Brassinosteroids in Plants: Crosstalk with Small-Molecule Compounds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Discovery and Development of Brassinosteroids
2.1. Discovery and Biosynthesis
2.2. The Roles of BR in Growth, Development, and Stress Response
3. Brassinosteroids and Nitric Oxide
4. Brassinosteroids and Ethylene
5. Brassinosteroids and Hydrogen Peroxide
6. Brassinosteroids and Hydrogen Sulfide
7. Brassinosteroids and Sphingolipids
8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Small-Molecule Compound | Type of BRs | Type of Stress | Plant Species | Plant Tissue | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | EBR | Heat | Triticum aestivum L. | Seedlings | Improves the antioxidant system’s ability to enhance tolerance | [64] |
EBR | Iron deficiency | Fragaria × annassa Duch. | Leaves | Improves the antioxidant system’s ability to enhance tolerance | [72] | |
BL | Salt | Nicotiana benthamiana L. | Seedlings | Enhances tolerance by playing a role in the photosystem | [65] | |
EBR | Cd | Capsicum annuum L. | Leaves | Improves the antioxidant system’s ability and the ASA-GSH cycle | [73] | |
Ethylene | BL | Drought, salt, cold | Cucumis sativus L. | Seedlings | Increases the AOX activity to enhance photo-oxidative resistance | [74] |
BL | Pst DC3000 | Nicotiana benthamiana L. | leaves | Improves the antioxidant system’s ability and activates the expression of disease-related genes | [75] | |
H2O2 | EBR | Cold | Lycopersicon esculentum | Seedlings | Enhances the antioxidant system’s ability and the photosynthetic system | [76] |
EBR | Cu | Solanum lycopersicum | Seedlings | Enhances the antioxidant system’s ability and the photosynthetic system as well as the total protein content | [40] | |
BL | TMV | Nicotiana benthamiana L. | Leaves | Enhances the systemic virus resistance | [77] |
Small-Molecule Compound | Type of BRs | Plant Species | Plant Tissue | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO | BL | Cucumis sativus L. | Roots | BL-induced NO generation promotes adventitious root formation | [67] |
EBR | Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Roots | NO participates in EBR-induced changes in root architecture | [68] | |
EBR | Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Roots | EBR-induced NO affects the stomatal closure of the root system | [69] | |
BL | Atractylodes lancea | Plantlets | BL and NO activate secondary metabolites and improve the medicinal value | [71] | |
Ethylene | EBR | Pisum sativum L. | Seedlings | EBR-induced ethylene inhibits seedling growth | [19] |
- | Solanum lycopersicum | Fruits | The BR biosynthetic gene SICYP90B3-OE enhances ethylene generation to promote fruit ripening | [32] | |
BL | Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Seedlings | The BR transcriptional factor BES1 regulates the expression of ACO2 to maintain the level of endogenous ethylene | [78] | |
H2O2 | EBR | Cucumis sativus L. | Seedlings | EBR and H2O2 co-regulate the sugar metabolism and Calvin cycle through the redox signaling pathway | [79] |
BL | Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Seedlings | BL-induced H2O2 promotes hypocotyl elongation | [20] | |
H2S | EBR | Arabidopsis thaliana L. | Leaves | H2S participates in EBR-induced stomatal closure | [21] |
Sphingolipids | EBR | Olea europaea L. | Fruits | BRs negatively regulate sphingolipid content in fruit | [80] |
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Hu, D.; Wei, L.; Liao, W. Brassinosteroids in Plants: Crosstalk with Small-Molecule Compounds. Biomolecules 2021, 11, 1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121800
Hu D, Wei L, Liao W. Brassinosteroids in Plants: Crosstalk with Small-Molecule Compounds. Biomolecules. 2021; 11(12):1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121800
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Dongliang, Lijuan Wei, and Weibiao Liao. 2021. "Brassinosteroids in Plants: Crosstalk with Small-Molecule Compounds" Biomolecules 11, no. 12: 1800. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121800