Next Article in Journal
Structural and Morphogenetic Characteristics in Paspalum notatum: Responses to Nitrogen Fertilization, Season, and Genotype
Previous Article in Journal
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the PLATZ Transcription Factor in Tomato
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Plants
Volume 12
Issue 14
10.3390/plants12142634
plants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Comprehensive Characterization of B-Box Zinc Finger Genes in Citrullus lanatus and Their Response to Hormone and Abiotic Stresses

by
Xinsheng Wang
1,
Huidan Guo
2,
Zhi Jin
1,
Yina Ding
1 and
Meng Guo
1,3,4,5,*
1
School of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
2
College of Horticulture and Landscape, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
3
Key Laboratory of Modern Molecular Breeding for Dominant and Special Crops in Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
4
Ningxia Modern Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Research Center, Yinchuan 750021, China
5
Ningxia Facility Horticulture Technology Innovation Center, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2023, 12(14), 2634; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142634
Submission received: 13 June 2023 / Revised: 7 July 2023 / Accepted: 11 July 2023 / Published: 13 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Plant B-BOX (BBX) zinc finger transcription factors play crucial roles in growth and development and the stress response. Although the BBX family has been characterized in various plants, systematic analysis in watermelon is still lacking. In this study, 25 watermelon ClBBX genes were identified. ClBBXs were grouped into five clades (Clade I, II, III, IV, and V) based on their conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships. Most of the ClBBXs (84%) might be localized in the nuclei or cytoplasm. The classification of ClBBXs was consistent with their gene structures. They were unevenly distributed in nine chromosomes except for Chr4 and Chr10, with the largest number of six members in Chr2. Segmental duplications were the major factor in ClBBX family expansion. Some BBXs of watermelon and Arabidopsis evolved from a common ancestor. In total, 254 hormonal and stress-responsive cis elements were discovered in ClBBX promoters. ClBBXs were differentially expressed in tissues, and the expression levels of ClBBX15 and 16 were higher in aboveground tissues than in roots, while the patterns of ClBBX21a, 21b, 21c, 28 and 30b were the opposite. With salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate and salt stress conditions, 17, 18 and 18 ClBBXs exhibited significant expression changes, respectively. In addition, many ClBBXs, including ClBBX29b, 30a and 30b, were also responsive to cold and osmotic stress. In summary, the simultaneous response of multiple ClBBXs to hormonal or abiotic stress suggests that they may have functional interactions in the stress hormone network. Clarifying the roles of key ClBBXs in transcriptional regulation and mediating protein interactions will be an important task. Our comprehensive characterization of the watermelon ClBBX family provides vital clues for the in-depth analysis of their biological functions in stress and hormone signaling pathways.

1. Introduction

Plant transcription factors (TFs) function mainly through transcriptional regulation [1,2]. With the completion of plant genome sequencing, more and more TF families have been identified. As one of the largest TF families, the plant zinc finger TF family is made of crucial regulators of growth and development and the stress response [3]. The zinc finger proteins harbor a highly conserved zinc finger domain that requires the coordination of zinc ions to stabilize its structure [4]. Zinc finger TFs can be classified into several families according to the number and location of cysteine (Cys) and histidine (His) residues that bind the zinc ions [4,5]. Among them, the functional diversity of the B-box (BBX) family has attracted much attention. BBXs contain one or two conserved B-box domains (B-box1 and B-box2) of approximately 40 residues in length in the N-terminal, and the B-box domains in plants are thought to be crucial in mediating transcription activity and protein interactions [3]. The differences between two B-box motifs may be attributed to segmental duplications and internal deletion events [6]. In some cases, a CCT (CONSTANS, CO-like and TOC1) domain is present in the C terminus of BBXs. The highly conserved CCT domain functions in transcriptional regulation and nuclear protein transport [6]. Arabidopsis and grapevine BBXs were grouped into five structure groups (I–V) based on the number of B-box and CCT domains, and significantly clustered with dicotyledonous plants rather than rice, as is consistent with their position in plant classification [7,8].
BBX proteins widely participate in physiological and biochemical processes in plants [3,9,10]. For instance, BBXs regulated the light signaling pathways by modulating the activity of ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) and CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) [11]. In addition, many Arabidopsis BBX members functioned in a HY5-dependent manner [12]. They formed a transcriptional feedback loop with HY5, regulating photomorphogenic development [13]. Both pear PpBBX16 and apple MdBBX37 regulated anthocyanin synthesis through synergistic action with MYBs and HY5 [14,15]. Additionally, MdBBX37 also enhanced jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated cold resistance [16]. Sweet cherry PavBBX6 and PavBBX9 positively regulated anthocyanin and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation [17]. Chrysanthemum CmBBX13 delayed flowering time [18], while CmBBX22 negatively regulated drought resistance [19]. Ginkgo GbBBX25 enhanced the salt adaptability of transgenic poplar [20]. These reports confirm the critical role of the plant BBX family in the regulatory network that controls growth and development [3].
The identification of BBX family members is the prerequisite for a comprehensive analysis of the interaction among different BBXs. The characterization of the BBX family in many plants has been reported. The number of cotton BBXs ranged from 17 (Gossypium arboreum) to 37 (G. hirsutum), and the expansion of this family in cotton occurred mainly through segmental replication [21]. The 25 VviBBXs in grapevine might participate in powdery mildew infestation, hormone signaling, and seed abortion [8]. Most of the 29 tomato SlBBXs were induced by drought or heat stress, and some were strongly induced by ABA, gibberellic acid (GA), or ethephon [22]. The potato StBBX family (consisting of 30 members) might be made up of the key players in the circadian rhythm network [23]. Briefly, 12 of the 25 pear PbBBXs were specifically expressed in pollen tubes [24]. Most of the 23 pepper CaBBXs might regulate anthocyanin accumulation [25]. However, to our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive analysis of watermelon BBX (ClBBX) family to date.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a cucurbitacea crop and one of the top five most commonly consumed fresh fruits [26]. It contains glucose, fructose, ascorbic acid, protein, inorganic salt and so on, having a high nutritional value and therapeutic value. TFs including the BBX family may be widely involved in biological processes in watermelon, but studies on the function of ClBBXs are relatively lacking. The publication of watermelon genome facilitates the identification of the ClBBX family. In this study, 25 genes encoding watermelon ClBBXs were identified. The gene structure, domains, phylogeny, and synteny were determined. The cis elements involved in stress and hormone responsive were analyzed in ClBBX promoters. In addition, the expression of ClBBXs in tissues and their response to salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abiotic stresses (salt, cold, and osmotic stress) were analyzed. Our work will be helpful for the further functional analysis of watermelon ClBBXs.

2. Results

2.1. Identification of Watermelon BBXs

To identify watermelon BBXs, the HMM profile of the B-box zinc finger domain (Pfam: PF00643) was used as a BLAST query against the Cucurbit Genomics Database (CuGenDB), and the Arabidopsis BBXs were also used as a BLAST query against CuGenDB. Briefly, 31 candidate BBX sequences were obtained, of which 6 sequences were removed due to their e-value of >0.01. The remaining protein sequences were assessed for the presence of B-box zinc finger domains through Pfam and SMART. Finally, 25 watermelon BBX candidate members were identified and designated as ClBBXs. The structure type of ClBBXs (Structure I, II, III, IV, and V groups) was based on the classification rules of BBX family members in Arabidopsis (Table 1). The coding sequence (CDS) sizes for ClBBXs ranged from 378 (ClBBX29b) to 1,503 bp (ClBBX27), the length of deduced proteins ranged from 125 to 500 amino acids, and the molecular weights ranged from 13.42 to 56.18 kDa. The number of introns in ClBBXs ranged from 0 to 4. The isoelectric points of ClBBXs ranged from 4.38 (ClBBX29a) to 7.49 (ClBBX15), and only three proteins (ClBBX29b, 30a, and 30b) belonging to Structure V were stable. Additionally, most ClBBXs were predicted to be localized in the nucleus or cytoplasm, while ClBBX30b might function primarily in chloroplasts (Table 1).

2.2. Conserved Domains and Phylogenetic Analysis of ClBBX Family

Among the 25 ClBBXs, 4 members each belonged to Structure I and II groups, 3 members belonged to Structure III groups, 8 members belonged to Structure IV group, and 6 members belonged to Structure V group. Except for ClBBX3 from the Structure I group which had no B-box2 domain, all other ClBBXs from Structure I and II groups contained B-box1, B-box2, and CCT domains. All members of the Structure III group contained B-box1 and CCT domains, those of the Structure IV group contained two B-box domains, while those of the Structure V group had only B-box1 (Table 1, Figure S1B). As shown in Figure 1, the conserved sequences of B-box1 and B-box2 of watermelon ClBBXs were C-X2-C-X7–8-C-X2-D-X-A-X-L-C-X2-C-D-X3-H-X2-N-X5-H and C-X2-C-X8-C-X2-D-X3-L-C-X2-C-D-X3-H-X6–8-H, respectively. Additionally, the CCT domain of 11 ClBBXs with the form of R-X5-R-Y-X-E-K-X3-R-X-F-X-K-X2-R-Y-X2-R-K-X2-A-X2-R-X-R-X-K-G-R-F-X-K was also conserved. B-box1 and B-box2 shared similar conserved domains, and cysteine residues (C) in zinc fingers and arginine residues (R) in CCT domains were highly conserved.
To discover the evolutionary relationships and divergence of ClBBX members, 219 BBXs in total, including 32 from Arabidopsis, 25 from grapevine, 25 from pear, 23 from pepper, 30 from potato, 30 from rice and 29 from tomato, were used to construct a phylogenetic tree (Figure 2). BBXs were grouped into five distinct clades (Clade I–V), including 40 members in Clade I, 43 in II, 25 in III, 67 in IV and 44 in V, which corresponded to the structural groups of ClBBXs (Table 1, Figure S1A). In each clade, BBXs from Solanaceae (tomato, pepper, and potato) were clustered together significantly. Compared with rice, most of watermelon ClBBXs were closer to BBX proteins of dicotyledon, which was consistent with the botanical classification. Although watermelon ClBBX19a and pear PbBBX14 were clustered together, rice OsBBX29 was closer to both than were other Clade IV members. Moreover, an exception was also found in Clade V. Watermelon ClBBX29b was clustered with rice OsBBX24, but not with other dicotyledonous homologous proteins (Figure 2).

2.3. Gene Structure, Chromosomal Localization and Gene Duplications of ClBBXs

Briefly, 5 (20%) of the 25 ClBBXs had no introns, 9 members (36%) had one intron, 11 genes (44%) had two or more introns, and only ClBBX27 from Clade V had four introns (Table 1, Figure S1C). All four members from Clade I (ClBBX3, 5, 6a, and 6b) and three members from Clade III (ClBBX14, 15, and 16) had only one intron, while all four genes of Clade II (ClBBX7a, 7b, 10, and 12) contained three introns. The genes without introns belonged mainly to Clade V (ClBBX28, 29b, 30a, and 30b) and only ClBBX21b belonged to Clade IV. The structures of Clade IV genes were relatively complex, with seven out of eight genes containing at least one intron. The structures of ClBBXs may be related to their phylogenetic classification.
Watermelon ClBBXs were widely distributed in 9 out of 11 chromosomes except for Chr4 and Chr10 (Table 1, Figure S2). Chr2 contained the most ClBBXs (6), while Chr3 and Chr9 both possessed only one gene. Two ClBBXs were distributed on Chr1 and Chr11, respectively. Chr5, Chr6, and Chr8 each contained three genes, and four members were distributed on Chr7.
Gene duplication events contribute to genome evolution; therefore, the duplications of ClBBXs was analyzed. Nine segmental duplication events were detected, but no tandem duplication events were identified (Figure S2 and Table S1), suggesting that segmental duplication events contribute to ClBBX family evolution. Additionally, 27 gene pairs were found between watermelon and Arabidopsis, comprising 18 ClBBXs and 18 AtBBXs (Figure 3, Table S2). Among them, nine orthologous pairs were found, and nine orthologous gene pairs with one ClBBX gene corresponding to multiple AtBBXs were identified. Furthermore, six orthologous gene pairs with one AtBBX gene corresponding to multiple ClBBXs were found. These results suggest that more than half of the BBXs appeared prior to differentiation between watermelon and Arabidopsis. The ratios of Ka/Ks of all segmentally duplicated gene pairs were less than 1.0 (Tables S4 and S5), indicating that the pairs had evolved primarily under purifying selection. The duplication events occurred between 84.9 and 204.3 million years ago (Mya) in watermelon (Table S1), and between 152.5 and 256.1 Mya in watermelon and Arabidopsis (Table S2).

2.4. Analysis of cis Elements in ClBBX Promoters and GO Enrichment Analysis of ClBBXs

To investigate the potential function of watermelon ClBBXs, the cis-acting elements in all ClBBX promoters were analyzed via PlantCARE. Except for the basic cis elements CAAT-box and TATA-box, 22 other cis elements were identified in more than 10 ClBBX promoter regions. These cis elements consisted of light-, stress- and hormone-responsive elements (Figure 4, Table 2). Among the seven light-responsive elements, only Box 4 was distributed in promoters of all ClBBXs and the highest number was found in ClBBX19b (7). G-box elements were not found in ClBBX7a and 7b promoters, while the GT1-motif was absent in the promoters of ClBBX6a, 12 and 28. The largest number of G-box and GT1-motifs existed in the promoter of ClBBX29a (10) and ClBBX21c (6), respectively (Figure 4). Four other light-responsive elements, including GATA-motif, AE-box, TCT-motif and MRE, were identified in 12, 13, 14 and 12 gene promoters, respectively (Table 2). Among the seven stress responsive elements, both MYB and MYC elements existed in all ClBBX promoters, and ARE was identified in all members except for the ClBBX30b promoter. The number of STRE elements in the ClBBX29b promoter (5) was the highest among that of the 19 ClBBX promoters, while the number of W-box, WRE3 and TC-rich repeat elements in each promoter was less than three (Figure 4). Three (AAGAA-motif, ABRE3a and ABRE), two (CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif), two (as-1 and TCA-element) and one (ERE) of the eight hormone-responsive elements were ABA, MeJA, SA and ethylene-responsive elements, respectively (Table 2). Compared with other gene promoters, the number of MeJA response elements, the CGTCA-motif (3), TGACG-motif (3) and SA response element as-1 (3) in the promoters of three genes (ClBBX6a, 15 and 29a) was the highest. The largest number of AAGAA-motif, ABRE, ERE and TCA-elements was found in promoters of ClBBX7b (5), ClBBX29a (10), ClBBX29b (7) and ClBBX24 (5), respectively. Furthermore, among the 16 ClBBX promoters containing ABRE3a elements, only ClBBX15 and ClBBX24 promoters contained two elements, and the other 14 promoters contained only one (Figure 4).
The enrichment analysis of ClBBXs was performed (Figure S3) and conducted on the assigned GO terms with the corrected p-value of <0.05 [26]. In terms of molecular function, all ClBBXs were assigned in binding. In the cellular component, intracellular and cellular parts were highly enriched in ClBBX members. Among them, 12 members (48%) were also assigned to the nucleus. Twenty-three ClBBX members (92%) were assigned to the biological process.

2.5. Expression Analysis of ClBBXs in Different Tissues

To investigate the potential functions of ClBBXs during watermelon development, qRT-PCR was used to determine the global transcription levels of 25 ClBBXs in roots, stems, true leaves, and cotyledons (Figure 5A). Among them, the relative expression levels of seven ClBBXs (ClBBX3, 5, 7a, 10, 15, 16, and 29b) (28%) were higher in shoots than in roots. Except for ClBBX10 (the only gene with the highest transcription level in stems), the levels of six other genes in stems were lower than those in cotyledons and true leaves. Conversely, five genes (ClBBX21a, 21b, 21c, 28, and 30b) (20%) were preferentially expressed in roots rather than in shoots. The genes preferentially expressed in cotyledons (9) and true leaves (10) accounted for 76% of the total 25 genes. It was noteworthy that the transcription levels of ClBBX14, ClBBX15 and ClBBX16 in cotyledons were the highest (40~50-fold that in roots) and their levels in true leaves were much higher than those in roots (30~44-fold).
To analyze the potential function of ClBBXs in fruit development, an expression atlas was created for the genes against the RNA-seq data of four developmental stages of watermelon fruits, including white fruits (10 days after pollination, F-DAP10), white-pink fruits (F-DAP18), pink fruits (F-DAP28), and red ripe fruits (F-DAP34) (Figure 5B). The transcription levels of 10 ClBBXs (40%) were relatively low at different stages. For instance, ClBBX28 was almost not expressed in fruits, while ClBBX10, 16 and 21c were not detected in F-DAP28, and their levels were also very low at the other three fruit stages. Differently from the stable low expression pattern of ClBBX6b in different stages, ClBBX3, 19b and 30a all had the highest levels in F-DAP18. The levels of the other 15 members in fruits were high. Among them, seven genes (ClBBX5, 6a, 7b, 12, 19a, 22, and 29a) maintained high levels at different stages. The transcription levels of ClBBX7a, 14 and 20 were higher in early stages (F-DAP10 and F-DAP18) than in late periods (F-DAP28 and F-DAP34), whereas the reverse was true for ClBBX15. The levels of ClBBX24 and 30b were lowest in F-DAP10, while those of ClBBX29b were the lowest in F-DAP28 (Figure 5B).

2.6. ClBBX Expression Profiles in Response to Exogenous SA and MeJA

The promoters of ClBBXs contained many phytohormone response elements. To explore the response of ClBBXs to plant hormones, the effects of SA and MeJA treatment on their transcription levels were analyzed (Figure 6). As shown in Figure 6A, 1 h after SA treatment, three (ClBBX20, 27, and 30b) and four (ClBBX15, 16, 21c, and 30a) genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, while the expression of other genes was not significantly changed (more than two-fold). With the extension of time after treatment, the levels of many genes showed obvious fluctuations. For example, the level of ClBBX30b was lowest at 12 h and highest after 24 h, while that of ClBBX14 and ClBBX16 was the exact opposite. The levels of ClBBX10, 21c and 27 were the highest after 3 h, while that of ClBBX6b was the lowest. Briefly, 6 h after SA treatment, only one (ClBBX30b) and seven (ClBBX6b, 10, 14, 15, 16, 28, and 29b) genes and were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively.
However, the effect of MeJA on the expression of this family genes was relatively weak, which was reflected in the number of ClBBXs significantly regulated at different times after MeJA treatment (Figure 6B). Four up-regulated genes (ClBBX6b, 19b, 20, and 30b) and three down-regulated genes (ClBBX15, 16, and 30a) were identified 1 h after MeJA treatment. Briefly, 3 h after treatment, ClBBX7a, 21c and 30b were up-regulated, and their levels reached the peak, but ClBBX14 and 16 were down-regulated and showed the lowest levels. At 6 h, ClBBX6b and 28 had the lowest levels; however, only ClBBX5 was up-regulated and peaked, with a nearly 9-fold increase. The levels of ClBBX14, 16 and 29b reached the highest at 12 h, while those of ClBBX29a and 30b reached the lowest. At 24 h, the number of significantly down-regulated genes (7) was the highest and their levels were also the lowest, whereas only ClBBX30b was significantly up-regulated.

2.7. Expression of ClBBXs under Abiotic Stresses

The RNA-seq data of leaves treated with melatonin (150 μM for 3 d) and cold stress (4 °C for 36 h) were used to analyze the effects of combined melatonin and cold treatment (MT + Cold) on the expression of ClBBXs (Figure 7A). As a special case, ClBBX28 was almost not expressed in leaves under control conditions (L-CK), and it did not respond to melatonin (L-MT) and/or cold stress (L-Cold). Similarly, ClBBX21b was not detected in L-Cold and L-Cold + MT tissues. Compared to L-CK, eight and three genes were significantly induced and inhibited by cold stress, respectively. Among the 11 genes, the up-regulated genes included ClBBX3, 7a, 19a, 19b, 29a, 29b, 30a and 30b, while the down-regulated genes were ClBBX7b, 14 and 21a. Except for the induced expression of ClBBX30b, almost all ClBBXs did not respond to melatonin. In contrast to cold treatment, the combined melatonin and cold treatment only induced the expression of ClBBX10 and 21c, and inhibited ClBBX6b and 30b. These data indicate that the role of ClBBX family genes in the melatonin-mediated cold stress response pathway may be limited or indirect. Moreover, the RNA-seq data of watermelon roots treated with PEG6000 (20% polyethylene glycol 6000 for 6 h) were used to analyze the effects of osmotic stress on ClBBX expression. As shown in Figure 7B, 14 of 25 genes (56%) were drastically induced by osmotic stress, including ClBBX5, 6a, 6b, 7b, 15, 19b, 20, 21a, 22, 24, 27, 29b, 30a, and 30b. Only ClBBX16 and 28 were inhibited by PEG6000 treatment, and the other nine genes were not sensitive to osmotic stress.
Many plant BBXs were involved in salt stress [3]. To investigate the expression profiles of ClBBXs under salt conditions, the levels of each ClBBX in watermelon (XN-8) leaves treated with salt (100 mM NaCl for 24 h) were monitored via qRT-PCR (Figure 8). The levels of seven genes (ClBBX3, 5, 7b, 12, 19a, 24, and 29a) did not change significantly within 24 h for salt stress treatment. The levels of seven genes were up-regulated, among which four genes (ClBBX10, 20, 21a, and 21b) and two genes (ClBBX6a and 7a) peaked at 1 h and 3 h, respectively, while ClBBX30b reached the highest level at 24 h with a 6.5-fold increase. Eight genes were down-regulated under salt conditions, and ClBBX29b and 30a decreased sharply at 3 h and 12 h, respectively. Two (ClBBX6b and 19b) showed the lowest levels at 6 h, while the lowest levels of four other genes genes (ClBBX14, 15, 16, and 22) were delayed until 24 h. Additionally, ClBBX27 peaked at 3 h and decreased significantly at 24 h, and both ClBBX21c and 28 decreased significantly at 1 h and peaked at 6 h, but the lowest levels of ClBBX28 appeared at 24 h. Therefore, ClBBXs may play a synergistic role in the watermelon salt stress response.

3. Discussion

Plant BBXs play key roles in regulatory networks controlling biological processes. BBX proteins belong to zinc finger TFs, and a thorough understanding of the function of each protein in physiological processes will facilitate their applications in crop genetic improvement [3]. Therefore, the characterization of BBX members in different crops is particularly important. With whole genome sequencing, analysis of BBX family has been performed in many species. However, identification of watermelon ClBBX family is still lacking.
In this study, 25 watermelon ClBBXs were systematically identified. The number was same as that in grapevine [8] and pear [24], while it was smaller than that in Arabidopsis (32) [7], tomato (29) [22], potato (30) [23], Ipomoea trifida (34) [27] and rice (30) [28]. Nonetheless, the number was higher than that in pepper (23) [25], cucumber (22) [29], and Melilotus albus (20) [30]. Although the total numbers of BBXs in watermelon, grape and pear were the same, the members in different clades varied greatly (Figure 2; Table S3). For example, the number of ClBBXs was three less than that in grapevine in Clade II, but one more than that in grapevine in Clade I, III and IV. Watermelon and pear had different numbers of BBXs in all five clades except for Clade II. Arabidopsis had more BBXs than watermelon did in all clades except for Clade V. Tomato mainly had an advantage in Clade I and II, with two more members in each clade than watermelon. Although the protein number in Clade I, II, III and IV of rice was higher than that in potato, there were five members less than that in potato in Clade V. The remarkable variation in the protein number of the same clades may reflect species-specific duplication or deletions during evolution [8].
BBXs contained one or two B-box motifs (B-box1 and B-box2), and sometimes also had a CCT domain [3]. Five Cys residues and two His residues were highly conserved in the two B-box domains of watermelon ClBBXs (Figure 1), which was consistent with those of Arabidopsis [7], pear [24], and rice [28]. It was noteworthy that the B-box1 domain of ClBBX6b did not contain the second His residue, and the amino acids between the two His residues were quite different from those of other ClBBXs. The B-box2 domains of ClBBX7a and ClBBX7b also lacked the second His, and the first His in the B-box2 domain of ClBBX10 was replaced by alanine (Ala). A similar case also occurred in the B-box2 domain of grapevine VviBBX9 and VviBBX10, where the first His was replaced by asparagine (Asn) [8]. These variations in conserved domains may confer new functions to BBXs. In addition to the three conserved domains mentioned above, six Arabidopsis AtBBXs and five potato StBBXs of Clade I also contained a valine–proline (VP) motif of 6-amino acid (G-I/V-V-P-S/T-F) at the C-terminal, which may be important for protein interaction [3,23]. Among the four watermelon members of Clade I, ClBBX3, ClBBX5 and ClBBX6a had the VP motifs, whereas an atypical motif (G-V-V-P-S-L) was found at the C-terminal of ClBBX6b. Based on the domain structures of BBXs, ClBBX3 with B-box1 and CCT domains was presumptively classified into Clade III; however, it was phylogenetically in Clade I, which contained two B-box domains and a CCT domain (Table 1). This suggests that ClBBX3 lost B-box2 in recent evolutionary events, but retained other common domains of Clade I [6]. Similar exceptions were also found in apple [31] and Ipomoea trifida [27].
Gene structure was related to the phylogenetic relationship of a gene family [32]. Among the ClBBXs, five genes were intronless, nine genes had one intron, four members contained two introns, six members had three introns, and only one gene contained four introns. Genes belonging to Clade I and III had only one intron, genes belonging to Clade 2 had three introns, and genes without introns were mainly distributed in Clade V. The genes in Clade IV had the greatest variation in introns, ranging from zero to three, which is consistent with the expansion and diversification of Clade IV members (Table 1; Figure S1). The percentage of ClBBXs without introns (20%) was much higher than that of grapevine (12%) [8], pear (12%) [24], pepper (4.3%) [25], and tomato (6.9%) [22]. ClBBXs containing similar gene structures clustered together in phylogenetic trees, such as the genes with no introns (ClBBX30a and 30b), genes with one intron (ClBBX3 and 5, ClBBX6a and 6b, ClBBX14 and 15) and genes with three introns (ClBBX7a and 7b, ClBBX19a and 19b) (Figure S1), indicating that exon–intron structures support the phylogenetic relationships of the ClBBX family to some extent. Segmental and tandem genomic duplication events contributed to expansions of gene family members [33,34]. In this study, nine segmentally duplicated watermelon ClBBX gene pairs were found, but no genes were found in tandem (Figure S2; Table S1), indicating that segmental duplication was the main factor of ClBBX family expansion. This is similar to the expansion of BBX families in tomato [22] and pear [24]. Twenty-seven orthologous BBX gene pairs resulting from segmental duplications were identified between watermelon and Arabidopsis (Figure 3; Table S2), which was nearly the number of gene pairs between grapevine and Arabidopsis (26) [8], suggesting that they may have evolved from a common ancestor.
To investigate the potential function of watermelon ClBBXs in growth and development, the expression of ClBBXs in various tissues was analyzed. The levels of most ClBBXs varied greatly in roots, stems, true leaves and cotyledons (Figure 5A), and showed dynamic expression patterns in fruits at different stages (Figure 5B). For example, ClBBX28 was mainly accumulated in roots, and ClBBX30b was preferentially expressed in roots and fruits, while ClBBX14 and ClBBX15 were accumulated at higher levels in cotyledons, true leaves and fruits. These data indicated that ClBBXs might have functional redundancy in the biological processes of different tissues. Arabidopsis AtBBX4 positively regulated photomorphogenesis, lateral root development and shoot branching, but negatively regulated flowering [35], suggesting that AtBBX4 plays important roles in the biological processes in different tissues. ClBBX5 and AtBBX4 were a group of orthologous BBX gene pairs between watermelon and Arabidopsis (Figure 3; Table S2); therefore, ClBBX5 might have a similar function to AtBBX4 [8]. In fact, ClBBX5 accumulated in all tissues of the seedlings and was highly expressed in fruits at different maturity stages (Figure 5 and Figure 7A), implicating that ClBBX5 was involved in the growth and development of watermelon multi-tissues. Nevertheless, the functions of each ClBBX in different tissues need further study.
Plant BBX family members play important roles in hormone signaling pathways [36]. The expression of BBXs in many plants was regulated by ABA, SA and MeJA [37,38,39], which were closely related to hormone response elements contained in their promoters. In this study, the response of ClBBXs to SA and MeJA was mainly analyzed. Briefly, 14 ClBBX promoters contained SA response element as-1 and 11 gene promoters contained a TCA element, accounting for 56% and 44%, respectively. Seven genes, accounting for only 35%, did not contain SA response elements in the promoters. Fourteen ClBBX promoters contained MeJA response elements (CGTCA-motif and TGACG-motif), accounting for 56% (Figure 4; Table 2). Uniformly, most genes were responsive to SA and MeJA (Figure 6A). ClBBX30b containing one as-1 and one TCA element was significantly down-regulated and up-regulated at 12 h and 24 h after SA treatment, respectively. However, ClBBX15 containing three as-1 elements and one TCA element was down-regulated at 1 h, 6 h and 24 h after SA treatment. ClBBX15 and 30b contained three and one MeJA response elements in promoters, respectively, both of which were regulated by MeJA. It follows that ClBBXs may be involved in the interaction of different hormone signals, consistent with that in rice [28] and Iris germanica [39]. Although the ClBBX6b, 16 and 21b promoters did not contain the above elements, they were still significantly responsive to SA and MeJA. The possible reason was that cooperation and crosstalk between hormone signaling pathways had overlapping effects on cellular processes [40], thereby indirectly regulating gene expression.
In addition to growth development and hormonal signaling, BBXs were also involved in abiotic stress responses [3,36]. All ClBBX promoters had at least two stress-responsive elements, and MYB (dehydration and the ABA signal-responsive element) and MYC (abiotic stress signals-responsive element) existed in the promoter of each gene, implying their potential functions in the stress response [22]. Four members (ClBBX19b, 29b, 30a, and 30b) were markedly regulated by salt, cold and osmotic stress (Figure 7A,B and Figure 8). Their promoters contained many stress response elements; for instance, the promoter of ClBBX19b had all the stress response elements listed except STRE, while the ClBBX29b promoter contained the largest number of STRE elements (Figure 4). It was noteworthy that ClBBX30b was the gene with the highest level induced by salt stress, although it contained a few stress response elements (one STRE, one W box, one MYC and three MYB elements). It was suggested that gene expression may depend on the number, type and location of cis-acting elements in promoters. Other ClBBXs not regulated by stress may also indirectly participate in the abiotic stress response. Arabidopsis BBX24/STO was not induced by salt, but the overexpression of BBX24/STO enhanced the salt tolerance of transgenic plants, suggesting that this gene participated in salt stress responses [41]. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the function of each ClBBX may be an indispensable link in the analysis of hormone signaling networks and stress signaling pathways in watermelon.
Specially, the levels of ClBBX21b, 28 and 30b in roots were much higher than those in aboveground tissues (Figure 5A), which was consistent with their expression induced by salt stress (Figure 8). Because roots are the first tissues to sense salt stress, their high levels may help improve the response ability of watermelon roots to salt stress. In addition, their different responses to SA, MeJA, cold, and osmotic stress (Figure 6 and Figure 7A,B) suggested that these ClBBX proteins might be involved in stress hormone signaling as transcriptional regulators. Next, it will be an important task to verify the subcellular localization, transcriptional activity, protein interactions and downstream target genes of these key ClBBX TFs (ClBBX19b, 21b, 28, 29b, 30a, and 30b). This will provide more evidence to understand the functional differences of ClBBXs in transcriptional regulation and protein interaction regulation. At the same time, the regulation of the above ClBBXs using overexpression and genome editing technologies may be an important direction to obtain ideal agronomic traits of watermelon.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Sequence Retrieval and Family Member Identification

To identify potential watermelon BBX family members, the hidden Markov model (HMM) profile for the B-box-type zinc finger domain (PF00643) was downloaded from Pfam (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam, accessed on 12 June 2023) and used as a query to search watermelon (97103) genome v2 in CuGenDB (http://cucurbitgenomics.org/, accessed on 12 June 2023). The amino acid sequences of the Arabidopsis BBXs [7] were also used as query sequences to search against CuGenDB. All output putative watermelon BBX proteins with an e-value of ≤0.01 were collected and confirmed using Pfam and SMART (http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de/, accessed on 12 June 2023) [42]. The predicted proteins lacking B-box domains were rejected. The identified genes were assigned as Citrullus lanatus BBX (ClBBX) genes, and annotated based on their homology with Arabidopsis AtBBXs. Sequences of BBXs from Vitis vinifera (VviBBXs) [8], Pyrus bretschneideri (PbBBXs) [24], Solanum lycopersicum (SlBBXs) [22], Capsicum annuum (CaBBXs) [25], Solanum tuberosum (StBBXs) [23], and Oryza sativa (OsBBXs) [28] were obtained from genome databases for each species.
The number of AAs, MW, pI and instability index (with a value of >40 considered unstable) [43] of ClBBXs were analyzed using EXPASY (https://www.expasy.org/, accessed on 12 June 2023). The chromosomal positions and intron numbers of ClBBXs were retrieved from CuGenDB. The subcellular locations were predicted via WoLF PSORT (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp/, accessed on 12 June 2023).

4.2. Phylogenetic Analysis and Sequence Alignment

The CLUSTALW program was used to align the full sequences of BBXs. The NJ phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA-X [44]. The parameters were as follows: the bootstrap test replicated 1000 times, pair wise deletion, and a Poisson model. The IDs of BBXs from various species are shown in Table S3. The Pfam, SMART, and InterProscan (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/search/sequence/, accessed on 12 June 2023) programs were used to identify the conserved domains. Weblogo 3 (https://weblogo.threeplusone.com/, accessed on 12 June 2023) was used to create the sequence logos [45].

4.3. Chromosomal Location, Gene Structure, and Synteny Analysis

The chromosomal locations of ClBBXs were identified based on their chromosomal position and the relative distance derived from CuGenDB. The diagrams of exon–intron structures of watermelon ClBBXs was generated using Gene Structure Display Server 2.0 (GSDS, http://gsds.gao-lab.org/, accessed on 12 June 2023) [46]. Synteny analysis and chromosomal location diagrams were generated using TBtools-II v1.120 software [47]. Nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) rates (Ka/Ks) were calculated using the TBtools software. The Ks value was converted into divergence time in million years based on a rate of 6.56 × 10−9 substitutions per site per year. The divergence time (T) was calculated based on the following formula: T = Ks/(2 × 6.56 × 10−9) × 10−6 million years ago [48].

4.4. cis Element Analysis for ClBBX Promoters and Gene Ontology Annotation

The regions (2000 bp upstream of the transcription start site ATG) of ClBBX promoters were submitted to PlantCARE online (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/, accessed on 12 June 2023) for cis element prediction. With the intention to perform functional annotation identification, 25 ClBBX protein sequences were uploaded to AmiGO 2 (http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/landing, accessed on 12 June 2023) and were utilized for gene ontology (GO) analysis. The GO analysis of ClBBXs contains biological process, molecular function, and a cellular component.

4.5. Expression Profiles of Watermelon ClBBX Genes Based on RNA-Seq Data

FPKM values for watermelon ClBBXs were retrieved from CuGenDB. Specifically, the data for fruits of cultivar Dumara were obtained 10, 18, 28, 34 days after pollination (DAP10, 18, 28, and 34) [49]. The osmotic stress data were obtained from roots of cultivar M08 treated with 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 for 6 h [50]. The leaf data for cultivar Y134 treated with melatonin (150 μM for 3 d) and cold stress (4 °C for 36 h) were also collected [51]. The FPKM values for ClBBXs are listed in Table S4. The normalized expression values for each ClBBX were used for drawing a heatmap.

4.6. Plant Materials and Treatments

Watermelon cultivar XN-8 was used for the expression analysis of ClBBXs. Seedlings were grown under the condition of 28 °C (day for 16 h)/22 °C (night for 8 h) for 30 d. The roots, stems, true leaves and cotyledons from seedlings were collected for tissue expression analysis. To study the effect of phytohormones on gene expression, seedlings were treated with 100 μM SA and MeJA for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. SA and MeJA were dissolved in 0.004% ethanol, and control seedlings were treated with 0.004% ethanol. To investigate the effects of salinity on ClBBX gene expression, seedlings were treated with Hoagland solution containing 100 mM NaCl for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h, and control samples were mock-treated with Hoagland solution only. The leaves were sampled from the treated and untreated plants. The control plants were used as the corresponding controls to avoid the effects of the circadian clock on expression analysis [22]. Samples from four seedlings were collected in triplicate from each of the time points for total RNA extraction.

4.7. qRT-PCR Analysis

Total RNA was extracted using a total RNA kit (TIANGEN, Beijing, China). RNA quality and concentration were determined using NanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA). First-strand cDNAs were synthesized via the reverse transcription of 1400 ng of total RNA using the One-Step gDNA Removal and cDNA Synthesis Super Mix kits (TransGen, Beijing, China). The reverse-transcribed cDNA (20 μL) was diluted to a final volume of 200 μL and used for quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments. Primer Premier 5.0 (PREMIER Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to design the primer pairs for each ClBBX (Table S5). The specificity of primers was assessed utilizing NCBI Primer BLAST (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=BlastHome, accessed on 12 June 2023).
ChamQ Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) was used to perform qRT-PCR reactions on qTOWER3 Series-Real-Time Thermal Cyclers (Analytik Jena, Thüringen, Germany). The total reaction system was 20 μL, including 10 μL of SYBR qPCR Master Mix (2×), 0.4 μL of each primer (10 μM), 2 μL of the cDNA samples, and 7.2 μL of ddH2O. The reaction system was as follows: 95 °C for 30 s, 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, and 60 °C for 30 s. The fluorescent signal was measured at the end of each cycle, and the melting curve analysis was performed by heating the PCR product from 60 °C to 95 °C. Watermelon yellow-leaf-specific proein8 (ClYLS8) and β-actin (ClACT) were used as the reference genes [52]. Three technical replicates were performed for each sample [22]. The levels of watermelon ClBBXs were calculated using the 2−△△CT method [53], and heat maps were generated using TBtools software [47].

5. Conclusions

In this study, 25 watermelon ClBBXs were identified. The comprehensive analysis of the ClBBX family revealed the conserved domains, classification, subcellular localization, gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal distributions, genomic synteny, cis elements in promoters, and expression patterns. Most of ClBBXs were differentially expressed in tissues (roots, stems, true leaves, cotyledons, and fruit at different stages). The transcription of some ClBBXs was regulated by hormones (SA, MeJA, and melatonin) and abiotic stresses (salt, cold, and osmotic stresses). These data indicate that watermelon ClBBXs may be involved in growth and development, hormone signaling pathways, and the abiotic stress response. Detecting the subcellular localization and transcriptional activity of key ClBBXs (ClBBX19b, 21b, 28, 29b, 30a, and 30b) regulated by abiotic stress and hormones, obtaining materials with different ClBBX expression levels through genetic transformation and genome editing techniques, and clarifying their functions in hormone and stress-induced signaling pathways will be an important task. Our research not only enriches the BBX family of horticultural crops, but also provides a foundation for the functional characterization of watermelon ClBBX family genes.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/plants12142634/s1. Figure S1: Characterization of watermelon ClBBX genes; Figure S2: Distribution and synteny analysis of ClBBX genes on watermelon chromosomes; Figure S3: GO enrichment analysis of ClBBX genes; Table S1: Segmental duplications within watermelon ClBBX genes and Ka/Ks ratios analysis of segmental duplicate gene pairs; Table S2: Segmental duplications of BBX genes between watermelon and Arabidopsis and Ka/Ks ratios analysis of segmental duplicate gene pairs; Table S3: The gene IDs of BBX members from Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, potato, grapevine, pear, and rice; Table S4: The FPKM values for ClBBX genes; Table S5: Primer sequences used for quantitative real-time PCR analysis.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.G.; methodology, X.W., H.G., Z.J. and Y.D.; validation, X.W. and M.G.; investigation, X.W. and H.G.; writing—original draft preparation, X.W. and M.G.; writing—review and editing, X.W. and M.G.; supervision, M.G.; project administration, M.G.; funding acquisition, M.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the Science and Technology Major Project of Ningxia (2021BBF02024 and NXNYYZ20200101), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia (2021AAC03099), and the Key R & D Program of Ningxia (2021BEB04057).

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Strader, L.; Weijers, D.; Wagner, D. Plant transcription factors–Being in the right place with the right company. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2022, 65, 102136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Riechmann, J.L.; Heard, J.; Martin, G.; Reuber, L.; Jiang, C.Z.; Keddie, J.; Adam, L.; Pineda, O.; Ratcliffe, O.J.; Samaha, R.R.; et al. Arabidopsis transcription factors: Genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes. Science 2000, 290, 2105–2110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Gangappa, S.N.; Botto, J.F. The BBX family of plant transcription factors. Trends Plant Sci. 2014, 19, 460–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Liu, Y.; Khan, A.R.; Gan, Y. C2H2 zinc finger proteins response to abiotic stress in plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Kiełbowicz-Matuk, A. Involvement of plant C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factors in stress responses. Plant Sci. 2012, 185, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Crocco, C.D.; Botto, J.F. BBX proteins in green plants: Insights into their evolution, structure, feature and functional diversification. Gene 2013, 531, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Khanna, R.; Kronmiller, B.; Maszle, D.R.; Coupland, G.; Holm, M.; Mizuno, T.; Wu, S.H. The Arabidopsis B-box zinc finger family. Plant Cell 2009, 21, 3416–3420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Zhang, X.; Zhang, L.; Ji, M.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhu, Y.; Yao, J.; Li, Z.; Gao, H.; Wang, X. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the B-box transcription factor gene family in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). BMC Genom. 2021, 22, 221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Vaishak, K.P.; Yadukrishnan, P.; Bakshi, S.; Kushwaha, A.K.; Ramachandran, H.; Job, N.; Babu, D.; Datta, S. The B-box bridge between light and hormones in plants. J. Photoch. Photobio. B 2019, 191, 164–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Cao, J.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, C.; Zhang, B.; Shi, X.; Niu, R.; Lin, F. Multi-layered roles of BBX proteins in plant growth and development. Stress Biol. 2023, 3, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Yadav, A.; Ravindran, N.; Singh, D.; Rahul, P.V.; Datta, S. Role of Arabidopsis BBX proteins in light signaling. J. Plant Biochem. Biot. 2020, 29, 623–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Lin, F.; Jiang, Y.; Li, J.; Yan, T.; Fan, L.; Liang, J.; Chen, Z.J.; Xu, D.; Deng, X.W. B-BOX DOMAIN PROTEIN28 negatively regulates photomorphogenesis by repressing the activity of transcription factor HY5 and undergoes COP1-mediated degradation. Plant Cell 2018, 30, 2006–2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  13. Song, Z.; Yan, T.; Liu, J.; Bian, Y.; Heng, Y.; Lin, F.; Jiang, Y.; Deng, X.W.; Xu, D. BBX28/BBX29, HY5 and BBX30/31 form a feedback loop to fine-tune photomorphogenic development. Plant J. 2020, 104, 377–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Bai, S.; Tao, R.; Tang, Y.; Yin, L.; Ma, Y.; Ni, J.; Yan, X.; Yang, Q.; Wu, Z.; Zeng, Y.; et al. BBX16, a B-box protein, positively regulates light-induced anthocyanin accumulation by activating MYB10 in red pear. Plant Biotech. J. 2019, 17, 1985–1997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. An, J.P.; Wang, X.F.; Espley, R.V.; Lin-Wang, K.; Bi, S.Q.; You, C.X.; Hao, Y.J. An apple B-Box protein MdBBX37 modulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and hypocotyl elongation synergistically with MdMYBs and MdHY5. Plant Cell Physiol. 2020, 61, 130–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. An, J.P.; Wang, X.F.; Zhang, X.W.; You, C.X.; Hao, Y.J. Apple B-box protein BBX37 regulates jasmonic acid mediated cold tolerance through the JAZ-BBX37-ICE1-CBF pathway and undergoes MIEL1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. New Phytol. 2021, 229, 2707–2729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Wang, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Sun, Y.; Zhang, X.; Du, B.; Turupu, M.; Yao, Q.; Gai, S.; Tong, S.; Huang, J.; et al. Two B-box proteins, PavBBX6/9, positively regulate light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in sweet cherry. Plant Physiol. 2023, 192, 2030–2048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Ping, Q.; Cheng, P.; Huang, F.; Ren, L.; Cheng, H.; Guan, Z.; Fang, W.; Chen, S.; Chen, F.; Jiang, J. The heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana of a chrysanthemum gene encoding the BBX family transcription factor CmBBX13 delays flowering. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 2019, 144, 480–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Liu, Y.; Cheng, H.; Cheng, P.; Wang, C.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; Song, A.; Chen, S.; Chen, F.; Wang, L.; et al. The BBX gene CmBBX22 negatively regulates drought stress tolerance in chrysanthemum. Hortic. Res. 2022, 9, uhac181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Huang, S.; Chen, C.; Xu, M.; Wang, G.; Xu, L.A.; Wu, Y. Overexpression of Ginkgo BBX25 enhances salt tolerance in Transgenic Populus. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 2021, 167, 946–954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Feng, Z.; Li, M.; Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Wei, H.; Fu, X.; Ma, L.; Lu, J.; Wang, H.; Yu, S. Comprehensive identification and expression analysis of B-Box genes in cotton. BMC Genom. 2021, 22, 439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Chu, Z.; Wang, X.; Li, Y.; Yu, H.; Li, J.; Lu, Y.; Li, H.; Ouyang, B. Genomic organization, phylogenetic and expression analysis of the B-BOX gene family in tomato. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  23. Talar, U.; Kiełbowicz-Matuk, A.; Czarnecka, J.; Rorat, T. Genome-wide survey of B-box proteins in potato (Solanum tuberosum)—Identification, characterization and expression patterns during diurnal cycle, etiolation and de-etiolation. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0177471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  24. Cao, Y.; Han, Y.; Meng, D.; Li, D.; Jiao, C.; Jin, Q.; Lin, Y.; Cai, Y. B-BOX genes: Genome-wide identification, evolution and their contribution to pollen growth in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). BMC Plant Biol. 2017, 17, 156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  25. Wang, J.; Yang, G.; Chen, Y.; Dai, Y.; Yuan, Q.; Shan, Q.; Pan, L.; Dai, L.; Zou, X.; Liu, F.; et al. Genome-Wide Characterization and Anthocyanin-Related Expression Analysis of the B-BOX Gene Family in Capsicum annuum L. Front. Genet. 2022, 13, 847328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Guo, S.; Zhang, J.; Sun, H.; Salse, J.; Lucas, W.J.; Zhang, H.; Zheng, Y.; Mao, L.; Ren, Y.; Wang, Z.; et al. The draft genome of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and resequencing of 20 diverse accessions. Nat. Genet. 2013, 45, 51–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  27. Hou, W.; Ren, L.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, H.; Shi, T.; Gu, Y.; Wang, A.; Ma, D.; Li, Z.; Zhang, L. Characterization of BBX family genes and their expression profiles under various stresses in the sweet potato wild ancestor Ipomoea trifida. Sci. Hortic. 2021, 288, 110374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Huang, J.; Zhao, X.; Weng, X.; Wang, L.; Xie, W. The rice B-box zinc finger gene family: Genomic identification, characterization, expression profiling and diurnal analysis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e48242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  29. Zhu, C.; Xiao, L.; Hu, Y.; Liu, L.; Liu, H.; Hu, Z.; Liu, S.; Zhou, Y. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of B-box family genes in cucumber reveal their potential roles in response to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Agriculture 2022, 12, 827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Nian, L.; Zhang, X.; Liu, X.; Li, X.; Liu, X.; Yang, Y.; Haider, F.; Zhu, X.; Ma, B.; Mao, Z.; et al. Characterization of B-box family genes and their expression profiles under abiotic stresses in the Melilotus albus. Front. Plant Sci. 2022, 13, 990929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Liu, X.; Li, R.; Dai, Y.; Chen, X.; Wang, X. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the B-box gene family in the Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) genome. Mol. Genet. Genom. 2018, 293, 303–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Li, X.; Duan, X.; Jiang, H.; Sun, Y.; Tang, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Guo, J.; Liang, W.; Chen, L.; Yin, J.; et al. Genome-wide analysis of basic/helix-loop-helix transcription factor family in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2006, 141, 1167–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Cannon, S.B.; Mitra, A.; Baumgarten, A.; Young, N.D.; May, G. The roles of segmental and tandem gene duplication in the evolution of large gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Plant Biol. 2004, 4, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  34. Kong, H.; Landherr, L.L.; Frohlich, M.W.; Leebens-Mack, J.; Ma, H.; DePamphilis, C.W. Patterns of gene duplication in the plant SKP1 gene family in angiosperms: Evidence for multiple mechanisms of rapid gene birth. Plant J. 2007, 50, 873–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Datta, S.; Hettiarachchi, G.H.C.M.; Deng, X.W.; Holm, M. Arabidopsis CONSTANS-LIKE3 is a positive regulator of red light signaling and root growth. Plant Cell 2006, 18, 70–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  36. Talar, U.; Kiełbowicz-Matuk, A. Beyond Arabidopsis: BBX regulators in crop plants. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 2906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Cao, Y.; Meng, D.; Han, Y.; Chen, T.; Jiao, C.; Chen, Y.; Jin, Q.; Cai, Y. Comparative analysis of B-BOX genes and their expression pattern analysis under various treatments in Dendrobium officinale. BMC Plant Biol. 2019, 19, 245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Shalmani, A.; Jing, X.Q.; Shi, Y.; Muhammad, I.; Zhou, M.R.; Wei, X.Y.; Chen, Q.Q.; Li, W.Q.; Liu, W.T.; Chen, K.M. Characterization of B-BOX gene family and their expression profiles under hormonal, abiotic and metal stresses in Poaceae plants. BMC Genom. 2019, 20, 27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  39. Wang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, T.; Chong, X.; Yuan, H. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of BBX Transcription Factors in Iris germanica L. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 8793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Lau, O.S.; Deng, X.W. Plant hormone signaling lightens up: Integrators of light and hormones. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 2010, 13, 571–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Nagaoka, S.; Takano, T. Salt tolerance-related protein STO binds to a Myb transcription factor homologue and confers salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. J. Exp. Bot. 2003, 54, 2231–2237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Letunic, I.; Khedkar, S.; Bork, P. SMART: Recent updates, new developments and status in 2020. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021, 49, D458–D460. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Lopes-Caitar, V.S.; de Carvalho, M.C.; Darben, L.M.; Kuwahara, M.K.; Nepomuceno, A.L.; Dias, W.P.; Abdelnoor, R.V.; Marcelino-Guimarães, F.C. Genome-wide analysis of the Hsp 20 gene family in soybean: Comprehensive sequence, genomic organization and expression profile analysis under abiotic and biotic stresses. BMC Genom. 2013, 14, 577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  44. Kumar, S.; Stecher, G.; Li, M.; Knyaz, C.; Tamura, K. MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2018, 35, 1547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Crooks, G.E.; Hon, G.; Chandonia, J.M.; Brenner, S.E. WebLogo: A sequence logo generator. Genome Res. 2004, 14, 1188–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  46. Hu, B.; Jin, J.; Guo, A.Y.; Zhang, H.; Luo, J.; Gao, G. GSDS 2.0: An upgraded gene feature visualization server. Bioinformatics 2015, 31, 1296–1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  47. Chen, C.; Chen, H.; Zhang, Y.; Thomas, H.R.; Frank, M.H.; He, Y.; Xia, R. TBtools: An integrative toolkit developed for interactive analyses of big biological data. Mol. Plant 2020, 13, 1194–1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. He, Y.; Fan, M.; Sun, Y.; Li, L. Genome-wide analysis of watermelon HSP20s and their expression profiles and subcellular locations under stresses. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 20, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  49. Grassi, S.; Piro, G.; Lee, J.M.; Zheng, Y.; Fei, Z.; Dalessandro, G.; Giovannoni, J.J.; Lenucci, M.S. Comparative genomics reveals candidate carotenoid pathway regulators of ripening watermelon fruit. BMC Genom. 2013, 14, 781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Yang, Y.; Mo, Y.; Yang, X.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, H.; Wei, C.; Zhang, X. Transcriptome profiling of watermelon root in response to short-term osmotic stress. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0166314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  51. Li, H.; Dong, Y.; Chang, J.; He, J.; Chen, H.; Liu, Q.; Wei, C.; Ma, J.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, J.; et al. High-throughput microRNA and mRNA sequencing reveals that microRNAs may be involved in melatonin-mediated cold tolerance in Citrullus lanatus L. Front. Plant Sci. 2016, 7, 1231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  52. Kong, Q.; Yuan, J.; Gao, L.; Zhao, S.; Jiang, W.; Huang, Y.; Bie, Z. Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression normalization in qRT-PCR analysis in watermelon. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e90612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Schmittgen, T.D.; Livak, K.J. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat. Protoc. 2008, 3, 1101–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Plants 12 02634 g001 550
Figure 1. Sequence conservation within the conserved domains of watermelon ClBBXs. The sequence alignment of B-box1, B-box2 and CCT domains are shown in (A–C), respectively. The x-axis represents the positions, and the height of letters in the y-axis indicates the degree of conservation of each residue across ClBBXs.
Figure 1. Sequence conservation within the conserved domains of watermelon ClBBXs. The sequence alignment of B-box1, B-box2 and CCT domains are shown in (A–C), respectively. The x-axis represents the positions, and the height of letters in the y-axis indicates the degree of conservation of each residue across ClBBXs.
Plants 12 02634 g001
Plants 12 02634 g002 550
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of watermelon, Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, potato, grapevine, pear, and rice BBXs. The sequences of BBXs were used for the construction of the unrooted neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree using the MEGA-X program with pairwise deletion and Poisson correction. The member of watermelon (prefixed by Cl), Arabidopsis (At), tomato (Sl), pepper (Ca), potato (St), grapevine (Vvi), pear (Pb), and rice (Os) BBX family were used, and the five clades (Clade I–V) are marked by different colors.
Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of watermelon, Arabidopsis, tomato, pepper, potato, grapevine, pear, and rice BBXs. The sequences of BBXs were used for the construction of the unrooted neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree using the MEGA-X program with pairwise deletion and Poisson correction. The member of watermelon (prefixed by Cl), Arabidopsis (At), tomato (Sl), pepper (Ca), potato (St), grapevine (Vvi), pear (Pb), and rice (Os) BBX family were used, and the five clades (Clade I–V) are marked by different colors.
Plants 12 02634 g002
Plants 12 02634 g003 550
Figure 3. Synteny analysis of BBXs between watermelon and Arabidopsis. Syntenic occurrences of BBXs (ClBBXs and AtBBXs) are represented by colored lines.
Figure 3. Synteny analysis of BBXs between watermelon and Arabidopsis. Syntenic occurrences of BBXs (ClBBXs and AtBBXs) are represented by colored lines.
Plants 12 02634 g003
Plants 12 02634 g004 550
Figure 4. Predicted cis elements in ClBBX promoters. The different number of cis elements is marked by different colors.
Figure 4. Predicted cis elements in ClBBX promoters. The different number of cis elements is marked by different colors.
Plants 12 02634 g004
Plants 12 02634 g005 550
Figure 5. Expression analysis of ClBBXs in different tissues by qRT-PCR (A) and RNA-Seq (B). In (A), R, roots; S, stems; TL, true leaves; C, cotyledons; qRT-PCR data in were normalized using watermelon yellow-leaf-specific proein8 (ClYLS8) and β-actin (ClACT), and were shown relative to those for roots; the relative expression levels were calculated using the −ΔΔCT method; the gray blocks indicate that the values were not detected. In (B), raw data were from FPKM values of watermelon fruits (cultivar Dumara); the FPKM values for zero were indicated in gray, and the other data were normalized using log2. DAP10, DAP18, DAP28, and DAP34 represented the fruits on the 10th, 18th, 28th and 34th day after pollination, respectively; F, fruits. The heat map was created using TBtools. A cluster dendrogram is marked on the left.
Figure 5. Expression analysis of ClBBXs in different tissues by qRT-PCR (A) and RNA-Seq (B). In (A), R, roots; S, stems; TL, true leaves; C, cotyledons; qRT-PCR data in were normalized using watermelon yellow-leaf-specific proein8 (ClYLS8) and β-actin (ClACT), and were shown relative to those for roots; the relative expression levels were calculated using the −ΔΔCT method; the gray blocks indicate that the values were not detected. In (B), raw data were from FPKM values of watermelon fruits (cultivar Dumara); the FPKM values for zero were indicated in gray, and the other data were normalized using log2. DAP10, DAP18, DAP28, and DAP34 represented the fruits on the 10th, 18th, 28th and 34th day after pollination, respectively; F, fruits. The heat map was created using TBtools. A cluster dendrogram is marked on the left.
Plants 12 02634 g005
Plants 12 02634 g006 550
Figure 6. Effects of SA and MeJA on the transcription of ClBBXs. The relative expression levels of ClBBXs in leaves treated with 100 μM SA and MeJA are shown in (A,B), respectively. The relative expression levels of ClBBXs are compared with those of the untreated plants at corresponding timepoints. The numbers 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 indicate the time (hour) after treatments. The gray blocks indicate that the values were not detected.
Figure 6. Effects of SA and MeJA on the transcription of ClBBXs. The relative expression levels of ClBBXs in leaves treated with 100 μM SA and MeJA are shown in (A,B), respectively. The relative expression levels of ClBBXs are compared with those of the untreated plants at corresponding timepoints. The numbers 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 indicate the time (hour) after treatments. The gray blocks indicate that the values were not detected.
Plants 12 02634 g006
Plants 12 02634 g007 550
Figure 7. Expression of ClBBXs under cold and osmotic stress conditions. Raw data were from FPKM values of watermelon leaves (cultivar Y134) treated with melatonin (150 μM for 3 d) and cold stress (4 °C for 36 h) (A), and roots (cultivar M08) treated with 20% PEG6000 for 6 h (B). The FPKM values for zero are indicated in gray, and the other data are normalized using log2. L, leaves; R, roots; MT, melatonin; OS, osmotic stress; CK, control tissues.
Figure 7. Expression of ClBBXs under cold and osmotic stress conditions. Raw data were from FPKM values of watermelon leaves (cultivar Y134) treated with melatonin (150 μM for 3 d) and cold stress (4 °C for 36 h) (A), and roots (cultivar M08) treated with 20% PEG6000 for 6 h (B). The FPKM values for zero are indicated in gray, and the other data are normalized using log2. L, leaves; R, roots; MT, melatonin; OS, osmotic stress; CK, control tissues.
Plants 12 02634 g007
Plants 12 02634 g008 550
Figure 8. Expression patterns of ClBBXs under salt conditions. Seedlings were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. Samples without stress treatment at the same time served as the control. Expression data were normalized with ClYLS8 and ClACT as the reference genes.
Figure 8. Expression patterns of ClBBXs under salt conditions. Seedlings were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively. Samples without stress treatment at the same time served as the control. Expression data were normalized with ClYLS8 and ClACT as the reference genes.
Plants 12 02634 g008
Table
Table 1. The information of watermelon ClBBX family members.
Table 1. The information of watermelon ClBBX family members.
Gene ID97103 V2 IDPositionCDS (bp)IntronsProtein (AA)MW (kDa)pIInstability IndexDomainsStructureLocalization Predicted
B-Box1B-Box2CTT
ClBBX3Cla97C07G143190.1Chr07: 30638394–30636131 (–)1071135640.435.2059.4920–57 287–328Inucl: 8, cysk: 5, plas: 1
ClBBX5Cla97C08G157330.1Chr08: 24910533–24909402 (–)1014133736.975.9443.776–4349–86276–317Icyto: 8, chlo: 3, mito: 2, plas: 1
ClBBX6aCla97C06G122380.1Chr06: 24733397–24732174 (–)1128137540.915.7940.6323–6066–103302–343Ichlo: 10, cyto: 3, nucl: 1
ClBBX6bCla97C11G218170.1Chr11: 24100942–24099876 (–)966132135.577.1348.8818–4659–96246–287Ichlo: 10, nucl: 2, mito: 1, extr: 1
ClBBX7aCla97C02G036700.1Chr02: 21427678–21424602 (–)1254341745.545.2052.095–4248–86360–401IInucl: 7, chlo: 6, cyto: 1
ClBBX7bCla97C02G029560.1Chr02: 2736907–2733278 (–)1224340744.435.3457.925–4248–76350–391IInucl: 13, chlo: 1
ClBBX10Cla97C02G035020.1Chr02: 10273189–10271324 (–)1230340945.165.9553.185–4248–71353–394IInucl: 10, cyto: 2, mito: 1, vacu: 1
ClBBX12Cla97C07G142260.1Chr07: 29814600–29817362 (+)1479349254.765.7341.8814–5157–94444–485IInucl: 10, cyto: 2, chlo: 1, vacu: 1
ClBBX14Cla97C05G104580.1Chr05: 32375147–32373841 (–)1203140044.885.5646.5020–57 345–386IIInucl: 11, chlo: 1, mito: 1, cysk: 1
ClBBX15Cla97C08G148200.1Chr08: 15793602–15791626 (–)1062135340.157.4948.9919–56 297–338IIInucl: 6, chlo: 4, mito: 3, cysk: 1
ClBBX16Cla97C06G124360.1Chr06: 26546880–26544768 (–)1101136642.575.1752.0521–58 318–359IIInucl: 6, chlo: 4, mito: 2, plas: 2
ClBBX19aCla97C07G135430.1Chr07: 20838921–20840526 (+)561318620.666.1056.655–4256–91 IVcyto: 8, chlo: 5, nucl: 1
ClBBX19bCla97C01G019520.1Chr01: 32467895–32466880 (–)510316918.996.3156.645–4256–91 IVcyto: 14
ClBBX20Cla97C02G031640.1Chr02: 4502490–4501395 (–)816227130.006.7844.415–4258–95 IVnucl: 12, cyto: 2
ClBBX21aCla97C08G158070.1Chr08: 25538552–25539674 (+)918230532.776.0049.005–4258–95 IVnucl: 7, chlo: 3, cyto: 3, plas: 1
ClBBX21bCla97C11G210750.1Chr11: 4105063–4104488 (–)576019121.305.7969.755–4261–98 IVnucl: 8, cyto: 4, extr: 1, cysk: 1
ClBBX21cCla97C09G176180.1Chr09: 19493336–19493994 (+)561118620.545.7949.305–4262–99 IVnucl: 10, cyto: 3, extr: 1
ClBBX22Cla97C07G136800.1Chr07: 24268936–24266735 (–)897229832.555.2055.055–4257–94 IVnucl: 14
ClBBX24Cla97C06G110200.1Chr06: 824640–822408 (–)714223726.024.9574.985–4257–94 IVnucl: 11, chlo: 1, cyto: 1, cysk: 1
ClBBX27Cla97C05G104170.1Chr05: 32126998–32124171 (–)1503450056.186.3267.065–42 Vnucl: 13, cyto: 1
ClBBX28Cla97C03G056720.1Chr03: 5408237–5408656 (+)420013915.445.5946.1724–60 Vnucl: 6, chlo: 3, cyto: 3, plas: 1, extr: 1
ClBBX29aCla97C05G096260.1Chr05: 24895894–24897102 (+)837127830.414.3867.644–40 Vchlo: 6, nucl: 6, mito: 1, plas: 1
ClBBX29bCla97C01G022250.1Chr01: 34046068–34046445 (+)378012513.424.9835.695–41 Vcyto: 9, chlo: 4, nucl: 1
ClBBX30aCla97C02G035010.1Chr02: 10269554–10269940 (+)387012814.028.2028.2434–70 Vcyto: 6, chlo: 4, mito: 3, nucl: 1
ClBBX30bCla97C02G028150.1Chr02: 1650134–1650535 (+)402013314.815.7636.9633–69 Vchlo: 12, mito: 1, extr: 1
Note: (+) indicates forward strand; (–) indicates reverse strand. Abbreviations: CDS, coding sequence; AA, amino acid; Chr, chromosome; MW, molecular weight; pI, isoelectric point; CTT, CONSTANS, CO-like and TOC1 domain.
Table
Table 2. The cis elements in the promoters of more than 10 ClBBXs.
Table 2. The cis elements in the promoters of more than 10 ClBBXs.
cis ElementsNumber of GenesFunctions of cis ElementsType of cis Elements
CAAT-box25Common cis-acting element in promoter and enhancer regions
TATA-box25Core promoter element around -30 of transcription start
G-Box23cis-acting regulatory element involved in light responsivenessLight-responsive
Box 425Part of a conserved DNA module involved in light responsivenessLight-responsive
GATA-motif12Part of a light-responsive elementLight-responsive
GT1-motif22Light-responsive elementLight-responsive
AE-box13Part of a module for light responseLight-responsive
TCT-motif14Part of a light-responsive elementLight-responsive
MRE12MYB binding site involved in light responsivenessLight-responsive
STRE19Stress-responsive elementsStress-responsive
ARE24cis-acting regulatory element essential for the anaerobic inductionStress-responsive
W box12Wounding and pathogen responsivenessStress-responsive
MYB25Responds to dehydration and ABA signalsStress- and hormone-responsive
MYC25Responds to abiotic stress signalsStress-responsive
WRE311Wound-responsive elementStress-responsive
TC-rich repeats12cis-acting element involved in defense and stress responsivenessStress-responsive
CGTCA-motif14cis-acting regulatory element involved in MeJA responsivenessHormone-responsive
AAGAA-motif18cis-acting element involved in abscisic acid responsivenessHormone-responsive
ABRE3a16cis-acting element involved in abscisic acid responsivenessHormone-responsive
ABRE22cis-acting element involved in abscisic acid responsivenessHormone-responsive
ERE17Ethylene-responsive elementHormone-responsive
TGACG-motif14cis-acting regulatory element involved in MeJA responsivenessHormone-responsive
as-114cis-regulatory element induced by salicylic acidHormone-responsive
TCA-element11cis-acting element involved in salicylic acid responsivenessHormone-responsive
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, X.; Guo, H.; Jin, Z.; Ding, Y.; Guo, M. Comprehensive Characterization of B-Box Zinc Finger Genes in Citrullus lanatus and Their Response to Hormone and Abiotic Stresses. Plants 2023, 12, 2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142634

AMA Style

Wang X, Guo H, Jin Z, Ding Y, Guo M. Comprehensive Characterization of B-Box Zinc Finger Genes in Citrullus lanatus and Their Response to Hormone and Abiotic Stresses. Plants. 2023; 12(14):2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142634

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Xinsheng, Huidan Guo, Zhi Jin, Yina Ding, and Meng Guo. 2023. "Comprehensive Characterization of B-Box Zinc Finger Genes in Citrullus lanatus and Their Response to Hormone and Abiotic Stresses" Plants 12, no. 14: 2634. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142634

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop