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Article

Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids

by
María Belén Pérez
1,2,†,
Sofía Carvajal
1,2,†,
Vanesa Beretta
1,†,
Florencia Bannoud
1,
María Florencia Fangio
3,
Federico Berli
4,
Ariel Fontana
4,
María Victoria Salomón
4,
Roxana Gonzalez
2,
Lucia Valerga
1,2,
Jorgelina C. Altamirano
5,6,
Mehtap Yildiz
7,
Massimo Iorizzo
8,9,
Philipp W. Simon
10 and
Pablo F. Cavagnaro
1,2,11,*
1
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
2
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Experimental Agropecuaria La Consulta, Ex Ruta 40 km 96, La Consulta M5567, Argentina
3
Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Físicas de Mar del Plata, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (CONICET-UNMDP), Mar del Plata B7602, Argentina
4
Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
5
Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA, CONICET-UNCuyo-Gobierno de Mendoza), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza M5500, Argentina
6
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Jorge Contreras 1300, Mendoza M5500, Argentina
7
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080 Van, Turkey
8
Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, 2721 Founders Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
9
Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
10
Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
11
Instituto de Horticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Almirante Brown 500, Chacras de Coria M5528, Argentina
 
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*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2023, 12(9), 1796; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091796
Submission received: 24 March 2023 / Revised: 19 April 2023 / Accepted: 24 April 2023 / Published: 27 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Qualitative and Quantitative Changes in Plant Metabolite Contents)
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Abstract

The present study characterized a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection of 27 purple and two non-purple (one orange and one yellow) carrot accessions for concentration of root anthocyanins, phenolics, and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity estimated by four different methods (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), in a partially replicated experimental design comprising data from two growing seasons (2018 and 2019). Broad and significant (p < 0.0001) variation was found among the accessions for all the traits. Acylated anthocyanins (AA) predominated over non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA) in all the accessions and years analyzed, with AA accounting for 55.5–100% of the total anthocyanin content (TAC). Anthocyanins acylated with ferulic acid and coumaric acid were the most abundant carrot anthocyanins. In general, black or solid purple carrots had the greatest TAC and total phenolic content (TPC), and the strongest antioxidant capacities, measured by all methods. Antioxidant capacity, estimated by all methods, was significantly, positively, and moderately-to-strongly correlated with the content of all individual anthocyanins pigments, TAC, and TPC, in both years (r = 0.59–0.90, p < 0.0001), but not with the carotenoid pigments lutein and β-carotene; suggesting that anthocyanins and other phenolics, but not carotenoids, are major contributors of the antioxidant capacity in purple carrots. We identified accessions with high concentration of chemically stable AA, with potential value for the production of food dyes, and accessions with relatively high content of bioavailable NAA that can be selected for increased nutraceutical value (e.g., for fresh consumption).
Keywords: Daucus carota; anthocyanins; phenolic compounds; carotenoids; antioxidant capacity Daucus carota; anthocyanins; phenolic compounds; carotenoids; antioxidant capacity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pérez, M.B.; Carvajal, S.; Beretta, V.; Bannoud, F.; Fangio, M.F.; Berli, F.; Fontana, A.; Salomón, M.V.; Gonzalez, R.; Valerga, L.; et al. Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids. Plants 2023, 12, 1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091796

AMA Style

Pérez MB, Carvajal S, Beretta V, Bannoud F, Fangio MF, Berli F, Fontana A, Salomón MV, Gonzalez R, Valerga L, et al. Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids. Plants. 2023; 12(9):1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091796

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pérez, María Belén, Sofía Carvajal, Vanesa Beretta, Florencia Bannoud, María Florencia Fangio, Federico Berli, Ariel Fontana, María Victoria Salomón, Roxana Gonzalez, Lucia Valerga, and et al. 2023. "Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids" Plants 12, no. 9: 1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091796

APA Style

Pérez, M. B., Carvajal, S., Beretta, V., Bannoud, F., Fangio, M. F., Berli, F., Fontana, A., Salomón, M. V., Gonzalez, R., Valerga, L., Altamirano, J. C., Yildiz, M., Iorizzo, M., Simon, P. W., & Cavagnaro, P. F. (2023). Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids. Plants, 12(9), 1796. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12091796

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