated in a few countries, including Italy. The aim of this study is to investigate the technical efficiency of Italian poultry farms in 2019–2022, characterized by the COVID-19 pandemic and avian influenza, which occurred almost simultaneously and presented poultry farms with important economic challenges. In particular, this study aims to observe how efficiently poultry farms utilized their inputs with regards to controllable or managerial factors and exogenous shocks and factors beyond the firm’s control. Data was retrieved from the RICA database, the Italian section of the EU Farm Accountancy Data Network. After a descriptive analysis, a stochastic frontier model was applied to the panel data to estimate production frontier and firm-specific inefficiency factors. Results reveal the relevance of certain cost categories (feed, water, fuel, and electricity) and their increase over the observed period. Current and capital costs have positive and significant impacts on the value of production. As regards the determinants of technical efficiency, a greater endowment of some inputs (labor and farm area) and the sizes of farms in terms of livestock units are correlated with an improvement in the technical efficiency of farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Repeatability of Selected Parameters Related to Stallion Sperm Quality and Cryotolerance

by Raffaele Boni, Raffaella Ruggiero, Felisia De Luca, Maria Lucia Serritella, Tommaso Di Palma and Stefano Cecchini Gualandi

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192805 - 26 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the repeatability of selected sperm parameters in Salernitano stallions housed on the same farm. Semen was collected weekly for four weeks, and sperm kinetics, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative/nitrosative status were assessed before and after freezing the sperm with HF-20 and [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the repeatability of selected sperm parameters in Salernitano stallions housed on the same farm. Semen was collected weekly for four weeks, and sperm kinetics, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative/nitrosative status were assessed before and after freezing the sperm with HF-20 and INRA Freeze. Pre-freezing, significant individual variability was observed, with low repeatability for semen volume (r = 0.32), total motility (r = 0.38), curvilinear velocity (r = 0.32), and lipoperoxidation (r = 0.36). Post-thaw, sperm frozen with INRA Freeze showed significant inter-stallion differences and low-to-moderate repeatability across kinematic parameters, mitochondrial membrane potential, nitric oxide, and lipoperoxidation, whereas those frozen with HF-20 showed repeatability only for progressive motility and intracellular H₂O₂. An assessment of freezability revealed significant inter-stallion variability and low-to-moderate repeatability for most kinematic traits in sperm frozen with INRA Freeze. Age influenced specific parameters in both fresh and frozen–thawed semen. Kinematic traits were strongly intercorrelated and associated with mitochondrial activity, as well as with lipoperoxidation, the latter being significantly related to H₂O₂ and nitric oxide levels. Although the overall post-thaw differences between extenders were not statistically significant, INRA Freeze enabled clearer discrimination among stallions. The generally low-to-moderate repeatability observed in this study suggests that extender choice can influence cryopreservation outcomes, and supports the need for tailored protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Equids)

19 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessReview

Selected Pathologies of the Male Genital Organs in Bulls, Including Frequency, Significance, and Risk Factors: A Review

by Aleksander F. Butkiewicz, Maciej Zdun and Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192804 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bulls can develop various conditions affecting the penis, testicles, and associated structures that reduce fertility, spread disease, and increase costs for farmers. This review synthesizes data from farm fertility examinations and slaughterhouse findings to illustrate the prevalence of these conditions, their causes (including [...] Read more.

Bulls can develop various conditions affecting the penis, testicles, and associated structures that reduce fertility, spread disease, and increase costs for farmers. This review synthesizes data from farm fertility examinations and slaughterhouse findings to illustrate the prevalence of these conditions, their causes (including inherited defects, infections, and injuries), their impacts on breeding, and potential interventions. Conditions discussed include orchitis, testicular hypoplasia, testicular degeneration, testicular hydrocele, malignant tumors, spermatocele, penile papillomatosis, and penile hematoma. Lameness and systemic illnesses can also impair a bull’s breeding ability. Regular fertility examinations assessing overall health, testicle size, semen motility, and sperm morphology, coupled with timely medical or surgical treatment, can improve reproductive outcomes. Maintaining national records of birth defects and health histories could aid in preventing the transmission of deleterious traits. Reducing these disorders enhances animal welfare, protects herd fertility and the food supply, and supports the economic viability of cattle producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Diseases in Ruminants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4943 KB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in Lipid Metabolism and Hepatopancreatic Lipidomics Induced by Microcystin-LR Exposure in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

by Haoyang Zhao, Mengya Lou, Xin Liu, Wenjun Wen and Xiaoyu Li

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2803; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192803 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxin produced by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa and it poses significant risks to aquatic organisms and human health. However, research on the long-term effects of environmental MC-LR exposure on lipid metabolism in fish is relatively scarce. This [...] Read more.

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxin produced by toxic cyanobacteria such as Microcystis aeruginosa and it poses significant risks to aquatic organisms and human health. However, research on the long-term effects of environmental MC-LR exposure on lipid metabolism in fish is relatively scarce. This research investigates the effects and underlying mechanisms of chronic (one month) low-dose (3.5 μg/kg) MC-LR exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by using biochemical assays, histopathology, molecular analyses, and lipidomics. In this study, MC-LR exposure significantly altered serum enzyme activities and lipid profiles, induced hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation, and disrupted hepatopancreatic structure. Meanwhile, key regulators of lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, and cholesterol metabolism were dysregulated, indicating enhanced lipid synthesis and impaired catabolism. Elevated oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines likely contributed to lipid metabolic disturbances, exacerbating the hepatotoxicity of MC-LR. Lipidomics profiling revealed significant disruptions in glycerophospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids, highlighting impaired lipid homeostasis. This study provides novel insights into the hepatic lipid metabolic disorders induced by MC-LR in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2161 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Distribution of Deep-Sea Cetaceans in the Northern South China Sea Based on Visual and Acoustic Surveys

by Liang Fang, Xinxing Wang, Yujian Chen, Yuezhong Wang, Xinrui Long, Wentao Lu, Hancheng Zhao, Zhao Zhen, Kunhuan Li, Qilin Gutang and Tao Chen

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192802 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cetaceans are essential for maintaining the balance and stability of deep-sea ecosystems. However, environmental challenges and limited funding have resulted in a marked lack of data on species diversity and the conservation status of deep-sea cetaceans. In this study, we undertook two research [...] Read more.

Cetaceans are essential for maintaining the balance and stability of deep-sea ecosystems. However, environmental challenges and limited funding have resulted in a marked lack of data on species diversity and the conservation status of deep-sea cetaceans. In this study, we undertook two research expeditions in the deep-water regions of the northern South China Sea, employing an integrated visual and acoustic survey approach. In total, 28 cetacean encounters, involving 12 species and more than 1000 individuals, were documented through visual observation, while acoustic monitoring recorded 53 detections. These findings demonstrate that the deep-sea waters of the northern South China Sea have relatively high cetacean biodiversity and constitute significant habitats for these marine mammals. Nevertheless, this area also experiences intensive human activities, with fisheries, maritime traffic, and oil and gas extraction posing primary threats to local cetacean populations. Improving the management of human activities in this marine zone is essential for ensuring the effective protection of cetacean species and their critical habitats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1422 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of an Owner-Assessed Feline Acute Pain Scale: Validation and Agreement with Veterinary Scales

by Samolwan Rojsiripornchai, Sirirat Niyom, Nattika Koatsang, Sakunrat Kathatip, Teerapat Thunpattranon, Wutti Bunjerdsuwan, Tassanee Jaroensong and Suwicha Kasemsuwan

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2801; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192801 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Pain assessment in cats is challenging, especially for non-veterinarians. Most validated acute pain scales are designed for clinical use, limiting their applicability for pet owners. This study developed a feline acute pain assessment scale for owners and evaluated its criterion validity, internal consistency [...] Read more.

Pain assessment in cats is challenging, especially for non-veterinarians. Most validated acute pain scales are designed for clinical use, limiting their applicability for pet owners. This study developed a feline acute pain assessment scale for owners and evaluated its criterion validity, internal consistency reliability, and agreement with three veterinary scales: Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Feline (CMPS-Feline), Feline Grimace Scale (FGS), and Colorado State University Feline Acute Pain Scale (CSU-FPS). Of 146 enrolled cats, 130 were analyzed after exclusions. The owner-assessed scale showed strong correlation with CMPS-Feline (rho = 0.66) and moderate correlations with FGS (rho = 0.53) and CSU-FPS (rho = 0.57) (all p < 0.001). Agreement was substantial with CMPS-Feline (kappa = 0.74), moderate with FGS (kappa = 0.44), and fair with CSU-FPS (kappa = 0.28) (all p < 0.001). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.76). Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated good discriminatory ability for identifying cats requiring analgesia, with area under the curve values of 0.87 (CMPS-Feline), 0.79 (FGS), and 0.75 (CSU-FPS). A cut-off score of 9 achieved 96% sensitivity and 78% specificity relative to CMPS-Feline. These results support the scale’s potential as a valid tool for pain detection by cat owners in non-clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1532 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Ovarian Cysts in Bitches and Queens: A Meta-Analysis

by Kinga Domrazek, Katarzyna Kondratek, Filip Tobolewski and Piotr Jurka

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192800 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of ovarian cysts in bitches and queens, to classify cyst subtypes, and to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies reported in the literature. A comprehensive search of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of ovarian cysts in bitches and queens, to classify cyst subtypes, and to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies reported in the literature. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified 4321 articles, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria, providing data on 428 bitches and 273 queens. The pooled prevalence of ovarian cysts was 41.7%, with follicular cysts being the most frequently reported subtype. Dogs were significantly more likely to develop cysts than cats, and animals older than five years had a markedly higher risk. Histopathology and ultrasonography were the predominant diagnostic methods, though only one study assessed diagnostic sensitivity. All included studies reported surgical treatment, while non-surgical options and postoperative outcomes were not evaluated. The studies suitable for analysis were also highly variable in reporting, from large studies with near 100% cyst presence in the sample studied, to small studies with relatively low cyst presence, which limits the ability to compute statistical outcomes in a highly reliable way. These findings highlight the high prevalence of ovarian cysts in small animals, particularly in older queens and bitches, and reveal major gaps in standardized diagnostic criteria, non-invasive biomarkers, and therapeutic research. Future prospective studies are needed to validate diagnostic tools, investigate medical management options, and improve evidence-based clinical decision-making in veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 13265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Fermented Blueberry Pomace Supplementation on Carcass Traits, Meat Quality, and Antioxidant Capacity of Spent Hens

by Binghua Qin, Ting Chen, Zhihua Li, Wei Lan, Yadong Cui, Md. Abul Kalam Azad and Xiangfeng Kong

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192799 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) supplementation on carcass traits, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity in spent hens and further investigated underlying mechanisms using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. A total of 320 Yukou Jingfen No. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of fermented blueberry pomace (FBP) supplementation on carcass traits, meat quality, and antioxidant capacity in spent hens and further investigated underlying mechanisms using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. A total of 320 Yukou Jingfen No. 8 spent hens (345 days old) were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0% FBP for 56 days. Each group contained eight replicates with ten hens per replicate. Results showed that 0.25% FBP reduced the percentage of thigh muscle, whereas 0.5% FBP reduced drip loss at 24 h post-mortem in the breast muscle compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, 0.5% FBP enhanced the total antioxidant capacity compared to the 0.25% group and increased superoxide dismutase activity compared to the control and 0.25% FBP groups (p < 0.05). In the breast muscle, 0.25 and 0.5% FBP reduced drip loss compared to the control group at 48 h post-mortem, while 0.25% FBP upregulated glutathione peroxidase 1 expression more than the other groups (p < 0.05). Network pharmacology analysis identified 302 targets related to the potential bioactive compounds in FBP and 401 targets associated with meat quality, such as core targets of insulin, protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta, steroid receptor coactivator, etc. The identified key signaling pathways included JAK-STAT and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, which were related to protein synthesis and muscle growth. Molecular docking analysis confirmed strong binding activity between bioactive compounds of FBP and meat quality. In conclusion, dietary FBP supplementation enhances the breast muscle quality of spent hens through the potential bioactive compounds targeting insulin and modulating JAK-STAT and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, without affecting carcass traits. Moreover, 0.5% FBP exhibited better effects than other treatment groups in spent hens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Infrared Thermography and Agitated Behavior in Sows Improve Estrus Detection When Applied to Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms

by Leila Cristina Salles Moura, Janaina Palermo Mendes, Yann Malini Ferreira, Rayna Sousa Vieira Amaral, Diana Assis Oliveira, Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara, Bianca Thais Baumann, Jansller Luiz Genova, Charles Kiefer, Luciano Hauschild and Luan Sousa Santos

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192798 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

The identification of estrus at the right moment allows for a higher success of fecundity with artificial insemination. Evaluating changes in body surface temperature of sows during the estrus period using an infrared thermography camera (ITC) can provide an accurate model to predict [...] Read more.

The identification of estrus at the right moment allows for a higher success of fecundity with artificial insemination. Evaluating changes in body surface temperature of sows during the estrus period using an infrared thermography camera (ITC) can provide an accurate model to predict these changes. This pilot study comprised nine crossbred Large White x Landrace sows, providing 59 data records for analysis. Observed changes in the behavior and physiological signs of the sows signaled the identification of estrus. Images of the ocular area, ear tips, breast, back, vulva, and perianal area were collected with the ITC. The images were analyzed using the FLIR Thermal Studio Starter software. Infrared mean temperatures were reported and compared using ANOVA and Tukey–Kramer tests (p < 0.05). Supervised machine learning models were tested using random forest (RF), Conditional inference trees (Ctree), Partial least squares (PLS), and K-nearest neighbors (KNN), and the method performance was measured using a confusion matrix. The orbital region showed significant differences between estrus and non-estrus states in sows. In the confusion matrix, the algorithm predicted estrus with 87% accuracy in the test set, which contained 40% of the data, when agitated behavior was combined with orbital area temperature. These findings suggest the potential for integrating behavioral and physiological observations with orbital thermography and machine learning to detect estrus in sows under field conditions accurately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3694 KB

Open AccessArticle

MCEE Promotes Intramuscular Fat Deposition in Pigs Through Regulating Mitochondrial Function

by Yasai Li, Xinyue Chen, Dake Chen, Junjing Wu, Tong Chen, Mu Qiao, Xianwen Peng, Shuqi Mei and Yue Feng

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2797; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192797 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

IMF is a key determinant of meat quality, influencing tenderness, juiciness and flavor, yet the mechanisms underlying its formation remain poorly understood. Previous studies performed whole-genome resequencing and GWAS on pigs with divergent IMF content, identifying MCEE as a candidate gene associated with [...] Read more.

IMF is a key determinant of meat quality, influencing tenderness, juiciness and flavor, yet the mechanisms underlying its formation remain poorly understood. Previous studies performed whole-genome resequencing and GWAS on pigs with divergent IMF content, identifying MCEE as a candidate gene associated with IMF deposition. Subsequently, gain- and loss-of-function approaches were employed to investigate the role of MCEE in porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. Here, we isolated primary preadipocytes and subjected them to adipogenic induction. The overexpression of MCEE enhanced the proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes, whereas its knockdown exerted the opposite effect. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that DEGs were primarily enriched in pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction-associated disorders and others. Subcellular localization prediction indicated mitochondrial targeting of MCEE, and its expression level influenced mitochondrial function, including reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and permeability transition pore opening. Collectively, MCEE regulates IMF deposition by modulating mitochondrial function, and these findings provide a potential molecular target for improving meat quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Urinary Neopterin Levels for Pregnancy Diagnosis in Mated Giant Pandas

by He Huang, Yuliang Liu, David C. Kersey, Zongjin Ye, Rong Hou, Xianbiao Hu and Mingxi Li

Animals 2025, 15(19), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192796 - 25 Sep 2025

Abstract

Neopterin is a well-characterized marker of cell-mediated immunity. Here, we used neopterin as a biomarker to identify the cellular immunity status of breeding giant pandas throughout gestation. Urine samples were collected from captive adult female giant pandas that had entered estrus and were [...] Read more.

Neopterin is a well-characterized marker of cell-mediated immunity. Here, we used neopterin as a biomarker to identify the cellular immunity status of breeding giant pandas throughout gestation. Urine samples were collected from captive adult female giant pandas that had entered estrus and were either naturally bred and/or artificially inseminated (AI) during the breeding seasons at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. This study was divided into two parts. In the first part, we examined the urinary neopterin and progesterone (Pg) profiles during pregnancy in parturient and nonparturient individuals. From the day of mating to the Pg peak, there was no correlation between neopterin and Pg in both parturient individuals (n = 3) and nonparturient individuals (n = 3). During the period when the Pg dropped from its peak to approximately 100 ng/mg Cr, the changes in neopterin and Pg showed a negative correlation in parturient individuals, while there was no correlation between the changes in neopterin and Pg in nonparturient individuals. Subsequently, urine samples were categorized into four phases based on the reproductive status of giant pandas: (1) Estrus phase (Es); (2) Primary Pg increase phase (S1), during which Pg levels rise from the day of mating to 100 ng/mg Cr; (3) Secondary Pg increase phase (S2), during which Pg levels rise from 100 ng/mg Cr (inclusive) to their peak value; and (4) Post-peak Pg decline phase (S3), during which Pg levels decrease from their peak (inclusive) until they drop to approximately 200 ng/mg Cr. Analysis revealed that differences between parturient and nonparturient females emerged in the S3 phase. Compared to nonparturient individuals, neopterin concentrations showed sustained elevation in parturient pandas during the S3 phase. The second part of the study, building on the findings of the first part, specifically focused on analyzing the urine samples of giant pandas during the S2 and S3 phases. Statistical analysis of an expanded sample of individuals (including those from the first part) revealed a significant difference in the neopterin mean S3/S2 ratio between the parturient group (mean S3/S2 = 1.71 ± 0.12; n = 14) and the nonparturient group (mean S3/S2 = 0.85 ± 0.04; n = 17). Correspondingly, parturient individuals gave birth 5 to 16 days after the end of the S3 phase (this time corresponds to the point when Pg levels decrease to approximately 200 ng/mg Cr). The results revealed the validity and applicability of using the neopterin mean S3/S2 ratio (1.71 ± 0.12) for diagnosing successful pregnancy in mated female giant pandas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

► Show Figures