Ethnoveterinary Practices and Ethnobotanical Knowledge on Plants Used against Cattle Diseases among Two Communities in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Socio-Demographic Data of Participants in the Study
2.2. Common Cattle Diseases Treated Using Ethnoveterinary Medicine
2.3. Diagnostic Skills, Treatment Methods, and Endpoint Determination
2.4. Plants identified as Ethnoveterinary Medicine for Treating Cattle Diseases
2.5. Therapeutic Uses of Combined Medicinal Plants
2.6. Plant Families Used to Treat Cattle Diseases
2.7. Distribution of Plant Parts Used to Treat Cattle Diseases
2.8. Method of Preparation and Route of Administration of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Cattle Diseases
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Area
3.2. Ethnobotanical Survey
3.3. Data Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic of Participants | Category | Frequency | Distribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|
| 18–30 | 12 | 13 |
31–40 | 15 | 17 | |
41–50 | 12 | 13 | |
51–60 | 15 | 17 | |
61 and above | 36 | 40 | |
| Male | 75 | 83 |
Female | 15 | 17 | |
| 5–10 | 12 | 13 |
11–15 | 9 | 10 | |
16–20 | 15 | 17 | |
21–30 | 15 | 17 | |
31–40 | 15 | 17 | |
41 and above | 24 | 27 | |
| Subsistence | 84 | 93 |
Commercial | 6 | 7 | |
| Medicinal plants only | 40 | 44.4 |
Combination of medicinal plants and conventional medicine | 50 | 55.6 |
Disease Categories | Diseases | Local Name | Citation | Nur | Nt | Fic | Signs and Symptoms | Causes | Sex | Seasonality of Diseases |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gastrointestinal problems | 120 | 53 | 0.56 | |||||||
Dysentery | Letsholo le lehibidu | 4 | 1 | Same as diarrhoea, the difference is the colour, dysentery faeces are reddish | Unspecified | Both | All seasons | |||
Diarrhoea | Letsholo | 32 | 23 | Watery faeces and pass them often, faeces are unusual colour and smell, sometimes blood in the faeces, back legs are dirty with faeces, become weak, tired, loss of appetite, appearing distressed and restless, weight loss, eyes sink into the head | Eating dry or green grass Feeding on grass containing worms (Kgorosane) | Both | Summer Spring | |||
Bile reflux | Gala | 8 | 1 | Gall bladder is large and full of brown/green liquid, loss of appetite, loss of weight, dry nose, drowsy, and brownish sclera | Green grass | Both | Summer | |||
Constipation | Go shokega mala | 76 | 28 | Passing dry, small, and hard faeces, no sign of faeces passed in the night, little dark urine, looking distressed when it passes faeces or urine, loss of appetite | Low intake of fluids | Both | All seasons | |||
Tilt the affected ear downwards and may roll or lean to the affected side. | Unknown | Both | All seasons | |||||||
General system infection | 63 | 8 | 0.88 | Weight loss, restless, loss of appetite, weak and tired, and has become very thin. | Not eating well | Both | All seasons | |||
Ear pain | Bolwetsi jwa ditsebe | 25 | 3 | Stiff shoulders, loss of weight, loss of appetite, feeling bubbles under the skin, weak and tired, swelling legs, high fever | Change of seasons Insects in the grass Heat | Both | Autumn and Winter | |||
Malnutrition | Sekwepe | 10 | 1 | Saliva comes from the mouth, high fever, loss of appetite, blood in the urine, faeces, or milk, swelling under the jaw, neck, chest, and abdomen, become sick suddenly, difficulty breathing, collapse and die, dark blood comes from the mouth, nose, or anus when it is dead | Insects in the soil Too much blood | Both | All seasons | |||
Blackquarter | Serotswana | 5 | 1 | Difficulty in breathing, looking distressed and restless, lame, and cannot walk normally | Unknown | Both | All seasons | |||
Anthrax | Lebete | 5 | 1 | Painful shoulders, isolation, stiff shoulders, loss of appetite, losing weight, walking with head down looking like it is carrying a heavy load, breathing heavy | Kicking stones Heat | Both | All seasons | |||
Heart problems | Bolowetsi jwa pelo | 10 | 1 | Tilt the affected ear downwards and may roll or lean to the affected side. | Unknown | Both | All seasons | |||
Aphosphorisis | Mokokomalo/Magetla/lamsiekte | 8 | 1 | Weight loss, restless, loss of appetite, weak and tired, and has become very thin | Not eating well | Both | All seasons | |||
Fertility/Reproduction disorders | 81 | 21 | 0.75 | |||||||
Pain afterbirth | Ditlhabi tsa morago ga pelegi | 1 | 1 | Redness around vulva, swelling, warmth | Dystocia process of pulling the dead calf | Female | Summer–Autumn | |||
Retained placenta | Motlhana | 69 | 10 | Placenta hanging from the vulva for a long time, smell bad if stay for a long time, restless | Unknown | Female | Summer–Autumn | |||
Dystocia | Go farelwa | 11 | 10 | Breathing fast and heavily, moves from time to time/restless, unable to give birth | Not eating well Not enough water Running | Female | Summer–Autumn | |||
Skin problem | 190 | 33 | 0.83 | |||||||
Foot rot | Dintho tsa dikgato | 5 | 1 | Swelling between the two hooves and legs, limping and lifting the affected leg, the flesh between the two claws that looks damaged, hard, or cut, wound or cut is smelling bad | Cow walking in the rainwater | Both | Summer | |||
Abscess | Ditlhagala/Knopsik | 41 | 14 | Hard, hot, and painful swelling on the body but often just under the skin, that becomes soft, grey/white/green/yellow fluid comes out when it bursts, foot smells or is hot and painful, loss of appetite | Rainwater Dirty blood | Both | Summer Spring Autumn | |||
Lumpy skin disease | Ditompola | 68 | 1 | Lots of saliva, clear discharge comes from the eyes and grey/white mucus from the nose, weak and tired, hard lumps appear on the body, hair around and on the lumps stands up, loss of appetite | Change of seasons | Both | Summer | |||
Wounds | Dintho | 76 | 17 | A cut on any outside part of the body, loss of appetite | Cut from objects | Both | All seasons | |||
Internal and external parasites | 91 | 12 | 0.87 | |||||||
Worms | Dibokwana | 50 | 10 | Weight loss, loss of appetite, skin rough, swelling throat, breathing problem, bloody diarrhoea with mucus, dehydration | Bad food. | Both | All seasons | |||
Ticks | Dikgoa | 41 | 2 | Licking and rubbing at the bite sites, lack of energy, loss of condition, tick sores and ulceration, pale parts around the eyes due to anaemia | Exposed to the cattle with ticks | Both | All seasons | |||
Musculoskeletal systems | 124 | 14 | 0.89 | |||||||
Muscle pain | Ditlhabi | 10 | 4 | Facial expressions | Diseases | Both | All seasons | |||
Arthralgia | Ditlhabi tsa malokololo | 69 | 8 | Facial expressions | Diseases | Both | All seasons | |||
Fracture | Go robega | 45 | 2 | Lame and limp, hold a broken leg off the ground and does not put any weight on that leg, when pressed under the foot it feels the pain, and swelling around the broken leg when touched you can feel broken ends of the bone, look distressed and restless, you can hear a grinding noise of the broken bones | Objects Kicking stones Losing step when running | Both | All seasons | |||
Respiratory problems | 100 | 25 | 0.76 | |||||||
Cough | Go gotlhola | 42 | 23 | Lost weight, looks weak and tired, cough most of the time, loses appetite, sneeze, white/yellow mucus coming out of the nose, the problem with breathing | Change of seasons Cold | Both | Summer– Winter | |||
Lung diseases | Lamsik/makgwafo a botlhoko | 9 | 1 | Loss of appetite, appearing distressed and restless, weight loss, has become thin, breathing problems | Heat | Mostly Female | Spring | |||
Lung congestion | Galbater/metsi mo mafatlheng | 45 | 1 | Not eating as much as normal, weight loss, looking distressed and restless, breathing problems | Eating dry grass | Both | Autumn– Winter | |||
Tick-borne | 5 | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Heartwater | Bolwetsi jwa metsi mo pelo | 5 | 1 | Diarrhoea and signs of bleeding from the anus, move-in violent and convulsive, blood in faeces, grinding their teeth, lifting their legs up very high when they walk, loss of appetite, the sac around the heart, chest, and abdomen is full of fluid, collapse and die | Ticks | Both | All seasons | |||
Eye problem | 55 | 10 | 0.83 | |||||||
Eye infection | Botlhoko jwa matlho | 55 | 10 | Walks into objects, quick movement when an object comes towards the eye, the eye is red, and the eyelids are swollen, it blinks a lot and avoids bright sunlight, watery/yellowish discharge that smell bad comes out of an eye, look distressed and restless, the skin under the eyelids turn red, loss of appetite | Sharp objects pricking, insects, flies, or dust | Both | All seasons |
Scientific Name Voucher Specimen Number | Local Name | Family | FC | Ui | UV | RFC | Plant Part(s) | Disease/ Ailments Treated | Mode of Preparation | Administration Route |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IAcrotome inflata Benth. MVCHA 01 | Mogato | Lamiaceae | 15 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.16 | Leaves | Cough | Decoction | Oral |
Whole plant | Wounds | Burn | Topical | |||||||
IAloe greatheadii Schönland MVCHA 02 | Kgopane e nyane | Xanthorrhoeaceae | 20 | 7 | 0.077 | 0.22 | Leaves | Constipation, diarrhoea, retained placenta | Decoction or infusion | Oral |
Ticks, abscesses. Wounds, muscle pain | Ground | Topical | ||||||||
$Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. MVCHA 03 | Kgopane ya thaba | Xanthorrhoeaceae | 67 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.74 | Leaves | Abscess, wounds | Ground | Topical |
Retained placenta, diarrhoea | Decoction or infusion | Oral | ||||||||
$* Amaranthus cruentus L. MVCHA 05 | Modinakana | Amaranthaceae | 12 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.13 | Whole plant | constipation | Ground | Oral |
$Amaranthus spinosus L. MVCHA 04 | Setlepetlepe | Amaranthaceae | 12 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.13 | Roots and leaves | Abscess, wounds | Poultice | Topical |
Whole plant | Ear pain | Ground | Topical | |||||||
IAptosimum elongatum (Hiern) Engl. MVCHA 06 | Ditantanyane | Scrophulariaceae | 11 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.12 | Whole plant | Arthralgia | Decoction | Oral |
IArtemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. MVCHA 07 | Lengana | Compositae | 69 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.76 | Leaves | Cough, intestinal worms, arthralgia | Decoction | Oral |
Ear pain | Ground | Topical | ||||||||
I* Asparagus africanus Lam. (Asparagus cooperi Baker) MVCHA08 | Thokabotswaro | Asparagaceae | 15 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.16 | Roots and stems | Malnutrition | Infusion | Oral |
IAsparagus laricinus Burch. MVCHA 09 | Lesitwane | Asparagaceae | 20 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.22 | Whole plant | Muscle pain | Decoction | Oral |
IAsparagus suaveolens Burch. MVCHA 010 | Motantanyane | Asparagaceae | 15 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.16 | Whole plant | Dystocia | Decoction | Oral |
I* Babiana hypogea Burch. MVCHA 011 | Thuge | Iridaceae | 20 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.22 | Leaves | Abscess, muscle pain | Infusion | Oral |
$* Boerhavia diffusa L. MVCHA 018 | Moetapele | Nyctaginaceae | 45 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.5 | Leaves and stems | Eye infection, abscess, wounds | Decoction | Topical |
IBoophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. MVCHA 012 | Lesoma/Mathubadudifala | Amaryllidaceae | 45 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.5 | Leaves, roots, and bulb | Constipation | Decoction | Oral |
IBulbine abyssinica A.Rich. MVCHA 013 | Makgabenyane | Xanthorrhoeaceae | 30 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.33 | Leaves | Abscess, wounds | Grounded | Topical |
ICassine transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Codd [Elaeondendron transvaalense (Burtt Davy) R.H. Archer] MVCHA 014 | Mojelemane | Celastraceae | 12 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.13 | Barks | Diarrhoea | Decoction | Oral |
I* Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. MVCHA 015 | Setimamolelo | Apiaceae | 12 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.13 | Leaves | Wound, abscess, eye infection | Poultice | Topical |
Whole plant | Diarrhoea | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
I* Cleome gynandra L. MVCHA 016 | Rothwe | Cleomaceae | 35 | 6 | 0.066 | 0.38 | Flower | Eye infection, ear problem | Grounded | Topical |
leaves | Wounds | Grounded | Topical | |||||||
Roots and leaves | Cough, constipation, intestinal worms | Infusion or decoction | Oral | |||||||
ICombretum hereroense Schinz MVCHA 017 | Tsholakhudu | Combretaceae | 25 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.27 | Leaves | Cough, pains, dysentery, constipation | Decoction | Oral |
ICroton gratissimus Burch. MVCHA 019 | Moologa | Euphorbiaceae | 22 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.24 | Flower | Eye infection, ear problem | Grounded | Topical |
IDicerocaryum senecioides (Klotzsch) Abels (Sesamum senecioides (Klotzsch) Bung & Christenh. MVCHA 020 | Tshetlho ya mamitlwa a mabedi | Pedaliaceae | 57 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.63 | Leaves | Blackquarter | Poultice | Topical |
Whole plant | Retained placenta, dystocia | Poultice and infusion | Oral | |||||||
IDichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. MVCHA 021 | Moselesele | Fabaceae | 23 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.25 | Barks | Retained placenta, dystocia, fracture, arthralgia | Poultice | Topical |
IDicoma macrocephala DC. MVCHA 022 | Tlhonya | Compositae | 34 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.37 | Roots | Diarrhoea | Infusion | Oral |
IDrimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop MVCHA 023 | Sekaname | Hyacinthaceae | 45 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.5 | Bulb | Retained placenta, intestinal worms, constipation | Infusion | Oral |
$* Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants MVCHA 024 | Tlhatlhabadimo | Amaranthaceae | 56 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.62 | Whole plant | Cough, constipation | Infusion | Oral |
IElephantorrhiza burkei Benth. MVCHA 026 | Mositsane | Fabaceae | 68 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.75 | Roots | Cough, constipation, retained placenta | Decoction | Oral |
Diarrhoea | Ground | Topical | ||||||||
Barks | Cough | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
IEuclea undulata Thunb. MVCHA 070 | Morobe | Ebenaceae | 67 | 6 | 0.066 | 0.74 | Leaves | Wounds | Poultice | Topical |
Bark and roots | Diarrhoea, arthralgia | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
Roots | Cough, constipation, retained placenta | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
$* Euphorbia balbisii Boiss (Euphorbia serpens Kunth) MVCHA 027 | Lwetsane | Euphorbiaceae | 12 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.13 | Leaves and roots | Diarrhoea, intestinal worms | Decoction | Oral |
IGomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T.Aiton MVCHA 028 | Motimola/sebogamaswi | Apocynaceae | 75 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.83 | Whole plant | Constipation, retained placenta, cough, bile reflux | Infusion | Oral |
IGrewia flava DC. MVCHA 029 | Moretlwa | Malvaceae | 23 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.25 | Roots | Diarrhoea, dystocia | Infusion | Oral |
I* Grewia flavescens Juss. MVCHA 030 | Motsotsojane | Malvaceae | 34 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.37 | Leaves | Pain, wounds, diarrhoea | Infusion | Oral |
IHarpagophytum procumbens (Burch.) DC. ex Meisn. MVCHA 031 | Lematla/Sengaparile | Pedaliaceae | 45 | 6 | 0.066 | 0.5 | Tuber | Dystocia, pain after birth | Decoction | Oral |
Abscess, fracture, muscle pain | Ground | Topical | ||||||||
Roots, leaves, and fruit | Retained placenta | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
IHelichrysum candolleanum H.Buek MVCHA 032 | Phateyangaka | Compositae | 56 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.62 | Roots, leaves and fruit | Retained placenta | Decoction | Oral |
IHypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Avé-Lall. MVCHA 034 | Maledu/Tshuku ya poo | Hypoxidaceae | 69 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.76 | Whole plant | Cough, dystocia, arthralgia, constipation | Decoction | Oral |
IJatropha zeyheri Sond. MVCHA 035 | Seswagadi | Euphorbiaceae | 67 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.74 | Root | Eye infections, constipation | Maceration | Topical |
Retained placenta | Decoction | Topical | ||||||||
IKleinia longiflora DC. MVCHA 036 | Mosimama | Compositae | 65 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.72 | Whole plant | Eye infection | Poultice | Topical |
I* Lippia scaberrima Sond. MVCHA 037 | Mosukutswane | Verbenaceae | 54 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.6 | Leaves | Cough | Decoction | Oral |
$* Malva neglecta Wallr. MVCHA 038 | Tikamotse | Malvaceae | 43 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.47 | Leaves and flowers | Constipation, wounds, abscess, cough | Decoction | Oral |
$Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke MVCHA 054 | Thobega | Malvaceae | 12 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.13 | Leaves | Diarrhoea, abscess, wounds, ear pain | Decoction | Oral |
I* Mentha aquatica L. MVCHA 039 | Kgobedimetsing | Lamiaceae | 32 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.35 | Leaves | Cough | Decoction | Oral |
$Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. MVCHA 040 | Toorofeye | Cactaceae | 74 | 5 | 0.055 | 0.82 | Leaves and stem | Diarrhoea, constipation, eye infections | Decoction | Oral |
Flower | Retained placenta, abscess | Ground | Topical | |||||||
Bulb | Retained placenta | Maceration | Topical | |||||||
IOzoroa paniculosa (Sond.) R. Fern. & A. Fern. MVCHA 042 | Monokana | Anacardiaceae | 24 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.26 | Roots | Cough, muscle pain | Decoction | Oral |
IPeltophorum africanum Sond. MVCHA 043 | Mosetlha | Fabaceae | 35 | 5 | 0.055 | 0.38 | Roots | Wounds, muscle pain | Decoction | Oral |
Stem and root | Diarrhoea, constipation | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
Root, Leaves, and bark | Intestinal worms | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
I* Phyllanthus maderaspatensis L. MVCHA 044 | Mositwane | Phyllanthaceae | 30 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.33 | Whole plant | Eye infection | Ground | Topical |
Roots | Constipation, diarrhoea | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
I* Plumbago zeylanica L. MVCHA 045 | Masegomabe | Plumbaginaceae | 57 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.63 | Whole plant | Cough, intestinal worms | Decoction | Oral |
$* Portulaca oleracea L. MVCHA 046 | Selele | Portulacaceae | 73 | 5 | 0.055 | 0.81 | Whole plant | Constipation, eye infection, muscle pain, wounds, intestinal worms | Decoction | Oral |
IPouzolzia mixta Solms MVCHA 047 | Mongololo | Urticaceae | 68 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.75 | Roots and leaves | Retained placenta | Maceration | Oral |
Roots | Diarrhoea | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
Constipation | Infusion | Oral | ||||||||
$Ricinus communis L. MVCHA 048 | Mokhura | Euphorbiaceae | 13 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.14 | Leaves | Constipation, eye infection | Infusion | Oral |
I* Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce [Dracaena hyacinthoides (L.) Mabb.] MVCHA 049 | Moshokelatsebe | Ruscaceae | 24 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.26 | Leaves | Retained placenta | Poultice | Topical |
Whole plant | Cough | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
$Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. MVCHA 050 | Santlhoko | Compositae | 73 | 7 | 0.077 | 0.81 | Whole plant | Eye infection, wounds, abscess | Ground | Topical |
Diarrhoea, constipation, heartwater, lung congestion | Decoction | Oral | ||||||||
ISearsia lancea (L.f.) F.A.Barkley MVCHA 051 | Moshabela | Anacardiaceae | 30 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.33 | Roots, leaves, and stem | Abscess | Poultice | Roots, leaves and stem |
Roots | Constipation, diarrhoea | Infusion | Roots | |||||||
ISearsia pyroides (Burch.) Moffett MVCHA 052 | Bohitlha | Anacardiaceae | 57 | 6 | 0.066 | 0.63 | Leaves | Cough | Decoction | Oral |
Leaves | Cough, dystocia, constipation, diarrhoea, intestinal worms, arthralgia | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
$* Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. MVCHA 053 | Mmaba | Polygalaceae | 68 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.75 | Roots | Cough, Dystocia, constipation, muscle pain | Ground | Topical |
ISenecio consanguineus DC. MVCHA 033 | Compositae | 67 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.74 | Whole plant | Cough, wounds, constipation | Decoction | Oral | |
ISenna italica Mill. MVCHA 055 | Sebetebete | Fabaceae | 55 | 7 | 0.077 | 0.61 | Leaves | Constipation, abscess, anthrax, aphosphorosis, lung diseases | Decoction | Oral |
Bark | Pain, diarrhoea, constipation | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
ISolanum lichtensteinii Willd. MVCHA 059 | Tolwane | Solanaceae | 70 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.77 | Whole plant | Ticks | Poultice | Topical |
$Solanum nigrum L. MVCHA 060 | Makgonatsotlhe | Solanaceae | 33 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.36 | Roots | Intestinal worms | infusion | Oral |
ISolanum campylacanthum A. Rich. (Solanum panduriforme Dunal) MVCHA 071 | Tolwane enyane | Solanaceae | 44 | 2 | 0.022 | 0.48 | Roots | Diarrhoea | Infusion | Oral |
Leaves | Eye infection | Maceration | Topical | |||||||
ITarchonanthus camphoratus L. MVCHA 061 | Mohatlha | Compositae | 33 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.36 | Roots | Intestinal worms | infusion | Oral |
ITerminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. MVCHA 062 | Mogonono | Combretaceae | 44 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.48 | Leaves and stem | Cough | Decoction | Oral |
ITeucrium sessiliforum Benth. (Teucrium trifidum Retz.) MVCHA 063 | Lethe la noga | Lamiaceae | 55 | 3 | 0.033 | 0.61 | Leaves and roots | Cough, diarrhoea, constipation | Decoction | Oral |
ITribulus terrestris L. MVCHA 064 | Tshetlho | Zygophyllaceae | 66 | 5 | 0.055 | 0.73 | Leaves | Arthralgia | Ground | Oral |
Whole plant | Dystocia, retained placenta | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
. | Constipation | Decoction | Oral | |||||||
I* Turbina oblongata A. Meeuse (Ipomoea oblongata E.Mey ex Choisy) MVCHA 065 | Mokatelo | Convolvulaceae | 11 | 4 | 0.044 | 0.12 | Roots | Cough, wounds, muscle pain, diarrhoea | Decoction | Oral |
IVachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso MVCHA 066 | Mooka | Fabaceae | 67 | 1 | 0.011 | 0.74 | Bark | Lumpy skin disease | Decoction | Oral |
IZiziphus mucronata Willd. MVCHA 068 | Sekgalo | Rhamnaceae | 40 | 6 | 0.066 | 0.44 | Roots | Dystocia, diarrhoea, arthralgia | Decoction | Oral |
Leaves | Wounds, foot rot | Ground | Topical | |||||||
Whole plant | Eye infection | Decoction | Oral |
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Chakale, M.V.; Asong, J.A.; Struwig, M.; Mwanza, M.; Aremu, A.O. Ethnoveterinary Practices and Ethnobotanical Knowledge on Plants Used against Cattle Diseases among Two Communities in South Africa. Plants 2022, 11, 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131784
Chakale MV, Asong JA, Struwig M, Mwanza M, Aremu AO. Ethnoveterinary Practices and Ethnobotanical Knowledge on Plants Used against Cattle Diseases among Two Communities in South Africa. Plants. 2022; 11(13):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131784
Chicago/Turabian StyleChakale, Mompati Vincent, John Awungnjia Asong, Madeleen Struwig, Mulunda Mwanza, and Adeyemi Oladapo Aremu. 2022. "Ethnoveterinary Practices and Ethnobotanical Knowledge on Plants Used against Cattle Diseases among Two Communities in South Africa" Plants 11, no. 13: 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11131784