The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Collection
Experimental Design
2.3. Data Analysis
Determining Species Richness, Plant Diversity, and Evenness
2.4. Complementarity and Similarity
3. Results
3.1. Species Richness, Diversity, and Evenness
Species Identification: Family Name, Binomial Nomenclature, Plant Type, Origin, and Status
3.2. Species Accumulation and Rarefaction Curves for Woody Vegetation
3.3. Species Richness
3.4. Species Diversity
3.5. Species Evenness
3.6. Rank Abundance Curves
3.7. Complementarity and Similarity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Species | Plant Type | Origin | Site Occurred | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aizoaceae | Galenia africana L. | Shrub | South Africa | S, O, | |
Aizoaceae | Galenia pubescens L. | Dwarf shrub | South Africa | O | |
Aizoaceae | Lampranthus uniflorus L. Bolus | Succulent-Shrub | South Africa | S | |
Aizoaceae | Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. | Succulent | South Africa | S, O, L | |
Aizoaceae | Prenia tetragona Thunb. | Succulent | South Africa | ||
Aizoaceae | Psilocaulon coriarium Burch. ex N.E. Br. | Succulent-Shrub | South Africa | S | |
Aizoaceae | Tetragonia tetragonioides Pall. | Shrub | Eastern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand | S, L | ** |
Amaranthaceae | Atriplex muelleri L. | Dwarf shrub | Australia | S, O | * |
Amaranthaceae | Atriplex semibaccata L. | Dwarf shrub | Australlia | S, O, L | ** |
Amaranthaceae | Atriplex vestita L. | Shrub | South Africa | O, L | |
Amaranthaceae | Bassia salsoloides Fenzl | Dwarf shrub | South Africa | O | |
Amaranthaceae | Salsola barbata Aellen | Shrub | South Africa | S | |
Anacardiaceae | Searsia pendulina Jacq. | Tree | South Africa | L | |
Asteraceae | Chrysocoma ciliata L. | Shrub | O | ||
Asteraceae | Oncosiphon piluliferum L.f. | Herb | South Africa | O | |
Asteraceae | Senecio burchellii DC. | Shrub/Dwarf shrub | South Africa | O | |
Brassicaceae | Sisymbrium sp. L. | Herb | Naturalised-introduced in South Africa | O | |
Brassicaceae | Unidentified | Herb | O | ||
Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium murale L. | Herb | Europe and parts of Asia and northern Africa | L | * |
Ebenaceae | Diospyros lycioides Desf. | Tree/Shrub | South Africa | L | |
Fabaceae | Medicago sativa L. | Herb | Naturalised-introduced in South Africa | O | |
Fabaceae | Prosopis hybrid L. | Tree/Shrub | Mexico, Central and northern South America | L | * |
Fabaceae | Prosopis juliflora L. | Tree/Shrub | Mexico, Central and northern South America | L | ** |
Fabaceae | Vachellia karroo Hayne | Tree/Shrub | South Africa | S, O, L | |
Juncaceae | Juncus kraussii Hochst. | Herb | South Africa | O | |
Papaveraceae | Argemone albiflora Hornem. | Forb/Herb | North America | O | * |
Papaveraceae | Argemone mexicana L. | Forb/Herb | Mexico | O | ** |
Poaceae | Cenchrussp. | Graminoid | South Africa | S | |
Poaceae | Cenchrus ciliaris L. | Graminoid | South Africa | O, L | |
Poaceae | Cynodon dactylon L. | Graminoid | South Africa | O, L | |
Poaceae | Enneapogon desvauxii P.Beauv. | Graminoid | South Africa | O | |
Poaceae | Hordeum murinum L. | Graminoid | South Africa | O | |
Poaceae | Stipagrostis namaquensis Nees | Graminoid | South Africa | O, L | |
Santalaceae | Viscum rotundifolium L.f. | Hemiparasite | South Africa | S | |
Scrophulariaceae | Sutera sp.Roth | Shrub | South Africa | S | |
Solanaceae | Lycium hirsutum Dunal | Shrub/Dwarf shrub | S, L | ||
Solanaceae | Lycium oxycarpum Dunal | Shrub/Occasional tree | South Africa | O, L | |
Solanaceae | Solanum tomentosum L. | Shrub/Dwarf shrub | South Africa | O | |
Tamaricaceae | Exotic Tamarix (T. ramossissima L. and T. chinensis L.) | Tree/Shrub | Eurasia | S, O, L | ** |
Tamaricaceae | Tamarix usneoides L. | Tree/Shrub | Eurasia and South Africa | L | |
Zygophyllaceae | Zygophyllum retrofractum Thunb. | Succulent-Shrub | South Africa | S, L |
Similarity and Complementarity Index | Leeu River | Swart River |
---|---|---|
Jaccard Index | ||
Olifants River | 21 | 23 |
Leeu River | 17 | |
Sorenson’s index | ||
Olifants River | 34 | 38 |
Leeu River | 29 |
Leeu River | Olifants River | Swart River | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Similarity and Complementarity Index | Zone 2 | Zone 3 | Zone 2 | Zone 3 | Zone 2 | Zone 3 |
Jaccard Index | ||||||
Zone 1 | 36 | 50 | 44 | 41 | 83 | 83 |
Zone 2 | - | 36 | - | 70 | - | 100 |
Sorenson’s index | ||||||
Zone 1 | 53 | 67 | 62 | 52 | 91 | 91 |
Zone 2 | - | 53 | - | 82 | - | 100 |
Plant | Economic Resources | Ecological Resources |
---|---|---|
Atriplex semibaccata | Gr, Md, Ed | Sf, We |
Chenopodium murale | Md, Ed, Ar | Sf |
Cynodon dactylon | Gr, Md, Fu | Sf, Re, Sh |
Hordeum murinum | Gr, Md | Sf |
Juncus kraussii | Gr, Han, Ot | Sf, Re, St, Wb, Ot |
Lycium hirsutum | Gr, Md, Ed, Fu, Fe, Ot | Sf, Re, Sh, Sr, Wb, Rs |
Lycium oxycarpum | Gr, Md, Ed, Fu, Fe, Ot | Sf, Re, Sh, Sr, Wb, Rs |
Medicago sativa | Gr | Sr |
Salsola barbata | Gr, Md, Ed, Fu | Ot |
Senecio burchellii | Gr, Md, Ed | Sf, We |
Sisymbrium sp. | Gr | - |
Solanum tomentosum | Md | Sf |
Stipagrostis namaquensis | Gr, Md | Sf, Sr |
Tamarix usneoides | Gr, Md, Fu, Or, Ot | Sf, Re, Sh, Wb, Rs |
Zygophyllum retrofractum | Md, Ot | Sf, St, Wb, Rs |
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Setshedi, K.T.A.; Newete, S.W. The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity. Agriculture 2020, 10, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090395
Setshedi KTA, Newete SW. The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity. Agriculture. 2020; 10(9):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090395
Chicago/Turabian StyleSetshedi, Kgalalelo Tshimologo Annie, and Solomon Wakshom Newete. 2020. "The Impact of Exotic Tamarix Species on Riparian Plant Biodiversity" Agriculture 10, no. 9: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090395