Canopy Structure, Light Intensity, Temperature and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Water Content
2.2. Canopy Architecture
2.2.1. The Area and Ratio of the Photosynthetic Organs
2.2.2. Canopy Green Organs’ Area Index
2.2.3. Light Interception
2.3. Temperature of Canopy and Organs
2.3.1. Canopy Temperature and Canopy Temperature Depression
2.3.2. Temperature of Organs
2.4. Canopy Photosynthetic Rate and Respiration Rate
2.4.1. Canopy Apparent Photosynthesis at Different Growth Stages
2.4.2. Diurnal Variation of Canopy Apparent Photosynthesis and Respiration Rate
2.5. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
2.6. Yield, ET and WUE
2.7. Correlation Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Experimental Site and Experimental Design
4.2. Measurements
4.2.1. Green Organ Areas
4.2.2. Light Interception
4.2.3. The Canopy Temperature and Temperature of Wheat Organs
4.2.4. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
4.2.5. Canopy Apparent Photosynthesis
4.2.6. Grain Yield, Soil Water Content, Evapotranspiration (ET), and WUE
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Irrigation Times | Leaf Area and Ratio (cm2, %) | Stem Area and Ratio (cm2, %) | Spike Area and Ratio (cm2, %) | Total Area (cm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | W0 | 46.2 ± 0.5 b(48.7) | 38.4 ± 1.1 a(40.4) | 10.4 ± 0.1 b(10.9) | 95.0 ± 1.5 b |
W1 | 56.6 ± 3.5 a(50.4) | 43.9 ± 1.7 a(39.2) | 11.6 ± 0.3 a(10.4) | 112.1 ± 5.5 a | |
W3 | - | - | - | - | |
2016/2017 | W0 | 33.5 ± 1.3 b(40.2) | 39.3 ± 0.8 b(47.3) | 10.4 ± 0.2 b(12.5) | 83.3 ± 1.4 b |
W1 | 45.5 ± 1.9 a(45.2) | 44.0 ± 1.1 a(44.0) | 10.8 ± 0.4 ab(10.8) | 100.3 ± 2.9 a | |
W3 | 49.1 ± 0.7 a(49.2) | 39.1 ± 1.0 b(39.1) | 11.8 ± 0.4 a(11.8) | 100.0 ± 1.1 a | |
2017/2018 | W0 | 37.7 ± 1.5 b(52.2) | 24.8 ± 0.5 c(34.3) | 9.7 ± 0.2 b(13.4) | 72.1 ± 2.0 b |
W1 | 38.4 ± 3.2 b(51.1) | 26.8 ± 0.7 b(35.9) | 9.7 ± 0.2 b(13.0) | 74.8 ± 3.9 b | |
W3 | 61.5 ± 3.0 a(58.1) | 32.6 ± 0.7 a(30.8) | 11.8 ± 0.3 a(11.2) | 105.9 ± 3.9 a | |
2018/2019 | W0 | 45.7 ± 2.9 b(51.0) | 34.7 ± 1.6 b(38.8) | 9.2 ± 0.3 b(10.3) | 89.6 ± 4.4 b |
W1 | 53.6 ± 7.5 b(50.4) | 41.5 ± 4.0 b(39.4) | 10.6 ± 0.2 a(10.2) | 105.7 ± 11.6 b | |
W3 | 77.3 ± 7.0 a(54.0) | 54.1 ± 3.5 a(37.9) | 11.4 ± 0.5 a(8.1) | 142.8 ± 10.7 a |
Year | Irrigation Times | LAI | NLAI | GAI |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | W0 | 3.83 ± 0.10 b | 4.05 ± 0.16 b | 7.88 ± 0.25 b |
W1 | 5.30 ± 0.30 a | 5.20 ± 0.17 a | 10.50 ± 0.47 a | |
W3 | - | - | - | |
2016/2017 | W0 | 2.74 ± 0.11 c | 4.06 ± 0.08 b | 6.80 ± 0.12 c |
W1 | 3.98 ± 0.17 b | 4.80 ± 0.11 a | 8.78 ± 0.26 b | |
W3 | 4.88 ± 0.06 a | 5.06 ± 0.13 a | 9.94 ± 0.11 a | |
2017/2018 | W0 | 3.28 ± 0.05 c | 3.01 ± 0.12 b | 6.29 ± 0.17 c |
W1 | 4.22 ± 0.21 b | 4.02 ± 0.07 a | 8.24 ± 0.15 b | |
W3 | 5.70 ± 0.27 a | 4.11 ± 0.08 a | 9.81 ± 0.33 a | |
2018/2019 | W0 | 3.70 ± 0.24 b | 3.55 ± 0.15 b | 7.25 ± 0.36 b |
W1 | 4.42 ± 0.62 ab | 4.29 ± 0.34 ab | 8.72 ± 0.95 ab | |
W3 | 5.39 ± 0.49 a | 4.57 ± 0.26 a | 9.96 ± 0.74 a |
Year | Irrigation Times | CT (°C) | CTD (°C) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 DAA | 10 DAA | 20 DAA | 1DAA | 10 DAA | 20 DAA | ||
2016/2017 | W0 | 25.17 a | 28.78 a | 33.17 a | 4.23 c | 4.02 d | 3.24 d |
W1 | 24.95 b | 28.13 b | 32.76 b | 4.45 b | 4.67 c | 3.64 c | |
W2 | - | 27.84 c | 32.32 c | - | 4.96 b | 4.08 b | |
W3 | 24.68 c | 27.43 d | 32.07 d | 4.72 a | 5.37 a | 4.33 a | |
2017/2018 | W0 | 24.82 a | 19.56 a | 29.44 a | 3.88 c | 4.07 c | 3.56 c |
W1 | 24.17 b | 19.12 b | 28.70 b | 4.53 b | 4.39 b | 4.30 b | |
W2 | - | 18.27 c | 28.67 b | - | 4.61 b | 4.33 b | |
W3 | 23.86 c | 17.73 d | 28.10 c | 4.84 a | 5.04 a | 4.90 a |
Time | Irrigation Times | Organ Temperature (°C) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spike | Flag Leaf | Central of the Stem | Base of the Stem | ||
1 DAA | W0 | 26.35 a | 23.19 a | 22.64 a | 23.91 a |
W1 | 25.43 b | 22.72 b | 22.29 b | 23.77 b | |
W2 | - | - | - | - | |
W3 | 24.83 c | 21.86 c | 21.41 c | 22.92 c | |
10 DAA | W0 | 20.63 a | 18.95 a | 18.91 a | 19.62 a |
W1 | 19.54 b | 18.73 b | 18.48 b | 19.02 b | |
W2 | 19.04 c | 18.19 c | 18.16 c | 18.85 b | |
W3 | 18.51 d | 18.08 c | 17.96 d | 18.34 c | |
20 DAA | W0 | 30.92 a | 27.87 a | 28.77 a | 30.83 a |
W1 | 28.91 b | 27.12 b | 28.14 b | 30.28 ab | |
W2 | 28.33 c | 27.08 b | 27.91 b | 29.99 bc | |
W3 | 28.38 d | 26.88 c | 27.69 b | 29.51 c |
Year | Irrigation Times | Yield (kg ha−1) | ET (mm) | WUE (kg m−3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2015/2016 | W0 | 6298 ± 63 c | 396.0 ± 13.1 c | 1.59 ± 0.02 b |
W1 | 7702 ± 226 b | 444.9 ± 2.1 b | 1.73 ± 0.05 a | |
W2 | 8500 ± 30 a | 482.2 ± 4.1 a | 1.76 ± 0.01 a | |
W3 | - | - | - | |
2016/2017 | W0 | 6370 ± 101 c | 392.6 ± 12.7 c | 1.63 ± 0.05 b |
W1 | 7084 ± 191 b | 404.3 ± 3.4 bc | 1.75 ± 0.01 ab | |
W2 | 7736 ± 91 a | 430.1 ± 1.6 b | 1.80 ± 0.01 a | |
W3 | 8059 ± 158 a | 464.0 ± 15.4 a | 1.74 ± 0.06 ab | |
2017/2018 | W0 | 6415 ± 198 c | 354.8 ± 9.3 c | 1.81 ± 0.06 bc |
W1 | 7519 ± 104 b | 391.0 ± 13.7 b | 1.92 ± 0.03 ab | |
W2 | 8135 ± 50 a | 417.2 ± 9.2 b | 1.95 ± 0.01 a | |
W3 | 8291 ± 194 a | 488.1 ± 2.5 a | 1.70 ± 0.04 c | |
2018/2019 | W0 | 5446 ± 118 d | 334.2 ± 11.1 c | 1.63 ± 0.04 b |
W1 | 6247 ± 105 c | 352.5 ± 9.0 c | 1.77 ± 0.03 a | |
W2 | 7264 ± 89 b | 422.5 ± 2.7 b | 1.72 ± 0.02 ab | |
W3 | 7883 ± 240 a | 469.8 ± 2.4 a | 1.68 ± 0.05 ab |
Irrigation Treatment | Irrigation Amount (mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Before Sowing Stage | Tillering Stage | Jointing Stage | Anthesis Stage 2 | |
W0 | 100 mm | - | - | - |
W1 | 100 mm | - | 75 mm | - |
W2 | 100 mm | - | 75 mm | 75 mm |
W3 1 | 100 mm | 75 mm | 75 mm | 75 mm |
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Zhang, M.; Chen, W.; Jing, M.; Gao, Y.; Wang, Z. Canopy Structure, Light Intensity, Temperature and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Conditions. Plants 2023, 12, 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193482
Zhang M, Chen W, Jing M, Gao Y, Wang Z. Canopy Structure, Light Intensity, Temperature and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Conditions. Plants. 2023; 12(19):3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193482
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Meng, Weiwei Chen, Maoya Jing, Yanmei Gao, and Zhimin Wang. 2023. "Canopy Structure, Light Intensity, Temperature and Photosynthetic Performance of Winter Wheat under Different Irrigation Conditions" Plants 12, no. 19: 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193482