Behavioral Sciences

21 pages, 380 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Home Helps or Hurts: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of Work Meaning, Intrinsic Motivation, and Life Satisfaction Across Family Flexibility Profiles

by Tiberiu Dughi, Dana Rad, Alina Roman, Dana Dughi, Camelia Daciana Stoian, Nicolae Radu Stoian, Cristian Măduța, Remus Runcan, Alina Costin, Anca Egerău, Claudiu Coman, Sonia Ignat, Evelina Balaș, Maria Sinaci and Gavril Rad

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1451; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111451 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The present study investigates the twofold effect of home–work spillover on life satisfaction through intrinsic work motivation and meaning derived from work, with family flexibility as a moderator. Based on Self-Determination Theory and the Work–Home Resources model, we test a moderated parallel mediation [...] Read more.

The present study investigates the twofold effect of home–work spillover on life satisfaction through intrinsic work motivation and meaning derived from work, with family flexibility as a moderator. Based on Self-Determination Theory and the Work–Home Resources model, we test a moderated parallel mediation model whereby both positive and negative spillover from home affect life satisfaction through motivational and meaning pathways, depending on the level of family flexibility. 735 working adults completed validated measures of work-related flow, work meaning, home–work interaction (negative and positive), family flexibility, and life satisfaction. PROCESS macro (Model 59) via 5000 bootstrapped samples indicated that home negatively influencing work was associated with lower life satisfaction, mainly via reduced work meaning, particularly for individuals with low family flexibility. Conversely, positive work–home interaction was associated with higher work meaning and, indirectly, greater life satisfaction, with this effect being stronger when family flexibility was lower. Intrinsic motivation was associated with life satisfaction through mediation only when family flexibility was higher. These results indicate work meaning and family context compensatory and buffering effects on well-being. The research adds to integrative work–life interface models by delineating conditional psychological processes that enable employee flourishing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Work Environment: Employee Well-Being and Job Satisfaction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 659 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Associations Between Social Media Use and Mental Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Recent Evidence

by Hector Cabezas-Klinger, Fabian Felipe Fenandez-Daza and Yecid Mina-Paz

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1450; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111450 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

The exponential growth of human interactions on social media via the internet has revolutionized global communication, but it has also emerged as a critical factor in mental health linked to suicidal ideation and mental disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize [...] Read more.

The exponential growth of human interactions on social media via the internet has revolutionized global communication, but it has also emerged as a critical factor in mental health linked to suicidal ideation and mental disorders. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize evidence on the most prevalent disorders in adolescents and young adults associated with social media use based on previous research, highlighting risk factors and key findings. Publications from 2020 to 2024 in highly relevant databases were reviewed following the PRISMA declaration guidelines. The meta-analysis (conducted in R software) of the included documents (24 studies, 68 effects) verified a significant and positive association between exposure to risk factors in social networks and various disorders in adolescents and young adults (aggregate correlation r = 0.2173, 95% CI [0.1826, 0.2520], p ≤ 0.0001), although with high heterogeneity (I² = 99.66%). Prevention strategies were indicated by revealing data from contexts in which 40% of adolescents who died by suicide had developed online identities focused on suicidal thoughts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk Assessment, Management and Prevention in Adolescents)

29 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Traits of Self-Confidence and Intrinsic Motivation in Students with Severe Special Educational Needs in Physical Education Lessons

by Simas Garbenis and Irena Kaffemaniene

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111449 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study, by analyzing processes taking place in physical education (PE) lessons, sought to identify how traits of self-confidence and intrinsic motivation developed in pupils with special educational needs (SEN). The research employed a micro-ethnographic study that was directed at the research object: [...] Read more.

This study, by analyzing processes taking place in physical education (PE) lessons, sought to identify how traits of self-confidence and intrinsic motivation developed in pupils with special educational needs (SEN). The research employed a micro-ethnographic study that was directed at the research object: opportunities to develop pupils’ traits of self-confidence and intrinsic motivation. Empirical data were gathered through video recordings of PE lessons. The sample comprised 36 first-grade pupils with severe SEN. Using reflexive thematic analysis, we identified themes and subthemes that revealed the development of emotional intelligence traits: self-confidence and intrinsic motivation, as well as themes and subthemes that revealed the manifestation of these traits in PE lessons. The study found that constructive dialogic interaction—emphasizing emotional support and strength-oriented, reciprocal teacher–pupil reflection—was the key factor in developing both self-confidence and intrinsic motivation. The study revealed distinctive features of self-confidence (demonstration of self-efficacy, positive self-assessment, reflection on the perception of strengths) and intrinsic motivation (choosing challenging tasks, determination and persistence, the need to improve skills and achieve better results). The empirical findings reflected universal methods for cultivating emotional intelligence traits that could be transferred to other educational contexts. The article presents a small part of the dissertation research data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotional Intelligence and Psychological Well-Being in Children and Adolescents)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 4679 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Application of Behaviour Change Techniques in Promoting Physical Activity Among Adults with Chronic Conditions: An Umbrella Review

by Sanying Peng, Fang Yuan, Hongchang Yang, Meilin Li and Xiaoming Yang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111448 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This umbrella review examined the application of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and their associations with physical activity (PA) outcomes in interventions targeting adults with chronic conditions. A comprehensive search of five databases was conducted up to 20 December 2024, identifying eighteen eligible systematic [...] Read more.

This umbrella review examined the application of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) and their associations with physical activity (PA) outcomes in interventions targeting adults with chronic conditions. A comprehensive search of five databases was conducted up to 20 December 2024, identifying eighteen eligible systematic reviews (including nine meta-analyses), encompassing 468 primary studies and over 57,500 participants. BCTs were coded using the BCT Taxonomy v1, and review quality was assessed using AMSTAR 2. Across the included studies, eleven BCTs were most frequently employed, clustering into four core domains: self-regulation, instruction/information, social or contextual support, and modelling. Among these, four BCTs—goal setting (behaviour), social support (unspecified), instruction on how to perform the behaviour, and graded tasks—were consistently associated with significant increases in PA. Subgroup analysis revealed condition-specific patterns: graded tasks combined with social incentives were most effective for metabolic disorders, instructional techniques for cardiovascular disease, combined instruction and social support for musculoskeletal conditions, goal setting for mixed chronic conditions, and pairing action planning with graded tasks for cancer survivors. These findings advance both theoretical and practical understanding of components associated with successful PA interventions and provide a robust evidence base to inform future program design for chronic disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Behavioral Change to Improve Health Outcomes—2nd Edition)

18 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gender and Professional Role Differences in Chilean Educational Personnel’s Perceptions of School Climate and Well-Being

by Flavio Muñoz-Troncoso, Enrique Riquelme-Mella, Ignacio Montero and Gerardo Muñoz-Troncoso

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111447 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study explores the perceptions of Chilean educational staff regarding school climate, classroom climate, and personal well-being, analyzing differences by gender and professional role. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and quantitative design was used, with 8536 participants who completed perception scales on institutional support, classroom [...] Read more.

This study explores the perceptions of Chilean educational staff regarding school climate, classroom climate, and personal well-being, analyzing differences by gender and professional role. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and quantitative design was used, with 8536 participants who completed perception scales on institutional support, classroom dynamics, and personal well-being. Results showed that women reported higher scores in Teacher–Student Relationship and Course Organization and Participation, while men reported higher levels of Institutional Support. Teachers reported more positive results than assistants in most dimensions, except for Institutional Support, where assistants scored higher. Although these effects were statistically significant, their magnitudes were consistently very small, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation. The findings highlight the importance of developing inclusive strategies that consider gender and role differences to foster positive and safe school environments. Limitations regarding the cross-sectional design, reliance on self-report measures, and the use of secondary data are acknowledged, and future research is suggested to explore cultural and structural factors that shape school coexistence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educator Well-Being and Resilience: Paradigms, Pathways, and Possibilities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 142 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Yin and Liu (2025). The Influence of Communication Modality on the “Saying-Is-Believing” Effect. Behavioral Sciences, 15(5), 639

by Rui Yin and Xianyun Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111446 - 24 Oct 2025

Abstract

Missing Citation [...] Full article

16 pages, 1480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Development in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Moderating Role of Intervention and ASD Persistence

by Maya J. Golden, Lianna R. Lipton, Georgios Sideridis, Stephanie J. Brewster, William Barbaresi and Elizabeth Harstad

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111445 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examined whether Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III) standardized cognitive scores from toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) predict intellectual quotient (IQ) at early school age and whether ASD persistence or interventions received moderate this relationship. Children diagnosed [...] Read more.

This study examined whether Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III) standardized cognitive scores from toddlers diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) predict intellectual quotient (IQ) at early school age and whether ASD persistence or interventions received moderate this relationship. Children diagnosed clinically with ASD at 12–36 months underwent research assessments at 5–7 years. Of 212 children diagnosed as toddlers, 133 continued to meet DSM-5 ASD criteria based on current functioning at school age (“persistent ASD”), and 79 did not (“non-persistent ASD”). A moderate positive correlation was found between baseline cognitive scores in toddlerhood and school age IQ (r (210) = 0.45, p < 0.001). Children with baseline cognitive scores < 70 showed greater variation in school age IQ compared to those with baseline scores > 85. Non-persistent ASD status was associated with a higher rate of cognitive change from toddler to school age (S_diff = 15.044; z = 4.432, p < 0.001). Overall, 94.3% of the sample received ASD-specific interventions. There was no relation between hours of ASD-specific interventions and change in cognitive trajectories for children with non-persistent ASD and an inverse relationship for children with persistent ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Identification and Intervention of Autism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 407 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Emotion Malleability Beliefs and School Adaptation of Middle School Boarders: A Chain Mediating Effect of Psychological Resilience and Peer Relationships

by Yixuan Han, Shiyu Zheng, Xuehong Chen, Jing Zhang and Yao Meng

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1444; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111444 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Middle school boarders are more prone to maladjustment to school due to a lack of parental accompaniment and long school hours. Focusing on this specific group, this study explored the effects of emotion malleability beliefs on their adjustment to school and their influential [...] Read more.

Middle school boarders are more prone to maladjustment to school due to a lack of parental accompaniment and long school hours. Focusing on this specific group, this study explored the effects of emotion malleability beliefs on their adjustment to school and their influential pathways, and constructed a hypothetical model with resilience and peer relationships as chain mediators. The Implicit Theories of Emotion Scale, the Adaptation to School Scale for Middle School Students, the Adolescents Resilience Scale, and the Peer Relationship Assessment Scale were applied to measure 511 middle school boarders. The results showed that there were significant positive correlations between emotion malleability beliefs, resilience, peer relationships, and adaptation to school. Emotion malleability beliefs directly influence adaptation to school and are indirectly associated with adaptation to school through the chain mediation of resilience and peer relationships. Our study emphasized the important influence of emotion malleability beliefs on boarding students’ adaptation to school, which also hinted to us that interventions targeting emotion malleability beliefs may help enhance resilience and peer relationships, thereby supporting school adaptation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 533 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status on Preschoolers’ Anxiety: The Serial Mediation Effects of Parenting Style and Psychological Resilience in Preschoolers

by Limin Zhang, Yuxuan Xia, Siying Zhu, Xiaoxiao Lin and Jiaxin Xiang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111443 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Anxiety is a common negative emotional experience among preschoolers that can significantly affect their physical and mental health development. Investigating the key factors that influence preschoolers’ anxiety and the mechanisms by which they act is important. This study aimed to examine the relationship [...] Read more.

Anxiety is a common negative emotional experience among preschoolers that can significantly affect their physical and mental health development. Investigating the key factors that influence preschoolers’ anxiety and the mechanisms by which they act is important. This study aimed to examine the relationship between family socioeconomic status and preschoolers’ anxiety and explore the mediating role of parenting style and preschoolers’ psychological resilience in this relationship. This study examined the relationship between family socioeconomic status and childhood anxiety from the perspective of family factors and personal psychological characteristics. The Family Background Questionnaire, the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire, the DECA-P2, and the Preschool Anxiety Scale were distributed to 36,048 parent–child dyads (children aged 3–6 years) in China. The collected data were analyzed via SPSS 22.0 and Mplus 8.3. A set of serial mediation models was constructed to provide evidence supporting the role of the key factors of early childhood anxiety and their observed associations. There were two-way correlations between family socioeconomic status (SES), parenting style, psychological resilience, and anxiety level. SES demonstrated a significant negative association with preschoolers’ anxiety, with direct and indirect links between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and preschoolers’ psychological resilience. Specifically, SES was associated with lower anxiety in preschoolers through authoritative parenting styles and was linked to higher anxiety through authoritarian parenting styles. SES was also related to preschoolers’ anxiety through their psychological resilience. In summary, parenting style and children’s psychological resilience function as serial mediators in the relationship between SES and preschoolers’ anxiety. Family socioeconomic status significantly and negatively correlates with early childhood anxiety, and parenting style and preschoolers’ psychological resilience mediate this relationship, in this study conducted from the perspectives of both family factors and individual psychological traits of preschoolers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Family Functioning on Adolescent Mental Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 430 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring a Mediation Model of Nature Exposure and Quality of Life: The Roles of Nature-Based and Overall Physical Activity

by Migle Baceviciene and Rasa Jankauskiene

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1442; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111442 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

This cross-sectional study examined whether physical activity (PA) in nature and overall PA mediate the relationship between nature exposure and quality of life (QoL) across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental, while controlling for perceived financial security. A cross-sectional online survey was [...] Read more.

This cross-sectional study examined whether physical activity (PA) in nature and overall PA mediate the relationship between nature exposure and quality of life (QoL) across four domains: physical, psychological, social, and environmental, while controlling for perceived financial security. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted, involving 924 adults aged 18 to 79 years (m = 40.0, SD = 12.4); 73.6% were women. Nature exposure, PA in nature, overall PA, and financial security were assessed using nationally language-validated self-report scales and questionnaires. QoL was measured using the WHOQOL-BREF, covering four domains. Mediation models were tested using the regression-based PROCESS macro with 5000 bootstrapped samples. Nature exposure was positively associated with both types of PA and all QoL domains, while financial security was positively linked to PA in nature. PA in nature significantly mediated the relationship between nature exposure and psychological QoL, but not the other domains. In contrast, overall PA was a significant mediator across all QoL domains. In all models, nature exposure and financial security remained significant direct predictors of QoL. Bootstrapped confidence intervals confirmed the significance of indirect effects through overall PA for physical, psychological, social, and environmental QoL. While nature exposure was independently associated with better QoL, this relationship was partly explained by PA. These findings highlight the broader role of PA in linking nature exposure to QoL and underscore the importance of supporting active lifestyles in nature to enhance QoL. To achieve a higher QoL, policies that increase access to and opportunities for nature-based physical activity should be implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Mental Health: The Diverse Evidence and New Avenues)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Family Functioning Shapes Adolescent Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Competence

by Yuhan Jiang, Leping Huang, Yi Song, Jingxin Wang and Kuo Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111441 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical stage of emotional and social development, with family functioning playing a vital role in shaping adolescent adjustment. However, the mechanisms linking family functioning to adolescent adjustment, particularly the mediating role of interpersonal competence in China, remain underexplored. This study [...] Read more.

Adolescence is a critical stage of emotional and social development, with family functioning playing a vital role in shaping adolescent adjustment. However, the mechanisms linking family functioning to adolescent adjustment, particularly the mediating role of interpersonal competence in China, remain underexplored. This study surveyed 7318 junior and senior high school students from multiple Chinese regions, assessing family cohesion, family adaptability, interpersonal competence (communication, regulation, perception), and adolescent adjustment. Regression and mediation analyses examined direct and indirect effects of family functioning on adjustment. Among junior high students, family cohesion indirectly influenced adjustment via communication (28.10%) and regulation (17.32%), while adaptability operated through communication (29.50%) and regulation (32.45%). Among senior high students, cohesion acted via communication (18.63%) and regulation (21.57%), whereas adaptability affected adjustment equally through both (31.29%). Findings reveal developmental stage differences in the relative importance of interpersonal competence dimensions, confirm the applicability of the Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) framework in China, and provide evidence for stage-specific interventions to strengthen interpersonal skills and optimize family–school support systems for adolescent adjustment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promoting Social–Emotional and Academic Support in Educational Settings)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 313 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Performance of Learners’ Strategic Flexibility and Its Relationship with External Factors and Cognitive Flexibility: A Survey of High School Mathematics in China

by Xinyuan Yang, Kui Feng, Yong Zhang and Bin Xiong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1440; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111440 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

As a behavioral ability, flexibility plays an indispensable role in human learning activities. However, the analysis of flexibility in specific disciplines has not yet been fully explored. In response, through trigonometry of mathematics, this study investigated the strategic flexibility of high school level [...] Read more.

As a behavioral ability, flexibility plays an indispensable role in human learning activities. However, the analysis of flexibility in specific disciplines has not yet been fully explored. In response, through trigonometry of mathematics, this study investigated the strategic flexibility of high school level students, examining the influence of external factors such as gender and class on flexibility, and exploring the relationship between cognitive and strategic flexibility. Based on the four-stage flexibility test and the cognitive flexibility questionnaire survey of 237 11th-grade students in China, the current research yielded the following findings: (1) There is a positive correlation between potential strategic flexibility and actual strategic flexibility, and the actual strategic flexibility level of students is higher than that of potential strategic flexibility. (2) Gender and class have no significant relationship with strategic flexibility, but different subject combinations have a certain impact on flexibility. (3) Cognitive flexibility has a positive effect on both potential strategic flexibility and actual strategic flexibility. These findings have provided some research basis for understanding students’ external performance and adjusting teachers’ teaching behaviors, proposing a certain adjustment direction for the focus of teaching, students’ learning content, and classroom teaching methods. Full article

13 pages, 689 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Symptoms of ADHD, Mind Wandering, and Task Performance Among Kindergarten-Aged Children

by Yvette Pasternak Barami and Liat Goldfarb

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111439 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objective: The association between Mind-Wandering (MW), symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and task performance is understudied in children, and has never been studied in a population of kindergarten-aged children. Kindergarten is an important developmental stage in which children begin to acquire the [...] Read more.

Objective: The association between Mind-Wandering (MW), symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and task performance is understudied in children, and has never been studied in a population of kindergarten-aged children. Kindergarten is an important developmental stage in which children begin to acquire the building stones for proper academic abilities. Methods: One hundred and six kindergarten-aged children performed arithmetic and phonological tasks, and their level of MW was examined after each task in two different sessions. In addition, the ADHD symptoms’ level was collected for each participant. Results: A positive correlation between symptoms of ADHD and MW was found. In addition, reliability assessment of the two probes of MW indicated adequate reliability. Finally, the results suggest a connection between MW and academic-related task performance, beyond the effect of ADHD symptoms. Conclusions: MW is a stable cognitive structure beyond a specific task or time; it is also associated with symptoms of ADHD and relates to poorer performance in academic-related tasks in kindergarten-aged children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessArticle

Narcissism and Entrepreneurial Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Equity Ranking and Industry Attention

by Yiran Liu, Xiaoya Liang, Chengying Zhang, Wei Dong, Xin Li and Huihui Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111438 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Why do some entrepreneurs experience higher levels of well-being? While prior research has extensively investigated various determinants of entrepreneurial well-being, this study advances the literature by examining the unique role of narcissism in shaping entrepreneurs’ well-being. We propose that a narcissistic personality—characterized by [...] Read more.

Why do some entrepreneurs experience higher levels of well-being? While prior research has extensively investigated various determinants of entrepreneurial well-being, this study advances the literature by examining the unique role of narcissism in shaping entrepreneurs’ well-being. We propose that a narcissistic personality—characterized by heightened self-focus and need for recognition—interacts with contextual factors to enhance well-being. Specifically, narcissistic entrepreneurs’ well-being increases when equity ranking is high and industry attention is salient. Using a multi-method approach, combining survey data from 165 Chinese entrepreneurs with archival data, we demonstrate that narcissism positively predicts well-being, with effects amplified by both high equity ranking and industry attention. In doing so, this study contributes to research on well-being and narcissistic personality in entrepreneurial contexts. Full article

40 pages, 1217 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Contextualized Impact of Ethnic-Racial Socialization on Black and Latino Youth’s Self-Esteem and Ethnic-Racial Identity

by Ashley R. McDonald, Briah A. Glover, Olivia C. Goldstein and Dawn P. Witherspoon

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111437 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examined how ethnic-racial socialization (ERS)—cultural-egalitarianism, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust—mediate the influence of neighborhood and parental cultural contexts on youth self-esteem and ethnic-racial identity (ERI). Participants included 184 youth (Mage = 13.38; 57.5% female) and 144 parents (Mage = [...] Read more.

This study examined how ethnic-racial socialization (ERS)—cultural-egalitarianism, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust—mediate the influence of neighborhood and parental cultural contexts on youth self-esteem and ethnic-racial identity (ERI). Participants included 184 youth (Mage = 13.38; 57.5% female) and 144 parents (Mage = 40.62) from Black and Latino families living in a new destination context. Data were analyzed using multiple group path analysis. Findings revealed distinct patterns for Black and Latino families. Neighborhood disadvantage was negatively associated with preparation for bias and promotion of mistrust beliefs. Neighborhood diversity was positively related to promotion of mistrust, while neighborhood cohesion positively influenced cultural-egalitarianism and preparation for bias beliefs. Each ERS belief was associated with youth perceptions of the corresponding ERS practice. In Latino families, preparation for bias beliefs also supported cultural-egalitarianism practices. ERS practices were linked to youth outcomes. Cultural-egalitarianism was positively associated with self-esteem and, for Latino youth, with centrality and private regard. In contrast, preparation for bias and promotion of mistrust were negatively associated with self-esteem and public regard. Additionally, neighborhood factors, parental discrimination, parental ERI, and ERS beliefs were directly linked to youth self-esteem and ERI. Findings underscore how broader sociocultural contexts shape ERS and, in turn, adolescent development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the Interaction of Parenting Practices and Environment on Children’s Outcomes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 595 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of Social Trust Scale for Chinese Adolescents (STS-CA)

by Youling Bai, Luoxuan Li, Yuhan Yang and Yanling Liu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111436 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Social trust is a crucial factor influencing adolescents’ mental health and serves as a cornerstone for social stability. However, there is a lack of a reliable measurement tool specifically designed to assess the psychological characteristics of adolescents’ social trust. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Social trust is a crucial factor influencing adolescents’ mental health and serves as a cornerstone for social stability. However, there is a lack of a reliable measurement tool specifically designed to assess the psychological characteristics of adolescents’ social trust. This study aimed to develop and validate the Chinese Adolescent Social Trust Scale (STS-CA). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 45 adolescents (aged 12 to17 years) to generate an initial pool of scale items. Subsequently, eighteen psychological experts evaluated the content validity, and the scale was revised based on their feedback, resulting in a preliminary version. A total of 2036 secondary school students were randomly divided into Sample 1 and Sample 2. Sample 1 (N1 = 1018) was used in item analysis and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Sample 2 (N2 = 1018) was utilized for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Sample 3 (N3 = 1214) was recruited to assess the scale’s reliability, validity, and measurement equivalence. Two months later, test–retest reliability analysis was assessed using Sample 4 (N4 = 303). The final STS-CA consists of 27 items covering four factors, namely trust in relatives, trust in friends, trust in strangers, and trust in organizations. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, test–retest reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity. Correlations between the STS-CA subscale scores and external criterion variables—interpersonal trust, trust propensity, and life satisfaction—supported criterion validity. Additionally, the scale exhibited good measurement equivalence across gender and educational stages. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the STS-CA is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing social trust levels among Chinese adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 970 KB

Open AccessCase Report

A Case Study of a Deaf Autistic Adolescent’s Affective and Linguistic Expressions

by Kristin Walker, Jenny L. Singleton and Aaron Shield

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111435 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Facial expressions and body language play crucial roles in communication by conveying emotional and contextual information. In signed languages, facial expressions also serve linguistic functions. While previous research on autistic individuals’ facial expressions has focused primarily on affective expressions in hearing people, studying [...] Read more.

Facial expressions and body language play crucial roles in communication by conveying emotional and contextual information. In signed languages, facial expressions also serve linguistic functions. While previous research on autistic individuals’ facial expressions has focused primarily on affective expressions in hearing people, studying deaf autistic individuals offers insight into how autism affects linguistic and affective facial expressions. This case study examines the nonmanual expressions of “Brent,” a Deaf autistic adolescent natively exposed to American Sign Language (ASL). Five video recordings (four monologues and one conversation, totaling 35 m) were coded for nonmanual expressions, including affective facial expressions, question marking, negation, and other functions. Across 590 coded utterances, Brent showed absent or reduced facial expressions for both linguistic and affective purposes. However, he frequently used alternative communicative strategies, including additional manual signs, sign modification, and body enactment. Use of body movement to convey negation, affirmation, or emphasis was observed but inconsistently applied. These findings expand the current understanding of how autistic individuals use facial expressions by including linguistic functions in a signed language and support a broader view of autistic communication that embraces diverse and effective languaging strategies beyond neurotypical norms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationships Between Autistic Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 707 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Academic Procrastination on Life Satisfaction Among Nursing and Midwifery Students: The Serial Mediation Role of Academic Self-Efficacy and Self-Control

by Sevda Demir and Hilal Kuşcu Karatepe

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111434 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the effect of academic procrastination on life satisfaction among nursing and midwifery students and explores the serial mediating role of academic self-efficacy and self-control in this relationship. Academic procrastination is a common issue among students and is negatively associated with [...] Read more.

This study examines the effect of academic procrastination on life satisfaction among nursing and midwifery students and explores the serial mediating role of academic self-efficacy and self-control in this relationship. Academic procrastination is a common issue among students and is negatively associated with low life satisfaction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying this relationship is important for developing effective interventions. The study included 467 nursing and midwifery students from a state university. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS to test the serial mediation model. Academic procrastination was found to have significant negative effects on academic self-efficacy (β = −0.521, p < 0.001), self-control (β = −0.556, p < 0.001), and life satisfaction (β = −0.268, p < 0.001). Both academic self-efficacy (β = 0.242, p < 0.001) and self-control (β = 0.317, p < 0.001) significantly predicted life satisfaction. The total indirect effect of academic procrastination on life satisfaction was significant, with academic self-efficacy and self-control acting as significant serial mediators (β = −0.349, 95% CI [−0.452, −0.235]). Academic procrastination reduces life satisfaction among nursing and midwifery students, but this negative effect can be mitigated through enhanced academic self-efficacy and self-control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Regret and the Myth of the Good Mother: A Psychosocial Thematic Analysis of Italian Women in a Patriarchal Culture

by Erika Iacona, Maria Masina and Ines Testoni

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1433; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111433 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 50

Abstract

Motherhood regret still constitutes a major taboo that limits the possibility of processing the negative exposure to being a mother. This qualitative study involved Italian women living both in Italy and abroad, where traditional patriarchal thinking remains influential. Sixteen women defining themselves as [...] Read more.

Motherhood regret still constitutes a major taboo that limits the possibility of processing the negative exposure to being a mother. This qualitative study involved Italian women living both in Italy and abroad, where traditional patriarchal thinking remains influential. Sixteen women defining themselves as ‘regretful were interviewed to explore their experiences of regret, the changes following the birth of children, family and social support, and employment. The thematic analysis highlighted several recurring themes: the idealisation of motherhood and the hidden struggles it conceals; the guilt associated with feeling inadequate and the indifference of some fathers; the social pressure that compels women to conform to maternal expectations; the perception of being trapped in a predefined role; and the conflict between personal identity and the ideal of the “perfect mother.”. The findings reveal that maternal regret is deeply intertwined with internalised patriarchal norms, the myth of the “good mother,” and the social expectation of women’s self-sacrifice. Despite recognising these as cultural constructs, participants expressed feelings of guilt, anger, and inadequacy, intensified by the unequal division of domestic and parental responsibilities. This issue and the need for a revival of women’s consciousness-raising groups to open a space for dialogue on the topic in countries where patriarchy is still strong, such as Italy, are discussed. Full article

22 pages, 1312 KB

Open AccessReview

Promoting Child Wellness: A Narrative Review of Positive Childhood Experiences

by Cynthia R. Rovnaghi, Donovan Castilla-Liu, Ashley M. Lee, Akul Shrivastava and Kanwaljeet J. S. Anand

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1432; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111432 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 71

Abstract

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are increasingly recognized as critical factors that promote resilience, emotional regulation, and flourishing in children, especially in the context of adversity. This narrative review explores the conceptual development, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks underpinning the role of PCEs in [...] Read more.

Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) are increasingly recognized as critical factors that promote resilience, emotional regulation, and flourishing in children, especially in the context of adversity. This narrative review explores the conceptual development, empirical evidence, and theoretical frameworks underpinning the role of PCEs in early childhood development. A critical assessment of the existing literature focuses on how PCEs function as promotive and protective factors and evaluates the strengths and limitations of current measurement tools. Drawing on theories from resilience science, developmental psychopathology, positive psychology, and ecological systems theory, this review highlights the complex, multidimensional nature of PCEs and their interplay with parenting styles, socioeconomic status, and the social drivers of health. Despite compelling evidence that PCEs influence cognitive, emotional, relational, and behavioral outcomes across the lifespan, there is no dedicated validated tool for prospectively measuring PCEs in preverbal or preschool-aged children. This gap limits our ability to design and test interventions to mitigate adverse childhood experiences and to assess their developmental impact in real time and subsequent periods. We conclude that future research should focus on creating culturally sensitive, developmentally appropriate instruments to measure PCEs in early life, essential for advancing equity, optimizing child health, and promoting wellness across diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Behav. Sci., Volume 15, Issue 11 (November 2025) – 20 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI