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Brain Sciences, Volume 8, Issue 2

2018 February - 18 articles

Cover Story: Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel is blocked, causing damage in the focal area and adjacent penumbra regions, as a result of ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI). Brain ischemia is strongly associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species and increased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). PC12 cells deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R), have been used to mimic some of the properties of cerebral IRI and have been instrumental in identifying mechanisms such as calcium overload, redox potential, lipid peroxidation and MAPKs modulation. This model was useful for establishing mechanisms of neuroprotection of bioactive compounds, drugs and growth factors secreted by stem cells, affecting the MAPK cascade and redox potential. The lesson learned from the PC12 OGD/R cell model calls for antioxidants and growth factors, as suitable drug candidates for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Articles (18)

  • Review
  • Open Access
85 Citations
14,506 Views
11 Pages

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review

  • Jérôme Brunelin,
  • Marine Mondino,
  • Rémy Bation,
  • Ulrich Palm,
  • Mohamed Saoud and
  • Emmanuel Poulet

24 February 2018

Despite the advances in psychopharmacology and established psychotherapeutic interventions, more than 40% of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not respond to conventional treatment approaches. Transcranial direct current stimulatio...

  • Review
  • Open Access
28 Citations
11,992 Views
10 Pages

Neurobiology of Propofol Addiction and Supportive Evidence: What Is the New Development?

  • Ming Xiong,
  • Nimisha Shiwalkar,
  • Kavya Reddy,
  • Peter Shin and
  • Alex Bekker

22 February 2018

Propofol is a short-acting intravenous anesthetic agent suitable for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia as well as for procedural and intensive care unit sedation. As such it has become an unparalleled anesthetic agent of choice in many...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
15,472 Views
13 Pages

Octodrine: New Questions and Challenges in Sport Supplements

  • Valeria Catalani,
  • Mariya Prilutskaya,
  • Ahmed Al-Imam,
  • Shanna Marrinan,
  • Yasmine Elgharably,
  • Mire Zloh,
  • Giovanni Martinotti,
  • Robert Chilcott and
  • Ornella Corazza

20 February 2018

Background: Octodrine is the trade name for Dimethylhexylamine (DMHA), a central nervous stimulant that increases the uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline. Originally developed as a nasal decongestant in the 1950’s, it has recently been re-introduce...

  • Feature Paper
  • Review
  • Open Access
32 Citations
19,193 Views
22 Pages

20 February 2018

Surgery of temporal lobe epilepsy is the best opportunity for seizure freedom in medically intractable patients. The surgical approach has evolved to recognize the paramount importance of the mesial temporal structures in the majority of patients wit...

  • Review
  • Open Access
205 Citations
20,470 Views
12 Pages

18 February 2018

Neurodegeneration is a complex process that leads to irreversible neuronal damage and death in spinal cord injury (SCI) and various neurodegenerative diseases, which are serious, debilitating conditions. Despite exhaustive research, the cause of neur...

  • Review
  • Open Access
41 Citations
8,941 Views
31 Pages

8 February 2018

This review surveys the efforts taken to investigate in vitro neuroprotective features of synthetic compounds and cell-released growth factors on PC12 clonal cell line temporarily deprived of oxygen and glucose followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). Thes...

  • Review
  • Open Access
13 Citations
10,400 Views
15 Pages

Acute Confusional Migraine: Distinct Clinical Entity or Spectrum of Migraine Biology?

  • Ashar M. Farooqi,
  • Jennifer M. Padilla and
  • Teshamae S. Monteith

7 February 2018

The goal of this review is to explore the literature reports of acute confusional migraine (ACM) including patient characteristics, migraine symptomatology, and proposed diagnostic criteria. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus and...

  • Review
  • Open Access
45 Citations
7,666 Views
11 Pages

7 February 2018

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is known as one of the most devastating diseases in the central nervous system. In the past few decades, research on SAH has focused on cerebral vasospasm to prevent post-SAH delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) an...

  • Review
  • Open Access
38 Citations
6,134 Views
17 Pages

With a Little Help from My Friends: The Role of Intraoperative Fluorescent Dyes in the Surgical Management of High-Grade Gliomas

  • Rosario Maugeri,
  • Alessandro Villa,
  • Mariangela Pino,
  • Alessia Imperato,
  • Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva,
  • Gabriele Costantino,
  • Francesca Graziano,
  • Carlo Gulì,
  • Francesco Meli and
  • Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
  • + 1 author

7 February 2018

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most frequent primary malignant brain tumors in adults, which lead to death within two years of diagnosis. Maximal safe resection of malignant gliomas as the first step of multimodal therapy is an accepted goal in ma...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
9,957 Views
15 Pages

Electric Field Comparison between Microelectrode Recording and Deep Brain Stimulation Systems—A Simulation Study

  • Fabiola Alonso,
  • Dorian Vogel,
  • Johannes Johansson,
  • Karin Wårdell and
  • Simone Hemm

6 February 2018

The success of deep brain stimulation (DBS) relies primarily on the localization of the implanted electrode. Its final position can be chosen based on the results of intraoperative microelectrode recording (MER) and stimulation tests. The optimal pos...

  • Review
  • Open Access
105 Citations
14,434 Views
13 Pages

ABCA7 and Pathogenic Pathways of Alzheimer’s Disease

  • Tomonori Aikawa,
  • Marie-Louise Holm and
  • Takahisa Kanekiyo

5 February 2018

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) reporter family functions to regulate the homeostasis of phospholipids and cholesterol in the central nervous system, as well as peripheral tissues. ABCA7 belongs to the A subfamily of ABC transporters, which shares 54%...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
7,312 Views
25 Pages

Consonant and Vowel Processing in Word Form Segmentation: An Infant ERP Study

  • Katie Von Holzen,
  • Leo-Lyuki Nishibayashi and
  • Thierry Nazzi

31 January 2018

Segmentation skill and the preferential processing of consonants (C-bias) develop during the second half of the first year of life and it has been proposed that these facilitate language acquisition. We used Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
5,709 Views
9 Pages

31 January 2018

We examined how well typical adult listeners remember the speech of a person with a voice disorder (relative to that of a person without a voice disorder). Participants (n = 40) listened to two lists of words (one list uttered in a disordered voice a...

  • Review
  • Open Access
30 Citations
9,444 Views
12 Pages

The Emerging Role of Tractography in Deep Brain Stimulation: Basic Principles and Current Applications

  • Nelson B. Rodrigues,
  • Karim Mithani,
  • Ying Meng,
  • Nir Lipsman and
  • Clement Hamani

29 January 2018

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an MRI-based technique that delineates white matter tracts in the brain by tracking the diffusion of water in neural tissue. This methodology, known as “tractography”, has been extensively applied in clinical neurosc...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
9,648 Views
15 Pages

Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Substance Use Disorders and Delay Discounting

  • Canan B. Peisker,
  • Thomas Schüller,
  • Jan Peters,
  • Ben J. Wagner,
  • Leonhard Schilbach,
  • Ulf J. Müller,
  • Veerle Visser-Vandewalle and
  • Jens Kuhn

27 January 2018

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shows first promising results in patients with severe substance use disorder (SUD), a patient group known to have deficits in self-control. One facet of self-control is the ability to forego...

  • Review
  • Open Access
133 Citations
98,245 Views
10 Pages

26 January 2018

Our actions can be triggered by intentions, incentives or intrinsic values. Recent neuroscientific research has yielded some results about the growth mindset and intrinsic motivation. With the advances in neuroscience and motivational studies, there...

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Brain Sci. - ISSN 2076-3425