Effects of Biochar on the Fluorescence Spectra of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Black Soil Profile after Application for Six Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Design Patterns
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. DOM Extraction
2.3.2. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy and Fluorescence Spectroscopy
2.3.3. Parallel Factors (PARAFAC) Modeling
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Fluorescence Properties (2D) of WSOM at Different Soil Depths
3.2. Excitation–Emission Matrices (EEMs) and Fluorescence Characteristics (3D) of DOM
3.3. Identification of WSOC Components and Their Correlations with Each Other
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Depth | Total N | Total P | Total K | Avail. * N | Avail. * P | Avail. * K | SOM ** | pH | BD *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cm | g/kg | g/kg | g/kg | mg/kg | mg/kg | mg/kg | g/kg | g/cm3 | |
0–30 | 1.45 | 1.05 | 25.52 | 163.3 | 20.61 | 187.92 | 29.87 | 6.74 | 1.31 |
30–60 | 0.61 | 0.66 | 24.06 | 86.80 | 14.50 | 179.00 | 13.85 | 7.45 | 1.41 |
Particle Components (%) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SOC * g/kg | Ca g/kg | K g/kg | Mg g/kg | N g/kg | O g/kg | P g/kg | Si g/kg | pH | <0.1 mm | 0.1–2 mm | >2 mm |
598 | 3 | 17.0 | 2 | 7.85 | 166 | 1.327 | 60 | 8.69 | 15.0 | 60.2 | 24.8 |
EX/EM | 0–10 cm | 10–20 cm | 20–30 cm | 30–40 cm | 40–50 cm | 50–60 cm | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | Ⅰ | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.1 |
Ⅱ | 3.8 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 4.9 | |
Ⅲ | 21.6 | 21.1 | 21.1 | 21.5 | 20.1 | 20.5 | |
Ⅳ | 7.8 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 11.0 | 9.5 | |
Ⅴ | 64.0 | 65.6 | 66.5 | 64.9 | 60.6 | 62.0 | |
NPK | Ⅰ | 2.21 | 2.77 | 2.72 | 2.23 | 3.55 | 3.34 |
Ⅱ | 4.05 | 4.58 | 4.83 | 4.19 | 5.34 | 5.19 | |
Ⅲ | 23.45 | 21.60 | 24.28 | 24.17 | 23.42 | 24.18 | |
Ⅳ | 7.27 | 7.79 | 7.36 | 7.44 | 8.54 | 8.21 | |
Ⅴ | 63.02 | 63.26 | 60.82 | 61.97 | 59.15 | 59.08 | |
BC | Ⅰ | 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.0 |
Ⅱ | 3.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 6.3 | |
Ⅲ | 22.2 | 23.4 | 23.2 | 23.1 | 22.9 | 22.9 | |
Ⅳ | 7.0 | 7.5 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 7.5 | |
Ⅴ | 65.3 | 61.6 | 64.9 | 59.0 | 59.0 | 59.2 | |
NPK + BC | Ⅰ | 1.53 | 3.11 | 3.63 | 2.18 | 2.75 | 2.39 |
Ⅱ | 5.62 | 5.61 | 5.36 | 3.95 | 4.76 | 4.21 | |
Ⅲ | 21.09 | 22.83 | 23.39 | 23.56 | 22.92 | 21.08 | |
Ⅳ | 6.51 | 6.68 | 6.96 | 6.31 | 7.89 | 7.46 | |
Ⅴ | 65.25 | 61.77 | 60.66 | 64.00 | 61.68 | 64.87 | |
N +BC | Ⅰ | 3.01 | 2.40 | 0.74 | 2.14 | 3.19 | 3.21 |
Ⅱ | 4.42 | 3.67 | 3.43 | 3.74 | 4.55 | 4.77 | |
Ⅲ | 25.81 | 22.80 | 21.75 | 21.88 | 21.77 | 21.66 | |
Ⅳ | 9.17 | 6.93 | 6.58 | 7.46 | 8.33 | 7.16 | |
Ⅴ | 57.59 | 64.21 | 67.50 | 64.78 | 62.15 | 63.19 |
Group | Approximate EEM Location | Fluorescence Compounds | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | C2 | C3 | C1 | C2 | C3 | |
CK | Em: 407 nm Ex: 256 nm | Em: 474 nm Ex: 263 nm | Em: 332 nm Ex: 221 nm | Ultraviolet A (UVA) fulvic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | Ultraviolet C (UVC) humic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | Tryptophan-like substance (protein components) |
NPK | Em: 412 nm Ex: 243 nm | Em: 468 nm Ex: 270 nm | Em: 325 nm Ex: 220 nm | UVA fulvic-like acid (terrestrial humic substance) | UVC humic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | Tryptophan-like substance (protein components) |
BC | Em: 461 nm Ex: 272 nm | Em: 399 nm Ex: 243 nm | Em: 324 nm Ex: 219 nm | UVC humic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | UVA fulvic acid-like (aquatic humic substance) | Tryptophan-like substance (protein components) |
NPK + BC | Em: 410 nm Ex: 249 nm | Em: 467 nm Ex: 270 nm | Em: 326 nm Ex: 221 nm | UVA fulvic-like acid (terrestrial humic substance) | UVC humic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | Tryptophan-like substance (protein components) |
N + BC | Em: 409 nm Ex: 245 nm | Em: 468.5 nm Ex: 269 nm | Em: 325.5 nm Ex: 220 nm | UVA fulvic-like acid (terrestrial humic substance) | UVC humic acid-like (terrestrial humic substance) | Tryptophan-like substance (protein components) |
Depth (cm) | 0–10 | 10–20 | 20–30 | 30–40 | 40–50 | 50–60 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | C1 | 41.10 | 42.28 | 42.28 | 43.93 | 39.81 | 40.11 |
C2 | 39.10 | 40.10 | 40.10 | 38.92 | 32.73 | 34.53 | |
C3 | 19.80 | 17.62 | 17.62 | 17.15 | 27.46 | 25.36 | |
NPK | C1 | 52.16 | 47.60 | 49.31 | 54.22 | 48.20 | 49.92 |
C2 | 27.51 | 27.71 | 25.31 | 25.35 | 21.24 | 21.15 | |
C3 | 20.32 | 24.69 | 25.38 | 20.43 | 30.56 | 28.93 | |
BC | C1 | 45.79 | 45.60 | 45.41 | 47.38 | 43.27 | 45.02 |
C2 | 33.85 | 34.77 | 37.32 | 34.10 | 30.58 | 28.86 | |
C3 | 20.36 | 19.62 | 17.27 | 18.52 | 26.15 | 26.12 | |
NPK +BC | C1 | 45.70 | 45.50 | 45.32 | 47.29 | 43.16 | 44.91 |
C2 | 33.96 | 34.88 | 37.41 | 34.20 | 30.70 | 28.98 | |
C3 | 20.34 | 19.62 | 17.27 | 18.51 | 26.14 | 26.11 | |
N +BC | C1 | 45.70 | 45.51 | 45.33 | 47.29 | 43.18 | 44.93 |
C2 | 33.96 | 34.88 | 37.42 | 34.20 | 30.70 | 28.98 | |
C3 | 20.34 | 19.61 | 17.26 | 18.50 | 26.13 | 26.10 |
WSOC (mg/kg) | C1 | C2 | C3 | FIX | HIX | BIX | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WSOC(mg/kg) | 1 | ||||||
C1 | −0.089 | 1 | |||||
C2 | −0.376 ** | 0.510 ** | 1 | ||||
C3 | 0.319 ** | 0.409 ** | 0.020 | 1 | |||
FIX | −0.180 | −0.023 | −0.366 ** | 0.475 ** | 1 | ||
HIX | −0.324 ** | −0.236 | 0.432 ** | −0.200 | −0.359 ** | 1 | |
BIX | −0.50 * | 0.058 | −0.205 | 0.718 ** | 0.777 ** | −0.118 | 1 |
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Jin, L.; Wei, D.; Li, Y.; Zou, G.; Wang, L.; Ding, J.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, L.; Wang, W.; Ma, X.; et al. Effects of Biochar on the Fluorescence Spectra of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Black Soil Profile after Application for Six Years. Plants 2023, 12, 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040831
Jin L, Wei D, Li Y, Zou G, Wang L, Ding J, Zhang Y, Sun L, Wang W, Ma X, et al. Effects of Biochar on the Fluorescence Spectra of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Black Soil Profile after Application for Six Years. Plants. 2023; 12(4):831. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040831
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Liang, Dan Wei, Yan Li, Guoyuan Zou, Lei Wang, Jianli Ding, Yitao Zhang, Lei Sun, Wei Wang, Xingzhu Ma, and et al. 2023. "Effects of Biochar on the Fluorescence Spectra of Water-Soluble Organic Matter in Black Soil Profile after Application for Six Years" Plants 12, no. 4: 831. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040831