Previous Issue
Volume 16, September
 
 

J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 16, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 38 articles

  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
20 pages, 81766 KB  
Article
Experimental Biomechanical Analysis of the Bone-to-Implant Connection in Single-Piece Implants
by Karina Krawiec, Adam Kurzawa, Jakub J. Słowiński, Calin Romulus Fodor and Łukasz Pałka
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100393 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
The mechanical properties of dental implants are critical for their durability. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum force required to induce full pull-out of a titanium implant from the bone and to characterize the mechanical behavior during this process. [...] Read more.
The mechanical properties of dental implants are critical for their durability. The purpose of this study was to determine the maximum force required to induce full pull-out of a titanium implant from the bone and to characterize the mechanical behavior during this process. First, pull-out tests were performed on monolithic implants embedded in bovine ribs and foam blocks that mimic the mechanical parameters of human bone, allowing a quantitative evaluation of implant–bone interface strength and a comparison of geometric variants. Second, the extraction process was recreated in a three dimensional finite element model incorporating nonlinear interface contact and parameterization, enabling the reproduction of load–displacement curves; the results obtained showed good agreement with the experiment. Third, the fracture surfaces were observed macroscopically and by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results demonstrated significant distinctions in the forces required to extract implants with varying thread geometries, clearly indicating the impact of implant design on their mechanical stability. The presented FEM-based methodology provides a reliable tool to study mechanical interactions at the implant–bone interface. The findings obtained can improve our understanding of implant behavior in biological systems and provide a basis for further optimization of their design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8122 KB  
Article
Biological Characterization of 3D-Printed, Sintered Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds Obtained by Fused Filament Fabrication: An In Vitro Study
by Eddy Shan, Cristina Chamorro, Ana Ferrández-Montero, Rosa M. Martin-Rodriguez, Leire Virto, María José Marín, Begoña Ferrari, Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Elena Figuero and Mariano Sanz
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100392 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell [...] Read more.
This study characterized the biological response of MG-63 cells to synthetic, hydroxyapatite scaffolds (HAsint) fabricated via fused filament fabrication. Scaffolds were compared to 2D plate-adherent cultures using six assays: cell morphology and distribution with scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy; cell proliferation and cytotoxicity via WST-1 tetrazolium assay; relative osteogenic gene expression through reverse-transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and protein synthesis via multiplex immunoassay. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results confirmed high cell viability and uniform distribution on HAsint scaffolds. Proliferation increased significantly over 7 days, though direct cytotoxicity also increased, likely due to the static conditions of the experiment and, subsequently, the high ion reprecipitation from scaffold degradation. Importantly, HAsint scaffolds significantly enhanced osteogenic marker expression of phosphatase alkaline (ALPL), osteopontin (OPN), and osteocalcin (OCN) genes, and elevated concentrations of interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8 and matrix metalloproteinase 1 compared to plate-adherent controls. It can be concluded that 3D-printed HAsint scaffolds support robust osteogenic differentiation and proliferation despite inducing a transient cytotoxic response in vitro. The marked upregulation of key osteogenic genes and proteins confirms the scaffolds’ bioactivity and highlights their potential for bone tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Processing Functional Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 11033 KB  
Article
Strength–Ductility Synergy in Biodegradable Mg-Rare Earth Alloy Processed via Multi-Directional Forging
by Faseeulla Khan Mohammad, Uzwalkiran Rokkala, Sohail M. A. K. Mohammed, Hussain Altammar, Syed Quadir Moinuddin and Raffi Mohammed
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100391 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, a biodegradable Mg-Zn-Nd-Gd alloy was processed via multi-directional forging (MDF) to evaluate its microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of grain size and texture on mechanical strength and [...] Read more.
In this study, a biodegradable Mg-Zn-Nd-Gd alloy was processed via multi-directional forging (MDF) to evaluate its microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion behavior. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence of grain size and texture on mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. The average grain size decreased significantly from 118 ± 5 μm in the homogenized state to 30 ± 10 μm after six MDF passes, primarily driven by discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). Remarkably, this magnesium (Mg) alloy exhibited a rare synergistic enhancement in both strength and ductility, with ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increasing by ~59%, yield strength (YS) by ~90%, while elongation improved by ~44% unlike conventional severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques that often sacrifice ductility for strength. This improvement is attributed to grain refinement, dispersion strengthening from finely distributed Mg12Nd and Mg7Zn3 precipitates, and texture weakening, which facilitated the activation of non-basal slip systems. Despite the mechanical improvements, electrochemical corrosion testing in Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 37 °C revealed an increased corrosion rate from 0.1165 mm/yr in homogenized condition to 0.2499 mm/yr (after six passes of MDF. This was due to the higher fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), weak basal texture, and the presence of electrochemically active fine Mg7Zn3 particles. However, the corrosion rate remained within the acceptable range for bioresorbable implant applications, indicating a favorable trade-off between mechanical performance and degradation behavior. These findings demonstrate that MDF processing effectively enhances the strength–ductility synergy of Mg-rare earth alloys while maintaining a clinically acceptable degradation rate, thereby presenting a promising route for next-generation biomedical implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3310 KB  
Article
Developments and Assessments of Crude Tea Saponin-Incorporated Silica Nanoparticles for Their Bioactivity Improvement
by Tanrada Likitsatian, Pimpisid Koonyosying, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Patcharawan Srisilapanan, Somdet Srichairatanakool and Jetsada Ruangsuriya
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100390 - 17 Oct 2025
Abstract
The use of saponins with biosurfactant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties is limited by their toxicity and bioavailability. This study focused on the fabrication, characterization, and bioactivity of crude tea saponin (TS) and TS-incorporated silica nanoparticles (TSNPs). Our results showed that TS contained [...] Read more.
The use of saponins with biosurfactant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties is limited by their toxicity and bioavailability. This study focused on the fabrication, characterization, and bioactivity of crude tea saponin (TS) and TS-incorporated silica nanoparticles (TSNPs). Our results showed that TS contained seven saponins and that TSNPs had an average diameter of 200–300 nm, a negative surface charge, and high polydispersity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed an incorporation bond of Si-O- and -OH controlling releasing behavior with t50 = 24 h. Using HaCaT cells, it was demonstrated that TSNPs reduced cytotoxicity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was lowered in both TS and TSNP treatments, with significantly greater efficacy at higher concentrations. Additionally, TSNPs significantly accelerated cell migration in the wound closure model as efficiently as TGFβ. Together, these findings offer promising TSNPs for biomedical applications and therapeutic agents due to their antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity protection, and wound closure acceleration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
14 pages, 4148 KB  
Article
Plate Breakage After Mandibular Condylar Fracture Osteosynthesis
by Marcin Kozakiewicz, Paulina Agier and Paulina Pruszyńska
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100389 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 364
Abstract
Despite the significant ongoing development of fixation materials, plate breakages still occur after osteosynthesis of the mandibular condyles. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the complications caused by fixation material breakages in the hope of inspiring the development of new, more [...] Read more.
Despite the significant ongoing development of fixation materials, plate breakages still occur after osteosynthesis of the mandibular condyles. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the complications caused by fixation material breakages in the hope of inspiring the development of new, more durable plates; we analyzed a total of 238 plates used for osteosynthesis in this anatomical region. Cases where compression screws were used as the sole fixation material were excluded. Plate breakage was found in six cases, which accounted for 2.52% of treated individuals. It seems that most plate breakages can be avoided by maintaining effective patient supervision for up to 6 months after surgery. Risk factors for breakage are identified and guidelines for improving the design of future plates are provided. By analyzing some plate design features, we provide some indications for improving their strength and improving their designs for use in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2210 KB  
Article
Antibacterial PEEK-Ag Surfaces: Development and In Vitro Evaluation Against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
by Flávio Rodrigues, Mariana Fernandes, Filipe Samuel Silva, Óscar Carvalho and Sara Madeira
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100388 - 16 Oct 2025
Viewed by 220
Abstract
In the pursuit of addressing the persistent challenge of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in dental care, this study investigates the efficacy of electric current as an alternative strategy, specifically focusing on its application in dental contexts. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), known for [...] Read more.
In the pursuit of addressing the persistent challenge of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation in dental care, this study investigates the efficacy of electric current as an alternative strategy, specifically focusing on its application in dental contexts. Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), known for its excellent biocompatibility and resistance to bacterial plaque, was enhanced with conductive properties by incorporating silver (Ag), a well-known antibacterial material. Through systematic in vitro experiments, the effectiveness of alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) in reducing bacterial proliferation was evaluated. The tests were conducted using two bacterial strains: the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Various configurations, current parameters, and two different electrode configurations were assessed to determine their impact on bacterial reduction. A notable finding from this study is that alternating current (AC) demonstrates superior efficacy compared to direct current (DC). The more significant decrease in CFUs/mL for P. aeruginosa with AC was recorded at the current levels of 5 mA and 500 nA. In opposition, S. aureus exhibited the greatest reduction at 5 mA and 1 mA. This study highlights the potential of using electric current within specific intensity ranges as an alternative strategy to effectively mitigate bacterial challenges in dental care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Antibacterial Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 462 KB  
Article
Efficacy of an Oscillating Chitosan Brush Versus an Air Abrasive Device in the Management of Peri-Implant Mucositis: A Randomized Clinical Trial
by Kerem Bahçeci, Bahattin Alper Gültekin and Serdar Yalçın
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100387 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 290
Abstract
This randomized, prospective clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the oscillating chitosan brush (OCB) and an air-abrasive device (AAD) in improving clinical outcomes during non-surgical management of peri-implant mucositis. Fifty-eight patients were randomized and received baseline treatment; of these, 50 [...] Read more.
This randomized, prospective clinical trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of the oscillating chitosan brush (OCB) and an air-abrasive device (AAD) in improving clinical outcomes during non-surgical management of peri-implant mucositis. Fifty-eight patients were randomized and received baseline treatment; of these, 50 completed the 6-month follow-up. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), and plaque index (PI) were assessed at six locations per implant and measured again at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months post-treatment. Differences between groups and time points were analyzed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Friedman, and Fisher’s Exact Test). Both treatment groups demonstrated significant improvements in PPD, BoP, and PI at the 6-month evaluation compared to baseline (p < 0.05). At 24 weeks, the OCB group showed faster reductions in PPD and PI compared with the AAD group (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively), while BoP did not differ significantly (p = 0.41). Considering the constraints of this 6-month clinical study, the non-surgical management of peri-implant mucositis using both OCB and AAD resulted in comparable clinical outcomes. Both approaches demonstrated a consistent ability to improve clinical parameters associated with this condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3494 KB  
Article
Fibronectin- and Bioactive Glass-Modified Alginate Scaffolds Support Limited Primary Cell Proliferation In Vitro yet Demonstrate Effective Host Integration In Vivo
by Benedetta Guagnini, Andrea Mazzoleni, Adrien Moya, Arnaud Scherberich, Barbara Medagli, Ivan Martin, Davide Porrelli, Manuele G. Muraro and Gianluca Turco
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100386 - 15 Oct 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Alginate-hydroxyapatite (AL) scaffolds modified with fibronectin (FN) or bioactive glass (BGMS10) have recently been characterized for their physicochemical properties and proposed as promising candidates for bone regeneration. Here, we present their first systematic biological evaluation, focusing on adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and in [...] Read more.
Alginate-hydroxyapatite (AL) scaffolds modified with fibronectin (FN) or bioactive glass (BGMS10) have recently been characterized for their physicochemical properties and proposed as promising candidates for bone regeneration. Here, we present their first systematic biological evaluation, focusing on adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and in vivo host response. We compared FN-, BG-, and unmodified AL scaffolds using an immortalized mesenchymal stromal cell line (M-SOD) and primary human bone marrow-derived (BM-MSCs) and adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). FN scaffolds enhanced initial adhesion across all cell types and supported proliferation in M-SODs, but primary BM-MSCs and ASCs showed minimal expansion, regardless of scaffold type. BG scaffolds promoted expression of late-stage osteogenic markers in BM-MSCs, consistent with their ion release profile, but had limited impact on ASCs. In vivo subcutaneous implantation of acellular scaffolds in nude mice revealed robust host cell infiltration and extracellular matrix deposition across all scaffold types, confirming biocompatibility and integration. However, vascularization remained limited and did not differ substantially between formulations. Together, these findings highlight a critical discrepancy between immortalized and primary stromal cell responses to scaffold cues, underscoring the choice of cell source when evaluating the biocompatibility of a novel scaffold. At the same time, the effective in vivo integration observed across scaffold types emphasizes the importance of host tissue responses for translational evaluation of functional biomaterials. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1655 KB  
Review
Opportunities and Risks of Promoting Skin and Bone Healing via Implant Biofunctionalization of Extracellular Matrix Protein ECM1
by Niklas R. Braun, Andreas K. Nüssler and Sabrina Ehnert
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100385 - 14 Oct 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Impaired bone regeneration and wound healing represent a major clinical and socioeconomic challenge for our aging and multimorbid population. Fracture and wound healing share many common features, with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) being a key regulator of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast activation, and [...] Read more.
Impaired bone regeneration and wound healing represent a major clinical and socioeconomic challenge for our aging and multimorbid population. Fracture and wound healing share many common features, with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) being a key regulator of inflammation, angiogenesis, fibroblast activation, and matrix remodeling. The dysregulation of TGF-β signaling is a hallmark of chronic wounds, excessive scar formation, and fracture non-union. Extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) plays a crucial role in the activation of latent TGF-β. As a protein of the extracellular matrix, ECM1 offers ideal conditions for the biofunctionalization of bone implants or wound patches. Its mode of action has been studied mainly in fibrosis models of the liver or heart, where TGF-β acts as a driver of the disease. The controlled knock-out or overexpression of ECM1 either promoted or improved fibrosis development. In this review, we discuss how these findings can be applied to the biofunctionalization of implants to support bone and wound healing, considering the impact of TGF-β on the different healing phases. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 3659 KB  
Review
Natural Polymers, Their Modifications and Composites with Synthetic Polymers for Tympanic Membrane Regeneration
by Roman O. Shaikenov, Polina G. Serbun, Jingran Zhang, Hao Wu, Zuobin Wang, Petr P. Snetkov and Svetlana N. Morozkina
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100384 - 13 Oct 2025
Viewed by 694
Abstract
The perforation of the tympanic membrane is a world-wide clinical problem resulting from trauma or infection and requiring effective regeneration methods. In recent years researchers have focused on natural polymers as promising materials for restoring the structure and function of the tympanic membrane. [...] Read more.
The perforation of the tympanic membrane is a world-wide clinical problem resulting from trauma or infection and requiring effective regeneration methods. In recent years researchers have focused on natural polymers as promising materials for restoring the structure and function of the tympanic membrane. This review summarizes current advances in the use of natural polymers, such as silk fibroin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, collagen, bacterial cellulose, alginates and others, for the treatment of tympanic membrane perforations. The key properties of these materials are discussed, including their biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and ability to support cell adhesion and proliferation. The review also covers the potential of natural polymers and their combinations in tympanic membrane regeneration and suggests the directions for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 2552 KB  
Review
Acellular Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds in Regenerative Medicine: Advances in Decellularization and Clinical Applications
by Caijun Jin, Xinrui Zhang, Yongxun Jin, Pham Ngoc Chien and Chan Yeong Heo
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100383 - 12 Oct 2025
Viewed by 460
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds preserve native tissue structure and biochemical cues while minimizing immune responses, creating biomimetic templates that promote cell integration and tissue remodeling. This review examines the current state of dECM research, encompassing decellularization methods, scaffold quality evaluation assays, and [...] Read more.
Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds preserve native tissue structure and biochemical cues while minimizing immune responses, creating biomimetic templates that promote cell integration and tissue remodeling. This review examines the current state of dECM research, encompassing decellularization methods, scaffold quality evaluation assays, and tissue-specific applications across dermis, nerve, heart, lung, adipose, and placental ECMs. We analyze commercially available dECM products and ongoing clinical trials, while highlighting recent advances including 3D bioprinting and the integration of dECM with stem cells and growth factors. Despite these promising developments, several challenges continue to limit broader clinical translation: protocol standardization, residual immunogenicity, mechanical durability, and regulatory, manufacturing, and cost barriers. To address these limitations, we outline future directions focusing on patient-specific scaffolds, scalable bioprocessing, and integrated biofabrication strategies that will enable the development of safe and effective dECM-based therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4247 KB  
Article
Endoscope-Assisted or Skin-Approach Osteosynthesis of Mandibular Condylar Fracture—A Comparison
by Paulina Agier, Dominik Szczeciński and Marcin Kozakiewicz
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100382 - 11 Oct 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for mandibular condyle fractures remains a controversial and challenging issue, with the exception of basal and low-neck fractures. Currently, there is a consensus that fractures causing irreparable malocclusion or dislocation, when the fracture line runs through the [...] Read more.
Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) for mandibular condyle fractures remains a controversial and challenging issue, with the exception of basal and low-neck fractures. Currently, there is a consensus that fractures causing irreparable malocclusion or dislocation, when the fracture line runs through the base or lower neck of the condyle, require ORIF. Due to the different characteristics of fractures, various surgical approaches and their modifications are available. The use of a minimally invasive intraoral approach during endoscope-assisted procedures is considered safer for the facial nerve and provides good esthetic results without facial scarring. This study aimed to compare two surgical approaches—retromandibular and intraoral—to examine post-operative outcomes and to guide surgical decision-making in the treatment of simple fractures of the base and low-neck condylar process of the mandible. Forty-nine patients (thirteen female, thirty-six male) were analyzed: eighteen were treated with the intraoral approach, and thirty-one with the retromandibular approach. There were no statistical differences in the duration of surgery, but intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in patients treated endoscopically compared with those treated with an extraoral approach. Post-operative facial nerve and TMJ function were comparable in both groups. The endoscope-treated patients were at a higher risk of fracture non-union, but these findings should be considered with connection with the small sample size. The intraoral approach is a valuable option for basal or low-neck fractures but demands significant surgical experience due to its technical complexity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Devices for Medical Interventions)
Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 2277 KB  
Review
Bioengineered In Situ-Forming Hydrogels as Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Postoperative Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: From Material Innovation to Clinical Translation
by Yan Yan, Yiling Chen, Litao Huang, Menghan Cai, Xia Yin, Yi Zhun Zhu and Li Ye
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100381 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 838
Abstract
Local recurrence after breast cancer surgery presents a critical challenge, demanding novel local immunotherapies capable of eliminating residual disease while avoiding systemic toxicity. In situ-forming hydrogels, functionalized with bioactive cargoes, represent a promising platform for precise spatiotemporal drug delivery directly into the post-resection [...] Read more.
Local recurrence after breast cancer surgery presents a critical challenge, demanding novel local immunotherapies capable of eliminating residual disease while avoiding systemic toxicity. In situ-forming hydrogels, functionalized with bioactive cargoes, represent a promising platform for precise spatiotemporal drug delivery directly into the post-resection tumor microenvironment. This review comprehensively examines the core design principles governing these advanced materials, highlighting their biocompatibility, stimuli-responsive behavior, tunable mechanics for conforming to surgical cavity, and capacity for multifunctional integration. A key mechanism discussed is how this controlled release profile orchestrates a temporal progression from innate immune activation to robust adaptive immunity. Despite significant promise, translational success faces substantial hurdles, including efficacy validation, scalable manufacturing, regulatory pathway definition, and the lack of predictive biomarkers. Future research priorities include optimizing drug/antigen release kinetics, establishing standardized characterization methods for complex biohybrid systems, and designing adaptive clinical trials incorporating detailed immunomonitoring. By integrating functional biomaterials with immuno-oncology, in situ-forming hydrogels offer a paradigm-shifting approach for postoperative cancer treatment. This review provides a strategic roadmap to accelerate their translation from bench to bedside. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5979 KB  
Article
Improving the Biocompatibility of Plant-Derived Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Using Heat Treatment
by Arvind Ramsamooj, Nicole Gorbenko, Cristian Olivares, Sashane John and Nick Merna
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100380 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 735
Abstract
Small-diameter vascular grafts often fail due to thrombosis and compliance mismatch. Decellularized plant scaffolds are a biocompatible, sustainable alternative. Leatherleaf viburnum leaves provide natural architecture and mechanical integrity suitable for tissue-engineered vessels. However, the persistence of immunogenic plant biomolecules and limited degradability remain [...] Read more.
Small-diameter vascular grafts often fail due to thrombosis and compliance mismatch. Decellularized plant scaffolds are a biocompatible, sustainable alternative. Leatherleaf viburnum leaves provide natural architecture and mechanical integrity suitable for tissue-engineered vessels. However, the persistence of immunogenic plant biomolecules and limited degradability remain barriers to clinical use. This study tested whether mild heat treatment improves scaffold biocompatibility without compromising mechanical performance. Decellularized leatherleaf viburnum scaffolds were treated at 30–40 °C in 5% NaOH for 15–60 min and then evaluated via tensile testing, burst pressure analysis, scanning electron microscopy, histology, and in vitro assays with white blood cells and endothelial cells. Scaffold properties were compared to those of untreated controls. Heat treatment did not significantly affect scaffold thickness but decreased fiber area fraction and diameter across all anatomical layers. Scaffolds treated at 30–35 °C for ≤30 min retained >90% of tensile strength and achieved burst pressures ≥820 mmHg, exceeding physiological arterial pressures. Heat treatment reduced surface fractal dimension while increasing entropy and lacunarity, producing a smoother but more heterogeneous microarchitecture. White blood cell viability increased up to 2.5-fold and endothelial cell seeding efficiency improved with treatment duration, with 60 min producing near-confluent monolayers. Mild alkaline heat treatment therefore improved immune compatibility and endothelialization while preserving mechanical integrity, offering a simple, scalable modification to advance plant-derived scaffolds for grafting. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 8391 KB  
Article
Short Expandable-Wing Suture Anchor for Osteoporotic and Small Bone Fixation: Validation in a 3D-Printed Coracoclavicular Reconstruction Model
by Chia-Hung Tsai, Shao-Fu Huang, Rong-Chen Lin, Pao-Wei Lee, Cheng-Ying Lee and Chun-Li Lin
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100379 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 505
Abstract
Suture anchors are widely used for tendon and ligament repair, but their fixation strength is compromised in osteoporotic bone and limited bone volume such as the coracoid process. Existing designs are prone to penetration and insufficient cortical engagement under such conditions. In this [...] Read more.
Suture anchors are widely used for tendon and ligament repair, but their fixation strength is compromised in osteoporotic bone and limited bone volume such as the coracoid process. Existing designs are prone to penetration and insufficient cortical engagement under such conditions. In this study, we developed a novel short expandable-wing (SEW) suture anchor (Ti6Al4V) designed to enhance pull-out resistance through a deployable wing mechanism that locks directly against the cortical bone. Finite element analysis based on CT-derived bone material properties demonstrated reduced intra-bone displacement and improved load transfer with the SEW compared to conventional anchors. Mechanical testing using matched artificial bone surrogates (N = 3 per group) demonstrated significantly higher static pull-out strength in both normal (581 N) and osteoporotic bone (377 N) relative to controls (p < 0.05). Although the sample size was limited, results were consistent and statistically significant. After cyclic loading, SEW anchor fixation strength increased by 25–56%. In a 3D-printed anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction model, the SEW anchor provided nearly double the fixation strength of the hook plate, underscoring its superior stability under high-demand clinical conditions. This straightforward implantation protocol—requiring only a 5 mm drill hole without tapping, followed by direct insertion and knob-driven wing deployment—facilitates seamless integration into existing surgical workflows. Overall, the SEW anchor addresses key limitations of existing anchor designs in small bone volume and osteoporotic environments, demonstrating strong potential for clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Printing and Biomaterials for Medical Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 5806 KB  
Article
A Preliminary Randomized Trial on the Efficiency and Clinical Value of a Cementless Screw-Retained Implant Workflow in Single-Implant Restorations
by Sang-Yoon Park, Sung-Woon On, Tae-Yoon Park, Seoung-Won Cho, Sang-Min Yi, Soo-Hwan Byun, Hyun-Sook Han, Lee-Kyoung Kim and Byoung-Eun Yang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100378 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 649
Abstract
This randomized controlled clinical trial compared a conventional combined screw- and cement-retained prosthesis (CSCRP) workflow (control group) with a fully digital cementless screw-retained prosthesis (CL-SRP) system (test group) for single posterior implant restorations. A total of 40 implants in 35 patients were allocated [...] Read more.
This randomized controlled clinical trial compared a conventional combined screw- and cement-retained prosthesis (CSCRP) workflow (control group) with a fully digital cementless screw-retained prosthesis (CL-SRP) system (test group) for single posterior implant restorations. A total of 40 implants in 35 patients were allocated to either workflow. Clinical procedure times, prosthetic accuracy, peri-implant soft tissue changes, and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed. The test group demonstrated significantly shorter total prosthetic time (p < 0.001) and impression-taking time (p < 0.001) compared with the control group. Prosthetic adjustment time (p = 0.211) and adjustment volume (p = 0.474) did not differ significantly. Gingival shape changes were likewise not statistically significant (p = 0.966). MBL was significantly lower in the test group (p < 0.05). From a prosthetic standpoint, both workflows yielded clinically acceptable outcomes; however, the digital CL-SRP approach improved procedural efficiency and early peri-implant bone preservation without compromising prosthetic quality. This trial had inherent limitations, including a short follow-up duration, a relatively small sample size, combined test conditions, and restriction to single posterior implants. Therefore, further long-term studies are warranted to confirm durability and broader clinical applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants)
Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7973 KB  
Article
Collagen Analogs Promote Tissue Regeneration in HSV-1-Infected Corneas in Animal Models
by Oleksiy Buznyk, Hamid Goodarzi, Jaime Gómez Laguna, Jaganmohan Reddy, Aneta Liszka, Elle Edin, Christos Boutopoulos, James Chodosh, Mohammad Mirazul Islam and May Griffith
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100377 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of infectious corneal blindness worldwide. Human donor corneal transplantation remains the primary treatment for scarred corneas resulting from herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), a severe inflammatory corneal disease caused by HSV-1 infection, despite a [...] Read more.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a leading cause of infectious corneal blindness worldwide. Human donor corneal transplantation remains the primary treatment for scarred corneas resulting from herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), a severe inflammatory corneal disease caused by HSV-1 infection, despite a high risk of re-infection or immune rejection of the allografts. As possible alternatives to donor grafting for HSK, we developed cell-free, regeneration-stimulating corneal implants designed to work even under adverse inflammatory situations such as severe infections. The implants comprised short, fully synthetic collagen-like peptides conjugated to polyethylene glycol (CLP-PEG) and crosslinked using carbodiimide chemistry. Being cell-free, they lacked the cellular targets that an already activated immune system would encounter in these inflamed corneas. We tested the performance of these implants in guinea pig and rabbit models of HSK. Three different HSV-1 strains were used to create experimental HSK in rabbits and guinea pigs. There were no overall statistically significant species differences or species–strain differences in virus-induced mortality. At three months post-operation, all treated corneas showed tissue regeneration, but with haze or neovascularization. The initially cell-free CLP-PEG implants allowed for repopulation by ingrowing cells to regenerate neocorneal tissue, despite the inflammation. However, they did not prevent HSV-1 reactivation nor re-infection, as neovascularization and disorganization were observed within the neocorneas. A detailed histopathological examination revealed viral strain differences, but only KOS infection showed interspecies neovascularization differences. A more detailed examination with larger numbers of animals is merited to fully elucidate the effects of the different viral strains on rabbits versus guinea pigs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1080 KB  
Article
Accuracy of Dynamic Navigation vs. Freehand Endodontic Access Cavity Preparation in 3-Dimensionally Printed Teeth with Severe Pulp Canal Calcification
by Egle Marija Urbone, Paulius Tusas, Ieva Gendviliene, Vygandas Rutkunas and Saulius Drukteinis
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100376 - 9 Oct 2025
Viewed by 537
Abstract
Background: Pulp canal calcification (PCC) poses a challenge for endodontic treatment, as it obscures the canal and increases the risk of complications. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of endodontic access cavity preparation using dynamic navigation (DN) and to compare it with [...] Read more.
Background: Pulp canal calcification (PCC) poses a challenge for endodontic treatment, as it obscures the canal and increases the risk of complications. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of endodontic access cavity preparation using dynamic navigation (DN) and to compare it with the freehand (FH) technique in teeth with severe PCC. Materials and Methods: Sixty 3D printed maxillary central incisors with simulated severe PCC were divided into two groups and accessed either with a DN system or by the conventional FH technique. Accuracy was evaluated by comparing planned and performed access cavity trajectories on preoperative and postoperative CBCT scans. Preparation time and procedural errors were recorded. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro–Wilk test. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: The DN group showed significantly lower apical point 3D deviation (1.25 vs. 1.96 mm, p = 0.001), apical point depth deviation (0.43 vs. 0.88 mm, p < 0.001), and angular deflection (1.93 vs. 5.71 degrees, p < 0.001) than the FH group. The DN group had fewer procedural errors. The endodontic access entry point deviation was comparable between both techniques (p = 0.395). The preparation time was significantly higher in the DN group (204 vs. 108.5 s, p < 0.001). Conclusions: DN significantly improves the accuracy of access cavity preparation in calcified canals compared to the FH approach, reducing the risk of complications. Therefore, DN can be a valuable tool for managing challenging endodontic cases. As guided endodontic access preparation can be more time-consuming, extended treatment appointments may be required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (3rd Edition))
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2084 KB  
Article
Fracture Resistance of 3D-Printed Hybrid Abutment Crowns Made from a Tooth-Colored Ceramic Filled Hybrid Composite: A Pilot Study
by Josef Schweiger, Kurt-Jürgen Erdelt, Isabel Lente, Daniel Edelhoff, Tobias Graf and Oliver Schubert
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100375 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
The aim of this pilot in vitro study is to investigate the fracture strength of hybrid abutment crowns (HACs) made of a 3D-printable, tooth-colored, ceramic-reinforced composite (CRC). Based on an upper first premolar, a crown was designed, and specimens were additively fabricated from [...] Read more.
The aim of this pilot in vitro study is to investigate the fracture strength of hybrid abutment crowns (HACs) made of a 3D-printable, tooth-colored, ceramic-reinforced composite (CRC). Based on an upper first premolar, a crown was designed, and specimens were additively fabricated from a composite material (VarseoSmile Crown plus) (N = 32). The crowns were bonded to standard abutments using a universal resin cement. Half (n = 16) of the samples were subjected to artificial aging, during which three samples suffered minor damage. All specimens were mechanically loaded at an angle of 30° to the implant axis. In addition, an FEM simulation was computed. Statistical analysis was performed at a significance level of p < 0.05. The mean fracture load without aging was 389.04 N (SD: 101.60 N). Two HACs suffered screw fracture, while the crowns itself failed in all other specimens. In the aged specimens, the mean fracture load was 391.19 N (SD: 143.30 N). The failure mode was predominantly catastrophic crown fracture. FEM analysis showed a maximum compressive stress of 39.79 MPa, a maximum tensile stress of 173.37 MPa and a shear stress of 60.29 MPa when loaded with 389 N. Within the limitations of this pilot study, the tested 3D-printed hybrid abutment crowns demonstrated fracture resistance above a clinically acceptable threshold, suggesting promising potential for clinical application. However, further investigations with larger sample sizes, control groups, and clinical follow-up are required. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 2513 KB  
Article
Long-Term Chemical Solubility of 2.3Y-TZP Dental Ceramics
by Lidija Ćurković, Sanja Štefančić, Irena Žmak, Vilko Mandić, Ivana Gabelica and Ketij Mehulić
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100374 - 8 Oct 2025
Viewed by 543
Abstract
In this study, the chemical solubility (stability) of yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (2.3Y-TZP) dental ceramics, both glazed (Group 2) and non-glazed samples (Group 1), was evaluated using a modified testing protocol based on ISO 6872:2024. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring ion release with [...] Read more.
In this study, the chemical solubility (stability) of yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (2.3Y-TZP) dental ceramics, both glazed (Group 2) and non-glazed samples (Group 1), was evaluated using a modified testing protocol based on ISO 6872:2024. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring ion release with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and by analyzing phase composition with X-ray diffraction (XRD). While ISO 6872 prescribes chemical stability testing in a 4 wt.% aqueous acetic acid solution at 80 °C for 16 h, the exposure duration in this study was extended to 768 h (32 days) to allow a more accurate determination of long-term solubility behavior. Additionally, the surface roughness parameters (Ra, Rmax, Rz, Sa, Sq) were analyzed and evaluated before and after solubility testing. Kinetic analysis revealed that degradation followed a near-parabolic rate law, with power-law exponents of n = 2.261 for Group 1 and n = 1.935 for Group 2. The corresponding dissolution rate constants were 3.85 × 10−5 µgn·cm−2n·h−1 for Group 1 and 132.3 µgn·cm−2n·h−1 for Group 2. XRD results indicated that the long exposure to acetic acid induced a partial phase transformation of zirconia from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase. Under prolonged acetic exposure, the glaze layer on 2.3Y-TZP exhibited significantly higher dissolution, whereas the zirconia (polished, unglazed) showed low ion release. The temporal change in the total amount of dissolved ions was statistically analyzed for Group 1 and Group 2. The samples showed a strong correlation, but ANOVA confirmed significant differences between them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Functional Biomaterials (2nd Edition))
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2854 KB  
Article
Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Chitosan–Fatty Acid Nano Micelles and Their Differential Antibacterial Activity Against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
by Alfio Pulvirenti, Valentina Verdoliva, Viviana De Luca, Serena Traboni, Clemente Capasso and Stefania De Luca
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100373 - 7 Oct 2025
Viewed by 580
Abstract
Chitosan-based nanoparticles were prepared using an eco-friendly chemical procedure that conjugates natural fatty acids to the backbone of chitosan. This consists of reacting two molecules in the absence of a solvent and using microwaves to promote the chemical transformation. Both conditions make the [...] Read more.
Chitosan-based nanoparticles were prepared using an eco-friendly chemical procedure that conjugates natural fatty acids to the backbone of chitosan. This consists of reacting two molecules in the absence of a solvent and using microwaves to promote the chemical transformation. Both conditions make the whole chemical process more eco-compatible in terms of reagents and energy consumption. The chemical structure and the self-association behavior of chitosan–fatty acid conjugates were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, and dynamic light scattering. The conjugates displayed an enhanced solubility and efficient self-assembly in aqueous solution. The antimicrobial activity of the resulting nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive). The micelles significantly inhibited E. coli growth (35–60%), even at relatively low concentrations, whereas negligible activity was observed against B. subtilis. The antibacterial efficacy appears to arise primarily from the ability of the developed nanostructured conjugates to perturb bacterial membranes. These results support the potential of chitosan–fatty acid conjugates as sustainable nanomaterials for biomedical applications, particularly as eco-friendly antimicrobial agents. Future work will evaluate their activity against other Gram-positive pathogens and explore their use in drug delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

22 pages, 8922 KB  
Article
Stress Assessment of Abutment-Free and Three Implant–Abutment Connections Utilizing Various Abutment Materials: A 3D Finite Element Study of Static and Cyclic Static Loading Conditions
by Maryam H. Mugri, Nandalur Kulashekar Reddy, Mohammed E. Sayed, Khurshid Mattoo, Osama Mohammed Qomari, Mousa Mahmoud Alnaji, Waleed Abdu Mshari, Firas K. Alqarawi, Saad Saleh AlResayes and Raghdah M. Alshaibani
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100372 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 923
Abstract
Background: The implant–abutment interface has been thoroughly examined due to its impact on the success of implant healing and longevity. Removing the abutment is advantageous, but it changes the biomechanics of the implant fixture and restoration. This in vitro three-dimensional finite element analytical [...] Read more.
Background: The implant–abutment interface has been thoroughly examined due to its impact on the success of implant healing and longevity. Removing the abutment is advantageous, but it changes the biomechanics of the implant fixture and restoration. This in vitro three-dimensional finite element analytical (FEA) study aims to evaluate the distribution of von Mises stress (VMS) in abutment-free and three additional implant abutment connections composed of various titanium alloys. Materials and methods: A three-dimensional implant-supported single-crown prosthesis model was digitally generated on the mandibular section using a combination of microcomputed tomography imaging (microCT), a computer-assisted designing (CAD) program (SolidWorks), Analysis of Systems (ANSYS), and a 3D digital scan (Visual Computing Lab). Four digital models [A (BioHorizons), B (Straumann AG), C abutment-free (Matrix), and D (TRI)] representing three different functional biomaterials [wrought Ti-6Al-4Va ELI, Roxolid (85% Ti, 15% Zr), and Ti-6Al-4V ELI] were subjected to simulated static/cyclic static loading in axial/oblique directions after being restored with highly translucent monolithic zirconia restoration. The stresses generated on the implant fixture, abutment, crown, screw, cortical, and cancellous bones were measured. Results: The highest VMSs were generated by the abutment-free (Model C, Matrix) implant system on the implant fixture [static (32.36 Mpa), cyclic static (83.34 Mpa)], screw [static (16.85 Mpa), cyclic static (30.33 Mpa), oblique (57.46 Mpa)], and cortical bone [static (26.55), cyclic static (108.99 Mpa), oblique (47.8 Mpa)]. The lowest VMSs in the implant fixture, abutment, screw, and crown were associated with the binary alloy Roxolid [83–87% Ti and 13–17% Zr]. Conclusions: Abutment-free implant systems generate twice the stress on cortical bone than other abutment implant systems while producing the highest stresses on the fixture and screw, therefore demanding further clinical investigations. Roxolid, a binary alloy of titanium and zirconia, showed the least overall stresses in different loadings and directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Biomechanics Modelling in Dental Implantology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 512 KB  
Article
A Comparison Between Two Bearing Surfaces for Total Hip Arthroplasty—Ceramic-on-Ceramic and Metal–Polycarbonate–Urethane—A Pseudo-Randomized Study
by Daniel Donaire Hoyas, Eladio Jiménez Mejías, Jesús Moreta, Manuel Sumillera García, Alberto Albert Ullibarri and Jorge Albareda Albareda
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100371 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 581
Abstract
Background: Polycarbonate–urethane (PCU) is a recently developed bearing surface used in prosthetic hip surgery. It offers several theoretical advantages, including an elasticity modulus similar to that of natural cartilage, good lubrication properties, low wear, and the possibility of using large heads. However, comparative [...] Read more.
Background: Polycarbonate–urethane (PCU) is a recently developed bearing surface used in prosthetic hip surgery. It offers several theoretical advantages, including an elasticity modulus similar to that of natural cartilage, good lubrication properties, low wear, and the possibility of using large heads. However, comparative clinical experience is limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the PCU bearing surface and compare them with those of ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings using the same femoral stem model. (2) Methods: Following a propensity score matching analysis of a prospectively collected database, patients with a primary total hip arthroplasty aged between 18 and 60 years were included. Subjects were divided into two groups (PCU and CoC). Demographic, patient satisfaction, and implant survival data were recorded. Clinical results were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). (3) Results: A total of 105 patients were included in each group. All patients exhibited a positive evolution on both the HHS and the WOMAC subscales between pre-op and one year post-op, no statistically significant differences being found between the groups with respect to improvement on the HHS (p = 0.172) or the pain (p = 0.523), stiffness (p = 0.448), and physical function (p = 0.255) subscales of the WOMAC. Head sizes in the PCU group were found to be larger, but this was not seen to have any effect on the patients’ clinical status or the prostheses’ dislocation rate. Although the complication rate was similar across the groups (p = 0.828), the incidence of squeaking was higher in the PCU group (p = 0.010). No differences were observed when comparing the implant survival rate (p = 0.427). nor in mean patient satisfaction (p = 0.138). (4) Conclusions: No differences were found in terms of clinical results, complications, implant survival, or patient satisfaction between the bearing surfaces under analysis, indicating that all of them are valid alternatives in total hip replacement, although the higher proportion of squeaking observed makes it advisable to exercise some caution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 319 KB  
Systematic Review
The Current State of 3D-Printed Prostheses Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review
by Huthaifa Atallah, Titeana Qufabz, Rabee Naeem, Hadeel R. Bakhsh, Giorgio Ferriero, Dorottya Varga, Evelin Derkács and Bálint Molics
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100370 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1260
Abstract
Introduction: 3D-printing is an emerging technology in the field of prosthetics, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness, ease of customization, and improved accessibility. While previous reviews have focused on limited aspects, the aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation [...] Read more.
Introduction: 3D-printing is an emerging technology in the field of prosthetics, offering advantages such as cost-effectiveness, ease of customization, and improved accessibility. While previous reviews have focused on limited aspects, the aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the clinical outcomes of 3D-printed prostheses for both upper and lower limbs. Methods: A search was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines across six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Sage). Studies on 3D-printed prostheses in human rehabilitation that focused on the clinical outcomes of the device were included, while studies lacking clinical data, 3D printing details, or focusing on traditional manufacturing methods were excluded. Finally, the risk of bias was assessed using the modified Downs & Black Checklist. Results: A total of 1420 studies were identified, with 11 meeting the inclusion criteria. The included studies assessed different 3D-printed prosthetic types and upper and lower limb prostheses. The main clinical outcomes analyzed were functional performance, design and material integrity, and overall effectiveness of 3D-printed prostheses. Studies on upper limb prostheses reported improved dexterity, range of motion (ROM), and user satisfaction, despite some durability limitations. Lower limb prostheses showed enhancements in comfort, gait parameters, and customization, particularly in amphibious and partial foot designs. Conclusions: 3D-printed prostheses show potential to improve functional performance, patient satisfaction, fit, and implementation feasibility compared to conventional methods. However, limitations such as small sample sizes, variability in assessment tools, and limited high-quality evidence highlight the need for further research to support broader clinical adoption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Medical Applications)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2641 KB  
Systematic Review
Effects of Implant Silver Coatings on Bone Formation in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Ali Alenezi
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100369 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Background/Objective: Clinical statistics show that bacterial infection is a major driver of implant failure. To enhance antibacterial performance, some metallic elements, such as silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), are commonly used to modify the titanium surface. Despite the promising antibacterial performance [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Clinical statistics show that bacterial infection is a major driver of implant failure. To enhance antibacterial performance, some metallic elements, such as silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), are commonly used to modify the titanium surface. Despite the promising antibacterial performance of Ag, concerns persist regarding dose-dependent cytotoxicity, systemic accumulation, and potential effects on local bone metabolism. This review aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating or coating titanium (Ti) implant surfaces with Ag on bone formation around implants. Methods: A search was undertaken using three main databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus). The search was limited to studies published within the last 20 years that involved animal experiments using endosseous implants coated with or incorporating Ag. Meta-analyses were performed for bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone formation (BA), and bone volume (BV/TV) around the implant in control and test groups. The compared groups were subjected to similar implant surface treatments aside from the presence of silver in the test group. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria in this study and were included. The analysis of BIC values revealed a statistically significant overall effect in favor of silver-coated implants (Z = 2.01, p = 0.04), along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The BA analysis found no significant difference between silver-coated and control implants (Z = 1.09, p = 0.28). The BV/TV analysis also showed no statistically significant overall difference (Z = 0.35, p = 0.73). Conclusions: In animal models, silver-coated Ti implants improve bone–implant contact without altering peri-implant bone volume metrics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Applied in Dental Sciences)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1810 KB  
Article
Polyethyleneimine-Assisted Fabrication of Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles Loaded with Tamibarotene (Am80) for Meflin Expression Upregulation
by Tomoya Inose, Tadashi Iida, Hiroki Kawashima, Atsushi Enomoto, Maki Nakamura and Ayako Oyane
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100368 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 678
Abstract
Tamibarotene (Am80) is a promising anti-tumor drug that induces the expression of Meflin (a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein) in cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby improving the tumor microenvironment. However, Am80, which is approved only for oral administration owing to its poor water solubility, has the challenge [...] Read more.
Tamibarotene (Am80) is a promising anti-tumor drug that induces the expression of Meflin (a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored protein) in cancer-associated fibroblasts, thereby improving the tumor microenvironment. However, Am80, which is approved only for oral administration owing to its poor water solubility, has the challenge of poor tumor penetration. In this study, we developed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles loaded with Am80 (Am80–PLGA nanoparticles) as a potential intravenous drug for targeted Am80 delivery to the tumor site. The Am80–PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated using the single-emulsion method in the presence of cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI). The loading efficiency of Am80 in the nanoparticles was controlled by tuning the PEI concentration in the preparation mixture. Nanoparticles with the highest Am80-loading efficiency were dispersible and showed a hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 190 nm in phosphate-buffered saline for up to 2 weeks. The Am80 release from the nanoparticles started in a day and lasted for weeks. The nanoparticles upregulated Meflin expression in human fibroblasts (fHDF/TERT166 cells). These results suggest the potential of Am80–PLGA nanoparticles as a new intravenous anti-tumor drug that can improve the tumor microenvironment, thereby enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1061 KB  
Systematic Review
Autologous Tooth-Derived Biomaterials in Alveolar Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Clinical Outcomes and Histological Evidence
by Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Grazia Marinelli, Francesco Inchingolo, Roberto Vito Giorgio, Valeria Colonna, Benito Francesco Pio Pennacchio, Massimo Del Fabbro, Gianluca Tartaglia, Andrea Palermo, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo and Gianna Dipalma
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100367 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 695
Abstract
Background: Autologous tooth-derived grafts have recently gained attention as an innovative alternative to conventional biomaterials for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) and augmentation (ARA). Their structural similarity to bone and osteoinductive potential support clinical use. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA [...] Read more.
Background: Autologous tooth-derived grafts have recently gained attention as an innovative alternative to conventional biomaterials for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) and augmentation (ARA). Their structural similarity to bone and osteoinductive potential support clinical use. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251108128). A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010–2025). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), split-mouth, and prospective clinical studies evaluating autologous dentin-derived grafts were included. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2.0 (for RCTs) and ROBINS-I (for non-randomized studies). Results: Nine studies involving 321 patients were included. Autologous dentin grafts effectively preserved ridge dimensions, with horizontal and vertical bone loss significantly reduced compared to controls. Histomorphometric analyses reported 42–56% new bone formation within 4–6 months, with minimal residual graft particles and favorable vascularization. Implant survival ranged from 96–100%, with stable marginal bone levels and no major complications. Conclusions: Autologous tooth-derived biomaterials represent a safe, biologically active, and cost-effective option for alveolar bone regeneration, showing comparable or superior results to xenografts and autologous bone. Further standardized, long-term RCTs are warranted to confirm their role in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property, Evaluation and Development of Dentin Materials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 7499 KB  
Article
Comparison of Wound Healing Efficiency Between Bacterial Cellulose Dry Membrane and Commercial Dressings
by Wei-Wen Sung, Yu-Jing Zeng, Tsung-Ming Yeh, Yao-Yuan Chen, Min-Kung Hsu, Sung-Pin Tseng and Hsian-Yu Wang
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100366 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 518
Abstract
The development of dressing materials mainly protects the wound, prevents infection, and assists in wound healing. Apart from the most common gauze on the market, different dressing materials can accelerate wound healing. Bacterial cellulose (BC) dressings have had many related studies and applications [...] Read more.
The development of dressing materials mainly protects the wound, prevents infection, and assists in wound healing. Apart from the most common gauze on the market, different dressing materials can accelerate wound healing. Bacterial cellulose (BC) dressings have had many related studies and applications so far, and other natural or artificial compounds that are beneficial to tissue repair may also be added during the manufacturing process. This study compared the wound healing efficacies of BC dry membrane developed by our team, gauze, commercially available “TegadermTM Hydrocolloid Dressing”, and “AQUACEL® EXTRA Hydrofiber Dressing”. This study used rats as experimental animals and injured them by scalding. Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus was used to infect wounds to compare the effects on wound healing. We first used NIH-3T3 cells for an in vitro model to confirm that the BC membrane is not harmful to cells. In the animal experiment, wounds were created by scalding and then treated with different dressing materials and doses of S. aureus. After 10 days of treatment, the wound recovery in the BC membrane and AQUACEL® groups was the most obvious, including angiogenesis in the dermal layer and regeneration of the epidermis layer. Especially without S. aureus infection, inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression levels were reduced to those of healthy tissue. In conclusion, we confirmed that the BC dry membrane can accelerate wound healing. In the future, it may provide high-efficiency and less expensive options in the dressing market. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2606 KB  
Article
Effect of Hydration Time in Saline on the Swelling and Uniaxial Tensile Response of Annulus Fibrosus of the Intervertebral Disc
by Małgorzata Żak and Sylwia Szotek
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100365 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 437
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a biphasic tissue in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as a structural scaffold and regulates hydration and solute transport. The influence of hydration on the swelling and mechanical properties of the IVD, particularly the annulus fibrosus (AF), [...] Read more.
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a biphasic tissue in which the extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as a structural scaffold and regulates hydration and solute transport. The influence of hydration on the swelling and mechanical properties of the IVD, particularly the annulus fibrosus (AF), is not fully described in the literature. Hydration is assumed to affect inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophilic interactions, thereby modulating tissue mechanics. This study aimed to assess the effect of hydration time on free swelling of AF and its impact on mechanical performance. AF specimens were divided into five groups, hydrated for 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 min and subjected to uniaxial tensile testing until failure. Swelling-related geometric changes were correlated with tensile properties. Results demonstrated that hydration duration significantly influenced AF’s structural and mechanical characteristics in anterior and posterior IVD regions. Hydration increases rapidly within 10–20 min, causing cross-sections to swell, stress capacity to decrease, and stiffness to remain unchanged. However, after 40 min, the tissue becomes swollen beyond physiological balance. These findings identify hydration duration as a critical factor regulating AF function and provide important insights for experimental standardization, numerical modeling, and hydrogels designed for intervertebral disc regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)
Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2515 KB  
Review
Bibliometric Analysis of the 100 Most-Cited Clinical Trials on Gingival Recession Treatment: Trends in Flap Design, Biomaterials, and Global Contributions
by Bartłomiej Górski, Kacper Nijakowski, Ilham Mounssif, Martina Stefanini and Anna Skurska
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100364 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 566
Abstract
Background: The aim of this bibliometric study was to evaluate publication trends in the most frequently cited clinical trials on the treatment of gingival recession, taking into account the augmentation materials used. Methods: A Web of Science search was performed among articles published [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of this bibliometric study was to evaluate publication trends in the most frequently cited clinical trials on the treatment of gingival recession, taking into account the augmentation materials used. Methods: A Web of Science search was performed among articles published by 30 September 2024. Two independent reviewers evaluated year of publication, journal, authorship country of authors, collaborative relationship, keywords, and the main domains. Results: The top one hundred most-cited clinical trials were published in the span of 26 years from 1993 to 2019, and the total citation counts varied from 44 to 284 (83.69 citations per paper). There was correlation between the time of publication and the number of citations. The articles were authored by 333 researchers representing twenty-two countries. Italy contributed the highest number of articles (n = 36), followed by the USA (n = 28) and Brazil (n = 17). International collaborations were predominantly observed between Italy, the USA, and Switzerland. The type of graft was the most cited field of research (34), followed by guided tissue regeneration (17) and enamel matrix derivative (13). Conclusions: The country that produced the highest number publications among the 100 most-cited clinical trials on gingival recession treatment was Italy. The use of connective tissue graft (CTG) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) was the most prominent trend. Future work should combine bibliometric mapping with critical quality appraisal and explore whether citation trends align with best available evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Previous Issue
Back to TopTop