Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. GC-MS and GC-FID Analysis of Essential Oils Isolated from Different Spices
2.2. LC-HRMS/MS Analysis of Extracts Obtained from Different Spices
2.3. Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Extracts Obtained from Different Spices
2.4. Antioxidant Activity of Extracts and Essential Oils Obtained from Different Spices
2.5. Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Extracts and Essential Oils Obtained from Different Spices
3. Material and Methods
3.1. Plant Materials
3.2. Extraction
3.2.1. Essential Oil Isolation
3.2.2. Preparation of Spent Plant Material Extracts
3.3. GC-MS and GC-FID Analysis
3.4. LC-HRMS/MS Analysis
3.5. TPC, TFC, Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Assays
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Extraction Yield |
---|---|
(%) | |
Cinnamon Extracts | |
CiH | 0.29 |
CiD | 0.55 |
CiMW | 1.71 |
CiM | 1.77 |
CiEO | 3.10 |
Cumin Extracts | |
CuH | 2.53 |
CuD | 3.30 |
CuMW | 1.94 |
CuM | 3.69 |
CuEO | 7.40 |
Clove Extracts | |
ClH | 8.98 |
ClD | 14.37 |
ClMW | 1.36 |
ClM | 27.85 |
ClEO | 7.00 |
Laurel Extracts | |
LaH | 3.23 |
LaD | 4.89 |
LaMW | 4.82 |
LaM | 9.03 |
LaEO | 3.00 |
Black Pepper Extracts | |
BpH | 1.39 |
BpD | 4.44 |
BpMW | 2.85 |
BpM | 8.51 |
BpEO | 5.80 |
No. | RI * | Compound | (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Cinnamon Essential Oil | |||
1. | 937 | α-pinene | 1.05 |
2. | 1008 | α-phellandrene | 1.79 |
3. | 1019 | α-terpinene | 0.92 |
4. | 1027 | m-cymene | 1.31 |
5. | 1039 | β-phellandrene | 4.26 |
6. | 1102 | Linalool | 2.83 |
7. | 1293 | Cinnamaldehyde | 64.20 |
8. | 1368 | Eugenol | 3.47 |
9. | 1433 | β-caryophyllene | 4.61 |
10. | 1457 | Cinnamyl acetate | 8.74 |
11. | 1465 | α-humulene | 0.82 |
12. | 1535 | Methoxycinnamaldehyde | 0.60 |
13. | 1775 | Benzyl benzoate | 2.56 |
Total | 97.16 | ||
Cumin Essential Oil | |||
1. | 937 | α-pinene | 0.99 |
2. | 976 | Sabinene | 0.92 |
3. | 984 | β-pinene | 18.06 |
4. | 992 | Myrcene | 1.08 |
5. | 1028 | m-cymene | 2.67 |
6. | 1066 | γ-Terpinene | 12.21 |
7. | 1180 | Terpinen-4-ol | 1.39 |
8. | 1255 | Cuminaldehyde | 30.93 |
9. | 1304 | Safranal | 29.59 |
Total | 97.84 | ||
Clove Essential Oil | |||
1. | 1369 | Eugenol | 74.34 |
2. | 1439 | β-caryophyllene | 17.89 |
3. | 1466 | α-humulene | 1.84 |
4. | 1535 | Eugenyl acetate | 5.24 |
Total | 99.31 | ||
Laurel Essential Oil | |||
1. | 938 | α-pinene | 6.29 |
2. | 952 | Camphene | 0.97 |
3. | 979 | Sabinene | 7.14 |
4. | 984 | β-Pinene | 4.95 |
5. | 1037 | Eucalyptol | 48.05 |
6. | 1061 | γ-Terpinene | 0.72 |
7. | 1102 | Linalool | 2.37 |
8. | 1183 | Terpinen-4-ol | 3.03 |
9. | 1196 | α-terpineol | 1.85 |
10. | 1289 | Bornyl acetate | 1.02 |
11. | 1319 | Δ-terpinyl acetate | 0.88 |
12. | 1359 | α-terpinyl acetate | 13.36 |
13. | 1365 | Eugenol | 2.24 |
14. | 1407 | Methyleugenol | 3.04 |
15. | 1587 | Spathulenol | 0.64 |
Total | 96.55 | ||
Black Pepper Essential Oil | |||
1. | 940 | α-pinene | 10.56 |
2. | 984 | β-pinene | 13.16 |
3. | 994 | Myrcene | 3.10 |
4. | 1014 | α-phellandrene | 5.05 |
5. | 1018 | α-terpinene | 24.71 |
6. | 1037 | Limonene | 19.90 |
7. | 1092 | α-terpinolene | 0.89 |
8. | 1343 | Δ-elemene | 1.17 |
9. | 1383 | Copaene | 1.17 |
10. | 1435 | β-caryophyllene | 17.59 |
11. | 1490 | Germacrene D | 1.06 |
12. | 1504 | α-selinene | 0.82 |
Total | 99.17 |
No | Proposed Identity | TR (min) | HRMS | Exp. (m/z) | Calcd. (m/z) | Δ (ppm) | MF | HRMS/MS (m/z) | Extracts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cinnamon Extracts | |||||||||
Ci1 | Quinic acid | 1.6 | [M-H]− | 191.0562 | 191.0561 | −0.46 | C7H12O6 | 177.0416, 129.0176, 99.0106 | M, MW |
Ci2 | Gluconic acid | 1.8 | [M-H]− | 195.0516 | 195.0510 | −2.93 | C6H12O7 | 177.0424, 159.0283, 129.0190, 99.0084 | M, MW |
Ci3 | Vanillic acid | 2.0 | [M-H]− | 167.0351 | 167.0350 | −0.11 | C8H8O4 | 123.0468 | M, MW |
Ci4 | Citric acid | 2.2 | [M-H]− | 191.0202 | 191.0197 | −2.47 | C6H8O7 | 129.0202, 111.0090, 87.0085 | M, MW |
Ci5 | Ferulic acid | 2.3 | [M-H]− | 193.0505 | 193.0506 | 0.68 | C10H10O4 | 175.0415, 149.0611 | M, MW |
Ci6 | Caffeoylquinic acid | 3.0 | [M-H]− | 353.0879 | 353.0878 | −0.27 | C16H18O9 | 191.0622, 179.0435, 173.0515, 135.0428 | M, MW |
Ci7 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | 3.3 | [M-H]− | 137.0238 | 137.0244 | 4.47 | C7H6O3 | 109.0300 | M, MW |
Ci8 | (Epi)catechin | 3.6 | [M-H]− | 289.0721 | 289.0718 | −1.17 | C15H14O6 | 245.0844, 205.0469, 179.0359 | M, MW |
Ci9 | Proanthocyanidin trimer | 5.2 | [M-H]− | 863.1817 | 863.1829 | 1.37 | C45H36O18 | 711.1326, 573.1002, 531.0845, 451.0996, 411.0654, 289.0700 | M, MW |
Ci10 | Coniferol-O-hexoside | 6.7 | [M-H]− | 341.1241 | 341.1242 | 0.27 | C16H22O8 | 179.0572, 161.0588 | M, MW |
Ci11 | Trihydroxyoctadecenoic acid | 22.1 | [M-H]− | 329.2335 | 329.2333 | −0.46 | C18H34O5 | 229.1440, 211.1313, 171.1011 | H, D, M, MW |
Ci12 | Dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid | 26.3 | [M-H]− | 313.2396 | 313.2396 | −3.71 | C18H34O4 | 295.2224, 269.1251 | H, D, M, MW |
Cumin Extracts | |||||||||
Cu1 | Citric acid | 2.0 | [M-H]− | 191.0200 | 191.0197 | −1.43 | C6H8O7 | 173.0083, 129.0188, 111.0089 | M, MW |
Cu2 | Caffeoylquinic acid I | 2.4 | [M-H]− | 353.0866 | 353.0878 | 3.39 | C16H18O9 | 191.0634, 179.0418, 173.0493, 135.0456 | M, MW |
Cu3 | Caffeoylquinic acid II | 3.0 | [M-H]− | 353.0862 | 353.0878 | 4.53 | C16H18O9 | 191.0659, 173.0508, 135.0455 | M, MW |
Cu4 | Coniferol-O-hexoside | 3.3 | [M-H]− | 341.1235 | 341.1242 | 2.02 | C16H22O8 | 179.0572, 161.0588 | M, MW |
Cu5 | Luteolin-O-hexuronide-hexoside | 4.6 | [M-H]− | 623.1245 | 623.1254 | 1.40 | C27H28O17 | 249.0612, 191.0548, 173.0432 | M, MW |
Cu6 | Apigenin-O-hexuronide-hexoside | 6.9 | [M-H]− | 607.1294 | 607.1305 | 1.74 | C27H28O16 | 337.0804, 269.0438 | M, MW |
Cu7 | Luteolin-O-hexoside | 7.9 | [M-H]− | 447.0935 | 447.0933 | −0.48 | C21H20O11 | 285.0383, 169.1920 | M, MW |
Cu8 | Apigenin-O-hexoside | 10.8 | [M-H]− | 431.0973 | 431.0984 | 2.48 | C20H20O10 | 269.0417 | M, MW |
Cu9 | Luteolin-O-acetylhexoside | 14.8 | [M-H]- | 489.1041 | 489.1038 | −0.51 | C23H22O12 | 285.0404, 227.0336 | M, MW |
Cu10 | Luteolin | 18.4 | [M-H]− | 285.0400 | 285.0405 | 1.61 | C15H10O6 | 199.0409, 175.0395, 151.0021, 133.0285 | D, M, MW |
Cu11 | Apigenin | 22.3 | [M-H]− | 269.0456 | 269.0455 | −0.20 | C15H10O5 | 225.0532, 151.0026, 117.0343 | D, M, MW |
Clove Extracts | |||||||||
Cl1 | Gallic acid | 1.6 | [M-H]− | 169.0150 | 169.0142 | −4.43 | C7H6O5 | 125.0245 | M |
Cl2 | Quinic acid | 1.8 | [M-H]− | 191.0554 | 191.0561 | −3.66 | C7H12O6 | 177.0416, 129.0176, 99.0106 | M, MW |
Cl3 | Caffeoylquinic acid I | 1.5 | [M-H]− | 353.0874 | 353.0878 | −1.13 | C16H18O9 | 191.0640, 179.0444, 135.0493 | M |
Cl4 | Citric acid | 2.2 | [M-H]− | 191.0192 | 191.0197 | −1.04 | C6H8O7 | 129.0202, 111.0090, 87.0085 | M, MW |
Cl5 | Caffeoylquinic acid II | 2.4 | [M-H]− | 353.0864 | 353.0878 | 3.96 | C16H18O9 | 191.0611, 179.0453, 173.0505, 135.0455 | M, MW |
Cl6 | Di-O-galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-hexose | 3.3 | [M-H]− | 785.0480 | 785.0843 | 0.38 | C34H25O22 | 633.0742, 483.0654, 301.0040, 275.0184 | M, MW |
Cl7 | Tri-O-galloyl-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-hexose | 5.5 | [M-H]− | 937.0951 | 937.0953 | 0.16 | C41H30O26 | 767.0704, 741.0940, 635.0813, 599.0655, 571.0686, 465.0626, 419.0584, 300.9977 | M, MW |
Cl8 | Ellagic acid | 7.9 | [M-H]− | 301.0040 | 300.9990 | −4.67 | C14H16O8 | 284.0000, 275.0113, 257.0113, 245.0097, 229.0169, 217.0167, 201.0212, 185.0264 | M, MW |
Cl9 | Quercetin-O-hexuronide | 9.8 | [M-H]− | 477.0674 | 477.0675 | 0.13 | C21H18O13 | 301.0345, 283.0276, 151.0017 | M, MW |
Cl10 | Syringic acid-O-hexuronide | 10.4 | [M-H]− | 373.0778 | 373.0776 | −0.44 | C15H18O11 | 355.0656, 265.0344,193.0091, 167.0318 | M, MW |
Cl1 | Isorhamnetin-O-hexoside | 15.4 | [M-H]− | 477.1034 | 477.1038 | 0.94 | C22H22O12 | 315.0490, 299.0159, 271.0198 | M, MW |
Cl2 | Isorhamnetin-O-hexuronide | 17.5 | [M-H]− | 491.0820 | 491.0831 | 2.26 | C22H20O13 | 315.0500, 300.0280, 165.0163 | M, MW |
Cl13 | Luteolin | 18.4 | [M-H]− | 285.0402 | 285.0405 | 0.91 | C15H10O6 | 199.0409, 175.0395, 151.0021, 133.0285 | M, MW |
Cl14 | Quercetin | 18.5 | [M-H]− | 301.0341 | 301.0354 | 4.23 | C15H10O7 | 178.9972, 151.007, 107.01201 | M, MW |
Cl15 | Isorhamnetin | 22.7 | [M-H]− | 315.0508 | 315.0510 | 0.72 | C16H12O7 | 300.0258, 151.0026 | M, MW |
Cl16 | Chrysoeriol | 23.7 | [M-H]− | 299.0557 | 299.0561 | 1.37 | C16H12O6 | 284.0303, 275.0499, 255.0289, 227.0378, 151.0027 | M, MW |
Cl17 | Cirsiliol | 23.8 | [M-H]− | 329.0667 | 329.0668 | −0.07 | C17H14O7 | 314.0416, 271.0296, 243.0249 | M, MW |
Cl18 | Trimethylellagic acid | 24.3 | [M-H]− | 343.0458 | 343.0459 | −1.04 | C17H12O8 | 328.0193, 297.9724, 285.0032, 269.9768 | M, MW |
Cl19 | Cirsimaritin | 25.9 | [M-H]− | 313.0715 | 317.0718 | 0.83 | C17H14O6 | 298.0489, 193.0110, 151.0035 | M, MW |
Laurel Extracts | |||||||||
La1 | Caffeoylquinic acid | 1.4 | [M-H]− | 353.0855 | 353.0878 | 6.51 | C16H18O9 | 191.0609, 179.0514, 135.0505 | M |
La2 | Citric acid | 2.2 | [M-H]− | 191.0203 | 191.0197 | 3.14 | C6H8O7 | 129.0202, 111.0090, 87.0085 | M, MW |
La3 | Gallic acid-O-hexoside | 4.6 | [M-H]− | 331.0671 | 331.0671 | −0.01 | C13H16O10 | 169.0137, 125.0238 | M, MW |
La4 | Proanthocyanidin trimer | 4.7 | [M-H]− | 863.1837 | 863.1829 | −0.94 | C45H36O18 | 711.1377, 573.1020, 531.1014, 451.1086, 411.0627, 289.0679 | M, MW |
La5 | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexoside-hexoside | 6.7 | [M-H]− | 609.1468 | 609.1461 | −1.13 | C27H30O16 | 301.0312, 178.9940 | M, MW |
La6 | Apigenin-C-hexoside | 6.8 | [M-H]− | 431.0989 | 431.0984 | −1.23 | C21H20O10 | 341.0665, 311.0580, 151.0014 | M, MW |
La7 | Quercetin-O-hexoside | 8.1 | [M-H]− | 463.0874 | 463.0874 | 1.72 | C21H20O12 | 301.0343, 151.0043 | M, MW |
La8 | Isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexoside-hexoside | 9.7 | [M-H]− | 623.1617 | 623.1618 | 0.90 | C28H32O16 | 315.0449, 299.0208, 150.9978 | M, MW |
La9 | Quercetin-O-deoxyhexoside | 10.7 | [M-H]− | 447.0939 | 447.0933 | −1.37 | C21H20O11 | 301.0371, 271.0303 | M, MW |
La10 | Kaempferol-O-deoxyhexoside | 13.2 | [M-H]− | 431.0987 | 431.0984 | −0.76 | C21H20O10 | 285.0383, 255.0250, 227.0405 | M, MW |
La11 | Quercetin | 18.1 | [M-H]− | 301.0367 | 301.0354 | −4.38 | C15H10O7 | 178.9972, 151.007, 107.01201 | M, MW |
La12 | Kaempferol | 22.8 | [M-H]− | 285.0402 | 285.0405 | 0.91 | C15H10O6 | 199.0409, 175.0395, 151.0021, 133.0285 | M, MW |
La13 | Kaempferol-O-coumaroyl-deoxyhexoside | 25.9 | [M-H]− | 577.1332 | 577.1351 | 3.37 | C30H26O12 | 431.1134, 413.0649, 285.0386, 255.0327, 227.0322 | M, MW |
La14 | Kaempferol-di-O-coumaroyl-deoxyhexoside I | 32.2 | [M-H]− | 723.1711 | 723.1719 | 1.28 | C39H32O14 | 577.1336, 437.1228, 413.0865, 285.0391, 255.0300 | M, MW |
La15 | Kaempferol-di-O-coumaroyl-deoxyhexoside II | 33.5 | [M-H]− | 723.1756 | 723.1719 | −5.07 | C39H32O14 | 577.1336, 437.1228, 413.0865, 285.0391, 255.0300 | M, MW |
Black Pepper Extracts | |||||||||
Bp1 | Citric acid | 2.1 | [M-H]− | 191.0198 | 191.0197 | 0.14 | C6H8O7 | 173.0077, 129.0174, 111.0080 | M, MW |
Bp2 | Hydroxybenzoic acid | 3.3 | [M-H]− | 137.0234 | 137.0244 | 7.37 | C7H6O3 | 119.0233, 108.0204 | D, M, MW |
Bp3 | Dihydropiperlongumine | 10.8 | [M+H]+ | 320.1508 | 320.1492 | −4.86 | C17H21NO5 | 302.1417, 274.1427, 217.0479, 189.0547, 170.1177, 152.1067, 112.0789 | M, MW |
Bp4 | N-Feruloyltyramine | 14.9 | [M+H]+ | 314.1409 | 314.1387 | −7.08 | C18H19NO4 | 177.0396, 145.0159, 121.0542 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp5 | N-Coumaroyltyramine | 17.3 | [M+H]+ | 284.1268 | 284.1281 | 4.66 | C17H17NO3 | 177.0516, 145.0262 | M, W |
Bp6 | Piperlonguminine | 18.5 | [M+H]+ | 274.1422 | 274.1438 | 5.75 | C16H19NO3 | 203.0688, 189.0523, 147.0425 | D, M, MW |
Bp7 | Piperettine I | 20.9 | [M+H]+ | 312.1567 | 312.1594 | 8.74 | C19H21NO3 | 229.0755, 201.0807, 161.0532, 137.0536 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp8 | Piperanine | 23.3 | [M+H]+ | 288.1596 | 288.1594 | −0.63 | C17H21NO3 | 203.0691, 137.0589 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp9 | Piperyline | 26.1 | [M+H]+ | 272.1301 | 272.1281 | −6.93 | C16H17NO3 | 201.0569, 173.0609, 135.0414 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp10 | Dehyropiperettine | 28.8 | [M+H]+ | 310.1437 | 310.1380 | 0.23 | C19H19NO3 | 227.06523, 135.0453 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp11 | Piperine | 30.2 | [M+H]+ | 286.1440 | 286.1438 | −0.81 | C17H19NO3 | 201.0542, 173.0504, 135.0414 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp12 | Piperdardine | 31.8 | [M+Na]+ | 336.1582 | 336.1570 | −3.78 | C19H23NO3 | 174.0839, 160.0734 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp13 | Piperettine II | 32.4 | [M+H]+ | 312.1602 | 312.1594 | −2.51 | C19H21NO3 | 227.0694, 199.0748, 169.0638 | H, D, M |
Bp14 | Piperettine III | 34.8 | [M+H]+ | 312.1575 | 312.1594 | 6.17 | C19H21NO3 | 227.0684, 199.0730, 112.0747 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp15 | Piperettine IV | 35.4 | [M+H]+ | 312.1612 | 312.1594 | −5.72 | C19H21NO3 | 227.0609, 199.0735, 169.0640, 112.0747 | H, D, M |
Bp16 | Pellitorine | 36.8 | [M+H]+ | 224.2006 | 224.2009 | 1.31 | C14H25NO | 168.1360, 123.1144 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp17 | Pipercallosine | 37.4 | [M+H]+ | 330.2085 | 330.2064 | −6.47 | C20H27NO3 | 208.1724, 135.0456 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp18 | Neopellitorine B | 38.1 | [M+H]+ | 236.1987 | 236.2009 | 9.32 | C15H25NO | 151.1111, 112.0771 | H, D, M |
Bp19 | Dehydropipernonaline | 38.5 | [M+H]+ | 340.1923 | 340.1907 | −4.66 | C21H25NO3 | 201.1127, 135.0647 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp20 | Pipernonaline | 39.5 | [M+H]+ | 342.2084 | 342.2064 | −5.95 | C21H27NO3 | 229.1241, 199.1119, 161.0614, 135.0448 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp21 | Piperolein B | 41.1 | [M+H]+ | 344.2199 | 344.2220 | 6.18 | C21H29NO3 | 222.1830, 135.0429 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp22 | Retrofractamide B | 42.5 | [M+H]+ | 356.2196 | 356.2220 | 6.81 | C22H29NO3 | 255.1341, 234.1848, 135.1148 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp23 | N-Isobutyl-dodecadienamide | 43.2 | [M+H]+ | 252.2334 | 252.2322 | −4.81 | C16H29NO | 196.1679, 152.1049 | H, D, M |
Bp24 | Piperchabamide B | 45.1 | [M+H]+ | 370.2389 | 370.2377 | −3.33 | C23H31NO3 | 285.1521, 135.0449, 112.0758 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp25 | Brachyamide A | 45.9 | [M+H]+ | 382.2384 | 382.2377 | −1.91 | C24H31NO3 | 283.1686, 135.0437 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp26 | Pipgulzarine | 46.7 | [M+H]+ | 372.2515 | 372.2533 | 4.90 | C23H33NO3 | 250.2171, 135.0432 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp27 | Guineensine | 47.4 | [M+H]+ | 384.2513 | 384.2533 | 4.28 | C24H33NO3 | 311.1632, 283.1698, 187.0762, 161.0603 | H, D, M, MW |
Bp28 | Piperflaviflorine | 48.6 | [M+H]+ | 386.2717 | 386.2690 | −7.08 | C24H35NO3 | 313.1786, 285.1840, 264.2304, 161.0584 | H, D, M |
Bp29 | Piperchabamide C | 49.1 | [M+H]+ | 396.2518 | 396.2533 | 3.85 | C25H33NO3 | 283.1668, 135.0426 | H, D, M |
Bp30 | Pipwaqarine | 49.5 | [M+H]+ | 398.2697 | 398.269 | −1.84 | C25H35NO3 | 311.1683, 283.1689, 161.0601, 135.0440 | H, D, M |
Sample | TPC | TFC |
---|---|---|
(mg GAE/g) | (mg RE/g) | |
Cinnamon Extracts | ||
CiH | 18.46 ± 0.27 c | 3.88 ± 0.02 b |
CiD | 14.00 ± 0.15 d | 3.27 ± 0.14 c |
CiMW | 92.90 ± 0.46 a | 1.76 ± 0.11 d |
CiM | 63.68 ± 1.48 b | 9.83 ± 0.09 a |
Cumin Extracts | ||
CuH | 7.86 ± 0.11 d | 0.48 ± 0.05 cd |
CuD | 9.75 ± 0.07 d | 0.72 ± 0.05 c |
CuMW | 30.77 ± 0.38 a | 66.25 ± 0.33 a |
CuM | 19.69 ± 0.54 b | 50.68 ± 0.41 b |
Clove Extracts | ||
ClH | 100.86 ± 0.59 b | 1.43 ± 0.06 d |
ClD | 90.67 ± 1.24 d | 5.89 ± 0.12 c |
ClMW | 103.76 ± 0.23 a | 41.71 ± 0.13 a |
ClM | 94.46 ± 0.53 c | 31.00 ± 0.25 b |
Laurel Extracts | ||
LaH | 22.49 ± 0.31 d | 0.50 ± 0.07 c |
LaD | 24.29 ± 0.18 c | 0.55 ± 0.02 c |
LaMW | 75.53 ± 0.10 a | 19.50 ± 0.25 b |
LaM | 48.95 ± 0.32 b | 27.33 ± 0.40 a |
Black Pepper Extracts | ||
BpH | 31.50 ± 0.14 d | 6.78 ± 0.59 c |
BpD | 33.51 ± 0.10 c | 8.64 ± 0.35 b |
BpMW | 37.01 ± 0.15 a | 2.31 ± 0.21 d |
BpM | 35.42 ± 0.13 b | 9.67 ± 0.28 a |
Sample | DPPH | ABTS | CUPRAC | FRAP | MCA | PBD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg TE/g) | (mg EDTAE/g) | (mmol TE/g) | ||||
Cinnamon Extracts | ||||||
CiH | 6.96 ± 0.41 d | 21.03 ± 0.55 d | 21.17 ± 0.25 e | 10.60 ± 1.05 e | 20.46 ± 0.37 a | 1.66 ± 0.09 c |
CiD | 9.39 ± 0.57 d | 20.01 ± 0.55 d | 47.98 ± 0.42 d | 26.54 ± 4.83 d | 4.86 ± 0.13 c | 1.22 ± 0.04 d |
CiMW | 473.74 ± 1.45 c | 588.97 ± 6.34 c | 623.44 ± 5.09 b | 380.73 ± 4.96 b | 19.72 ± 0.60 ab | 2.14 ± 0.08 b |
CiM | 178.42 ± 0.81 a | 235.58 ± 2.04 b | 257.93 ± 8.49 c | 168.96 ± 7.49 c | 16.31 ± 0.43 b | 1.67 ± 0.04 c |
CiEO | 210.00 ± 2.39 b | 839.94 ± 1.89 a | 762.89 ± 13.47 a | 834.77 ± 1.46 a | 18.20 ± 4.51 ab | 18.26 ± 0.29 a |
Cumin Extracts | ||||||
CuH | 0.44 ± 0.03 d | 5.07 ± 0.36 d | 22.77 ± 0.27 d | 14.81 ± 2.17 d | 4.82 ± 0.41 c | 0.60 ± 0.06 c |
CuD | 1.53 ± 0.05 c | 5.29 ± 0.28 d | 17.57 ± 0.86 e | 12.54 ± 2.81 d | n.a. | 0.61 ± 0.01 c |
CuMW | 46.39 ± 0.28 a | 77.14 ± 0.09 a | 118.66 ± 3.06 a | 82.60 ± 0.46 b | 26.96 ± 0.27 a | 0.99 ± 0.01 b |
CuM | 44.62 ± 0.08 b | 36.94 ± 0.23 b | 67.12 ± 2.19 c | 48.01 ± 2.09 c | 14.22 ± 0.85 b | 1.04 ± 0.03 b |
CuEO | n.a. | 13.69 ± 2.05 c | 105.21 ± 1.71 b | 87.71 ± 0.97 a | n.a. | 40.33 ± 3.62 a |
Clove Extracts | ||||||
ClH | 394.48 ± 1.37 d | 727.19 ± 1.00 c | 866.12 ± 47.11 c | 1209.92 ± 71.14 b | 3.64 ± 0.30c | 6.02 ± 0.08 b |
ClD | 355.23 ± 1.44 e | 669.32 ± 4.71 d | 753.39 ± 2.65 d | 973.49 ± 5.96 c | 4.09 ± 0.79 c | 5.21 ± 0.06 b |
ClMW | 488.45 ± 0.38 b | 770.12 ± 1.40 b | 978.08 ± 21.03 b | 1027.41 ± 12.79 c | 22.78 ± 1.31 a | 4.92 ± 0.01 b |
ClM | 437.36 ± 3.59 c | 722.91 ± 1.91 c | 778.93 ± 8.46 d | 876.30 ± 13.24 d | 14.71 ± 0.33 b | 4.38 ± 0.11 b |
ClEO | 525.78 ± 0.30 a | 936.44 ± 0.17 a | 2848.28 ± 13.89 a | 1927.98 ± 18.80 a | 11.88 ± 1.87 b | 68.19 ± 3.25 a |
Laurel Extracts | ||||||
LaH | 2.08 ± 0.16 e | 11.40 ± 0.64 e | 28.58 ± 4.44 e | 14.11 ± 2.89 e | 14.50 ± 0.63 c | 2.02 ± 0.09 b |
LaD | 6.27 ± 0.45 d | 21.52 ± 1.35 d | 52.90 ± 2.63 d | 32.34 ± 2.84 d | 21.22 ± 0.84 b | 2.07 ± 0.10 b |
LaMW | 194.14 ± 0.48 a | 280.91 ± 0.77 b | 303.47 ± 7.16 b | 196.49 ± 2.92 b | 14.83 ± 0.50 c | 2.03 ± 0.02 b |
LaM | 113.12 ± 1.56 b | 143.84 ± 12.76 c | 143.40 ± 1.03 c | 93.23 ± 7.95 c | 16.32 ± 0.35 bc | 1.99 ± 0.09 b |
LaEO | 91.57 ± 1.33 c | 507.33 ± 6.15 a | 416.67 ± 21.48 a | 435.97 ± 4.23 a | 33.78 ± 5.03 a | 49.10 ± 2.53 a |
Black Pepper Extracts | ||||||
BpH | 18.77 ± 0.24 d | 41.41 ± 1.67 c | 52.39 ± 0.80 c | 68.19 ± 0.31 c | 20.62 ± 2.13 b | 1.35 ± 0.03 b |
BpD | 19.56 ± 0.59 c | 34.26 ± 0.58 d | 48.96 ± 4.87 c | 53.69 ± 6.64 d | 10.94 ± 0.26 d | 0.98 ± 0.02 c |
BpMW | 45.41 ± 0.03 a | 76.58 ± 0.13 a | 106.38 ± 0.45 b | 84.06 ± 1.61 b | 30.51 ± 0.11 a | 1.09 ± 0.00 c |
BpM | 32.41 ± 0.07 b | 49.88 ± 0.88 b | 51.22 ± 1.64 c | 68.27 ± 3.19 c | n.a. | 0.95 ± 0.02 c |
BpEO | n.a. | 33.75 ± 3.55 d | 174.06 ± 2.57 a | 169.06 ± 2.23 a | 15.72 ± 0.59 c | 59.80 ± 6.50 a |
Sample | AChE | BChE | Tyrosinase | Amylase | Glucosidase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg GALAE/g) | (mg KAE/g) | (mmol ACAE/g) | |||
Cinnamon Extracts | |||||
CiH | 1.70 ± 0.02 b | 1.95 ± 0.00 b | 18.24 ± 4.89 b | 0.53 ± 0.01 a | 0.88 ± 0.00 a |
CiD | 1.14 ± 0.03 c | 1.87 ± 0.07 b | 23.88 ± 0.54 b | 0.41 ± 0.02 c | 0.88 ± 0.00 a |
CiMW | 1.75 ± 0.05 b | 0.45 ± 0.05 c | 66.45 ± 0.32 a | 0.41 ± 0.02 c | n.a. |
CiM | 2.01 ± 0.20 a | 3.18 ± 0.05 a | 61.56 ± 3.53 a | 0.45 ± 0.02 b | 0.80 ± 0.00 b |
CiEO | 1.77 ± 0.17 b | n.a. | 24.41 ± 4.10 b | n.a. | n.a. |
Cumin Extracts | |||||
CuH | 2.95 ± 0.01 a | 2.57 ± 0.02 a | 26.31 ± 2.63 d | 0.31 ± 0.03 a | 0.82 ± 0.02 a |
CuD | 2.34 ± 0.09 b | 2.11 ± 0.05 b | 28.30 ± 1.60 c | 0.33 ± 0.02 a | 0.84 ± 0.00 a |
CuMW | 1.04 ± 0.04 d | n.a. | 63.12 ± 0.51 a | 0.30 ± 0.00 a | 0.45 ± 0.01 c |
CuM | 1.53 ± 0.07 c | n.a. | 58.05 ± 2.65 a | 0.31 ± 0.02 a | 0.77 ± 0.01 b |
CuEO | 0.73 ± 0.02 e | n.a. | 41.31 ± 4.83 b | n.a. | n.a. |
Clove Extracts | |||||
ClH | 2.48 ± 0.35 ab | 2.45 ± 0.22 b | 20.79 ± 0.73 c | 0.32 ± 0.03 b | 0.83 ± 0.00 c |
ClD | 1.96 ± 0.30 bc | 1.97 ± 0.17 c | 22.51 ± 0.63 c | 0.32 ± 0.01 b | 0.84 ± 0.01 c |
ClMW | 1.64 ± 0.11 b | n.a. | 59.23 ± 0.14 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | n.a. |
ClM | 1.96 ± 0.11 bc | 0.58 ± 0.02 d | 40.33 ± 4.09 b | 0.30 ± 0.02 b | 0.89 ± 0.00 b |
ClEO | 2.77 ± 0.18 a | 2.94 ± 0.09 a | 38.16 ± 5.16 b | 0.68 ± 0.01 a | 1.00 ± 0.02 a |
Laurel Extracts | |||||
LaH | 2.47 ± 0.12 a | 3.41 ± 0.63 a | n.a. | 0.55 ± 0.00 b | 0.80 ± 0.02 b |
LaD | 1.59 ± 0.01 bc | 1.68 ± 0.33 b | n.a. | 0.57 ± 0.01 b | 0.77 ± 0.01 c |
LaMW | 1.04 ± 0.03 d | 1.44 ± 0.33 b | 43.38 ± 1.53 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 c | 0.89 ± 0.01 a |
LaM | 1.82 ± 0.08 b | 1.66 ± 0.05 b | 27.68 ± 1.56 b | 0.45 ± 0.01 bc | 0.83 ± 0.01 b |
LaEO | 1.35 ± 0.15 e | 0.41 ± 0.10 c | 22.48 ± 0.59 c | 1.29 ± 0.13 a | n.a. |
Black Pepper Extracts | |||||
BpH | 1.48 ± 0.03 c | n.a. | 76.86 ± 1.29 a | 1.00 ± 0.09 a | 0.85 ± 0.00 a |
BpD | 2.55 ± 0.03 a | 1.24 ± 0.32 b | 69.56 ± 2.44 b | 0.99 ± 0.02 a | 0.76 ± 0.02 b |
BpMW | 0.76 ± 0.04 d | 2.46 ± 0.22 a | 49.31 ± 1.12 c | 0.58 ± 0.01 c | 0.17 ± 0.00 c |
BpM | 1.78 ± 0.05 b | 1.26 ± 0.02 b | 43.94 ± 1.25 d | 0.84 ± 0.06 b | 0.75 ± 0.01 b |
BpEO | 2.43 ± 0.10 a | 2.16 ± 0.03 a | 26.43 ± 0.36 e | n.a. | n.a. |
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Trifan, A.; Zengin, G.; Brebu, M.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Luca, S.V. Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives. Plants 2021, 10, 2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122692
Trifan A, Zengin G, Brebu M, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Luca SV. Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives. Plants. 2021; 10(12):2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122692
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrifan, Adriana, Gokhan Zengin, Mihai Brebu, Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak, and Simon Vlad Luca. 2021. "Phytochemical Characterization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Anti-Enzymatic Activity of Five Common Spices: Focus on Their Essential Oils and Spent Material Extractives" Plants 10, no. 12: 2692. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122692