Do We Need to Breed for Regional Adaptation in Soybean?—Evaluation of Genotype-by-Location Interaction and Trait Stability of Soybean in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
3.1. Phenotypic Performance and Variance Components
3.2. Performance and Trait Stability of Genotypes
3.3. Expansion of Soybean Cultivation to Higher Latitudes Is Possible
3.4. Conclusions for Soybean Breeding at Higher Latitudes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Plant Material and Field Trials
4.2. Phenotypic Analysis
4.3. Genotype-by-Location Interaction and Stability Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EWE | HOH | MOS | NIT | LDH | BID | GÜL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LAT | N 48°31′ 17.1876 | N 48°43′ 18.048 | N 48°26′ 35.2536 | N 48°57′ 35.4564 | N 48°32′ 38.4252 | N 51°45′ 7.1568 | N 53°49′ 12.504 | |
ALT | 141 m | 400 m | 440 m | 334 m | 403 m | 80 m | 14 m | |
TEMP | Apr–Oct | 14.96 °C | 13.63 °C | 14.02 °C | 14.04 °C | 13.82 °C | 14.74 °C | 14.19 °C |
Apr | 8.19 °C | 6.95 °C | 7.05 °C | 7.11 °C | 6.87 °C | 6.73 °C | 6.21 °C | |
May | 12.17 °C | 10.77 °C | 11.75 °C | 11.29 °C | 10.75 °C | 12.13 °C | 11.00 °C | |
Jun | 20.55 °C | 19.22 °C | 19.72 °C | 19.86 °C | 19.53 °C | 20.21 °C | 19.65 °C | |
Jul | 19.34 °C | 18.13 °C | 18.97 °C | 19.00 °C | 18.45 °C | 19.74 °C | 19.64 °C | |
Aug | 18.10 °C | 16.51 °C | 17.17 °C | 17.14 °C | 16.75 °C | 17.59 °C | 16.72 °C | |
Sep | 16.33 °C | 15.10 °C | 15.20 °C | 15.50 °C | 15.86 °C | 16.29 °C | 15.42 °C | |
Oct | 10.05 °C | 8.75 °C | 8.26 °C | 8.38 °C | 8.56 °C | 10.50 °C | 10.67 °C | |
PCPN | Apr–Oct | 481.8 mm | 432.5 mm | 821.7 mm | 424.5 mm | 724.2 mm | 373.8 mm | 460.9 mm |
Apr | 44.8 mm | 36.2 mm | 51.0 mm | 14.1 mm | 21.1 mm | 23.7 mm | 41.8 mm | |
May | 114.4 mm | 72.0 mm | 97.6 mm | 90.6 mm | 155.4 mm | 45.8 mm | 80.1 mm | |
Jun | 103.7 mm | 89.4 mm | 126.8 mm | 99.8 mm | 230.6 mm | 91.9 mm | 47.6 mm | |
Jul | 105.1 mm | 69.3 mm | 252.6 mm | 60.4 mm | 123.3 mm | 56.4 mm | 69.9 mm | |
Aug | 77.7 mm | 103.3 mm | 233.2 mm | 124.4 mm | 146.9 mm | 89.0 mm | 96.5 mm | |
Sep | 22.2 mm | 28.7 mm | 37.0 mm | 18.9 mm | 35.1 mm | 39.8 mm | 74.0 mm | |
Oct | 13.9 mm | 33.6 mm | 23.5 mm | 16.3 mm | 11.8 mm | 27.2 mm | 51.0 mm | |
SG | Pseudo-gley | Haplic luvisol | Luvisol | Luvisol | Marsh | Cambisol | Haplic luvisol | |
ST | Loamy Sand | Silty clay | Sandy loam | Silty clay | Loamy sand | Clay loam | Loamy sand | |
SD | 21.04.2021 | 25.05.2021 | 17.04.2021 | 30.04.2021 | 17.04.2021 | 05.05.2021 | 10.05.2021 |
Trait | Location § | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SY | Across | 30.37 | 21.07 | 36.83 | 14.17 *** | 17.78 *** | 5.69 *** | 9.60 | 0.90 | - | 0.40 |
NTH | 26.83 | 21.60 | 30.47 | 5.18 ** | 12.11 ns | 1.47 ns | 9.35 | 0.55 | - | 0.28 | |
STH | 31.82 | 21.54 | 38.77 | 19.66 *** | 14.69 *** | 4.23 *** | 10.01 | 0.91 | - | 0.22 | |
EWE | 36.57 | 25.41 | 48.51 | 30.88 *** | - | - | 13.63 | - | 0.82 | ||
HOH | 26.74 | 18.00 | 30.82 | 13.91 *** | - | - | 11.45 | - | 0.71 | ||
MOS | 29.06 | 16.02 | 39.14 | 36.64 *** | - | - | 6.60 | - | 0.92 | ||
NIT | 33.81 | 18.07 | 41.72 | 21.47 *** | - | - | 4.86 | - | 0.88 | ||
LDH | 32.92 | 21.26 | 38.47 | 19.75 *** | - | - | 8.80 | - | 0.79 | ||
BID | 24.26 | 20.13 | 28.84 | 5.09 ** | - | - | 6.05 | - | 0.54 | ||
GÜL | 29.35 | 23.67 | 33.16 | 9.45 * | - | - | 12.58 | - | 0.53 | ||
PC | Across | 45.09 | 41.81 | 48.51 | 2.21 *** | 4.45 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.73 | 0.94 | - | 0.19 |
EWE | 47.29 | 42.22 | 50.68 | 4.74 *** | - | - | 0.51 | - | 0.94 | ||
HOH | 47.22 | 43.35 | 50.42 | 2.72 *** | - | - | 0.79 | - | 0.85 | ||
MOS | 42.87 | 40.44 | 44.86 | 1.58 *** | - | - | 0.34 | - | 0.89 | ||
NIT | 44.69 | 40.39 | 49.01 | 3.50 *** | - | - | 0.41 | - | 0.94 | ||
LDH | 42.38 | 40.30 | 44.06 | 1.14 *** | - | - | 0.39 | - | 0.82 | ||
BID | 46.09 | 44.35 | 49.83 | 1.69 ** | - | - | 2.28 | - | 0.55 | ||
OC | Across | 17.47 | 16.48 | 18.7 | 0.31 *** | 6.25 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.44 | 0.81 | - | 0.50 |
PH | Across | 101.16 | 89.66 | 113.91 | 31.78 *** | 75.48 *** | 19.56 *** | 46.15 | 0.79 | - | 0.62 |
KDM | Across | 80.98 | 77.14 | 82.80 | 1.00 *** | 3.36 *** | 0.90 *** | 0.98 | 0.82 | - | 0.90 |
DTM | Across | 150.45 | 139.10 | 154.20 | 9.19 *** | 88.41 *** | 5.64 *** | 3.36 | 0.87 | - | 0.62 |
Genotype | Stability Rank STH | STH | Rank SY STH | Mean SY STH | Stability Rank NTH § | NTH $ | Rank SY NTH | Mean SY NTH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | 7 | 1.97 | 37 | 30.55 | 25 | 9.64 | 8 | 28.37 |
G2 | 42 | 15.18 | 31 | 31.56 | 26 | 10.56 | 22 | 27.17 |
G3 | 33 | 9.93 | 42 | 27.40 | 1 | 0 | 17 | 27.41 |
G4 | 43 | 15.67 | 48 | 22.95 | 17 | 4.95 | 42 | 24.07 |
G5 | 22 | 6.68 | 27 | 32.04 | - | - | - | - |
G6 | 38 | 12.86 | 35 | 30.69 | 11 | 2.45 | 35 | 25.26 |
G7 | 26 | 7.95 | 9 | 35.47 | - | - | - | - |
G8 | 16 | 4.81 | 2 | 38.04 | 1 | 0 | 20 | 27.29 |
G9 | 24 | 7.07 | 36 | 30.63 | 5 | 0.56 | 36 | 25.24 |
G10 | 36 | 11.88 | 38 | 30.25 | 20 | 6.91 | 9 | 28.19 |
G11 | 48 | 27.77 | 34 | 30.78 | 29 | 15.82 | 5 | 28.96 |
G12 | 5 | 1.75 | 21 | 33.69 | 12 | 2.57 | 3 | 29.19 |
G13 | 47 | 19.33 | 30 | 31.68 | 10 | 2.31 | 18 | 27.38 |
G14 | 28 | 8.50 | 22 | 33.38 | 18 | 4.98 | 21 | 27.20 |
G15 | 15 | 4.43 | 19 | 34.13 | 1 | 0 | 32 | 25.84 |
G16 | 44 | 15.94 | 40 | 29.27 | - | - | - | - |
G17 | 6 | 1.80 | 45 | 24.94 | 22 | 7.91 | 10 | 28.16 |
G18 | 13 | 3.70 | 28 | 32.00 | 23 | 8.32 | 28 | 26.28 |
G19 | 10 | 3.05 | 33 | 31.02 | 37 | 50.89 | 38 | 24.88 |
G20 | 21 | 5.85 | 15 | 34.82 | 33 | 23.15 | 12 | 28.07 |
G21 | 35 | 11.16 | 16 | 34.33 | - | - | - | - |
G22 | 14 | 3.95 | 24 | 32.97 | 6 | 0.61 | 13 | 28.06 |
G23 | 17 | 4.85 | 26 | 32.12 | 15 | 3.33 | 37 | 25.20 |
G24 | 9 | 3.05 | 12 | 35.11 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 28.08 |
G25 | 18 | 5.42 | 7 | 36.15 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 28.48 |
G26 | 8 | 2.18 | 13 | 34.94 | 11 | 2.45 | 31 | 25.97 |
G27 | 4 | 1.23 | 4 | 36.86 | 21 | 7.74 | 26 | 26.68 |
G28 | 23 | 6.91 | 20 | 34.03 | 24 | 8.75 | 27 | 26.40 |
G29 | 39 | 13.27 | 8 | 35.58 | 7 | 0.76 | 6 | 28.59 |
G30 | 2 | 0.85 | 18 | 34.18 | 35 | 37.47 | 33 | 25.80 |
G31 | 25 | 7.87 | 29 | 31.71 | 34 | 33.10 | 24 | 26.99 |
G32 | 49 | 30.04 | 3 | 36.99 | 16 | 4.66 | 14 | 28.06 |
G33 | 45 | 16.16 | 25 | 32.48 | 27 | 13.64 | 39 | 24.81 |
G34 | 30 | 0.85 | 17 | 34.31 | 2 | 0.14 | 29 | 26.20 |
G35 | 41 | 7.87 | 1 | 38.77 | 13 | 2.69 | 1 | 30.47 |
G36 | 3 | 30.04 | 32 | 31.25 | 4 | 0.32 | 15 | 27.92 |
G37 | 11 | 3.11 | 5 | 36.35 | 14 | 3.18 | 2 | 29.90 |
G38 | 34 | 10.24 | 46 | 24.61 | 19 | 5.46 | 41 | 24.51 |
G39 | 40 | 13.51 | 50 | 21.54 | 3 | 0.27 | 43 | 23.71 |
G40 | 1 | 0.40 | 44 | 25.41 | 32 | 21.10 | 30 | 26.06 |
G41 | 19 | 5.56 | 49 | 22.14 | 30 | 16.16 | 44 | 21.60 |
G42 | 20 | 5.68 | 10 | 35.33 | - | - | - | - |
G43 | 27 | 8.07 | 11 | 35.15 | 9 | 1.67 | 4 | 29.02 |
G44 | 50 | 38.57 | 47 | 24.16 | 38 | 83.21 | 40 | 24.70 |
G45 | 32 | 9.76 | 14 | 34.84 | 28 | 15.53 | 19 | 27.35 |
G46 | 37 | 12.84 | 41 | 28.56 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 27.14 |
G47 | 31 | 9.75 | 39 | 29.93 | 31 | 17.29 | 34 | 25.57 |
G48 | 29 | 8.61 | 6 | 36.20 | 8 | 1.59 | 25 | 26.85 |
G49 | 46 | 17.5 | 23 | 33.22 | 36 | 47.85 | 16 | 27.78 |
G50 | 12 | 3.23 | 43 | 26.52 | - | - | - | - |
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Döttinger, C.A.; Hahn, V.; Leiser, W.L.; Würschum, T. Do We Need to Breed for Regional Adaptation in Soybean?—Evaluation of Genotype-by-Location Interaction and Trait Stability of Soybean in Germany. Plants 2023, 12, 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040756
Döttinger CA, Hahn V, Leiser WL, Würschum T. Do We Need to Breed for Regional Adaptation in Soybean?—Evaluation of Genotype-by-Location Interaction and Trait Stability of Soybean in Germany. Plants. 2023; 12(4):756. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040756
Chicago/Turabian StyleDöttinger, Cleo A., Volker Hahn, Willmar L. Leiser, and Tobias Würschum. 2023. "Do We Need to Breed for Regional Adaptation in Soybean?—Evaluation of Genotype-by-Location Interaction and Trait Stability of Soybean in Germany" Plants 12, no. 4: 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040756