Climatic Variability Caused by Topographic Barrier Prevents the Northward Spread of Invasive Ageratina adenophora
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Spatial–Temporal Distribution of Ageratina adenophora
2.2. Determination of the Key Environmental Factors
2.3. Comparison of Environmental Variables between Northern and Southern Sides of Mount Nyba
2.4. Reconstruction of A. adenophora Expansion History in Study Area
3. Discussion
3.1. Distribution and Spread Prediction of A. adenophora
3.2. Key Driving Factors
3.3. Possible Prevention Mechanism of A. adenophora Invasion by Mount Nyba
3.4. Prevention and Control Methods
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Occurrence Data of Ageratina adenophora
4.2. Environmental Data
4.3. Habitat Suitability Simulation
4.4. Identification of Key Environmental Factors Influencing A. adenophora Distribution
4.5. Spread Simulations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Name | Unit | Importance | VIF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GLM | GBM | RF | MaxEnt | Ensemble | ||||
ISO | Isothermality | (*100) - | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 3.1 |
PDM | Precipitation of driest month | mm | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 4.1 |
HW | Highway density | 1 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.13 | 1.1 |
TAR | Temperature annual range (bio05-bio06) | °C | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 5.0 |
LULC | The land use/land cover | - | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 1.5 |
PS | Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation) | 1 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 3.8 |
ST | Soil type | - | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 1.6 |
SR | Solar radiation | kJ m−2 day−1 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 2.5 |
PD | Population_density | 1 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.12 | 1.3 |
WS | Wind speed | m/s | 0.27 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 4.1 |
PWQ | Precipitation of warmest quarter | mm | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.05 | 4.6 |
RD | River_density | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.0 |
AI | Aspect_index | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.0 |
SLO | Slope | ° | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 1.3 |
HII | Human interference index | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.10 | 2.1 |
RAD | Railway density | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 1.0 |
Parameter | Value or Setting | Meaning | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
rcThreshold | 828 | MaxTSS | Simulated in this study |
envChgSteps | 1 | Without environmental change | [19] |
dispSteps | 70 | Update times of the habitat suitability layer | From 1940s to current, ca. 70 years |
dispKernel | c(1,0.607,0.368,0.223,0.135,0.082,0.05,0.03,0.018,0.011,0.007,0.004,0.002,0.002) | Probability of a source cell to disperse A. adenophora as a function of distance | 14 km/yr for short-distance events [13] |
iniMatAge | 1 | Newly colonized cells are ready to produce propagules after one year | [15] |
propaguleProd | c(0.02,0.25, 0.90,0.99) | Probability of an occupied cell to produce A. adenophora as a function of time | [20,21,22] |
lddFreq | 0.96 | High occurrence probability of long-distance dispersal events | [15] |
lddMinDist | 15 | The minimum distance of long-distance dispersal events | [13,15] |
lddMaxDist | 88 | The max distance of long-distance dispersal events | [15] |
replicateNb | 10 | The spread simulation is replicated 10 times | [19] |
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Zhang, Y.; Liao, Z.; Jiang, H.; Tu, W.; Wu, N.; Qiu, X.; Zhang, Y. Climatic Variability Caused by Topographic Barrier Prevents the Northward Spread of Invasive Ageratina adenophora. Plants 2022, 11, 3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223108
Zhang Y, Liao Z, Jiang H, Tu W, Wu N, Qiu X, Zhang Y. Climatic Variability Caused by Topographic Barrier Prevents the Northward Spread of Invasive Ageratina adenophora. Plants. 2022; 11(22):3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223108
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yi, Ziyan Liao, Han Jiang, Wenqin Tu, Ning Wu, Xiaoping Qiu, and Yongmei Zhang. 2022. "Climatic Variability Caused by Topographic Barrier Prevents the Northward Spread of Invasive Ageratina adenophora" Plants 11, no. 22: 3108. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11223108