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Article

The Influence of Piriformospora indica Colonization on the Root Development and Growth of Cerasus humilis Cuttings

by
Lu Yin
,
Pengyan Qu
,
Dongmei Wang
,
Songtao Yan
,
Qinghua Gong
,
Rui Yang
,
Yang Hu
,
Niru Liu
,
Chunzhen Cheng
,
Pengfei Wang
,
Shuai Zhang
,
Xiaopeng Mu
* and
Jiancheng Zhang
*
College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Plants 2024, 13(11), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111482
Submission received: 8 April 2024 / Revised: 11 May 2024 / Accepted: 25 May 2024 / Published: 27 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Numerous studies have shown that the endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica has a broad range of promoting effects on root development and plant growth in host plants. However, there are currently no reports on the application of this fungus on Cerasus humilis. This study first compared the colonization ability of P. indica on 11 C. humilis varieties and found that the colonization rate of this fungus on these varieties ranged from 90% to 100%, with the colonization rate of the varieties ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ being as high as 100%. Subsequently, the effect of P. indica on root development and plant growth of C. humilis was investigated using cuttings of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ as materials. P. indica colonization was found to increase the biomass of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ plants; root activity, POD enzymes, and chlorophyll content were also significantly increased. In addition, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content in the roots of C. humilis plants increased after colonization, while jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-car- boxylic acid (ACC) content decreased. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that P. indica can promote the growth of C. humilis plants by accelerating biomass accumulation, promoting rooting, and enhancing the production of photosynthetic pigments, as well as regulating hormone synthesis.

1. Introduction

Piriformospora indica is a type of endophytic fungus classified within the Basidiomycota phylum, Hymenomycetes class, and Piriformospora genus. Initially found in the Thar Desert region of northwestern India in 1998, it is named after its pear-shaped thick-walled spores [1].
Comparable with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are now widely used in plant production, P. indica can form symbiotic relationships with various plants. However, unlike AMF, P. indica has a wider host range and can be isolated and cultured in various synthetic media, which facilitates the in-depth studies of its interaction with plants [2]. P. indica exhibits a broad spectrum of effects, encompassing not only the stimulation of plant growth and the enhancement of tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses but also the induction of systemic resistance in plants [3,4,5]. Therefore, P. indica has significant application potential in modern agriculture.
Studies have found that symbiosis with P. indica can facilitate plant growth and increase plant yield in different horticultural plants [6]. For example, the symbiotic relationship with P. indica leads to notable enhancements in the growth parameters of strawberry plants. These improvements include increased plant height and root proliferation, as well as higher fresh and dry weights. Additionally, there is a significant upregulation observed in strawberry leaf nitrate reductase activity, photosynthetic pigment content, and root vigor [7]. In tomato plants, inoculation with P. indica can not only promote the growth of TYLCV-resistant tomato ‘T07-4’ roots but also significantly increase the aboveground biomass and total biomass of susceptible tomato ‘T07-1’; meanwhile, cherry tomatoes inoculated with P. indica have significantly enhanced fruit quality, yield, and storage time after harvest [8]. P. indica-colonized Brassica napus can accelerate the growth and significantly improves the yield and quality of rapeseed [9].
Piriformospora indica can enhance root development by promoting plant hormone secretion. Research has revealed that colonization by P. indica can increase POD enzyme activity and IAA content in the Dimocarpus longan root system, thereby enhancing the absorption capacity of longan roots for nutrients and promoting the growth of longan cuttings [10]. In rice, colonization by P. indica can promote aboveground growth and induce the expression of genes related to growth, increase chlorophyll content, and enhance root vitality. Furthermore, P. indica can also induce the secretion of auxin, and these synergistic physiological responses significantly increase the photosynthetic rate of rice, improve the plant’s uptake of mineral nutrients, and thus effectively promote the growth of rice [11].
Cerasus humilis is a shrub fruit tree belonging to the Cherry genus, Rosaceae family, and originated in China [12]. It is rich in various nutrients, especially its fruits, which contain abundant organic acids, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids that are beneficial to human health. Due to the high calcium content in its fruits, it is known as the “calcium fruit” among economic fruit trees [13]. C. humilis has a wide planting area in China, and, after years of breeding and cultivation, many high-quality C. humilis varieties have been screened out by our research team, such as the Nongda Series (Nongda 5, Nongda 6, Nongda 7) and the Jinou Series (Jinou-1, Jinou-2, Jinou-3) [14]. C. humilis can be propagated and cultivated in various ways, including dividing, sowing, cutting, grafting, and tissue culture [15]. However, because the planting survival rate of the plant divisions is very low, this type of reproduction is less commonly used in scientific research and practical applications in production [16]. When using sowing propagation, it is not easy to retain the excellent traits of the parent; the survival rate of grafting is more dependent on the suitable rootstock [17]; and tissue culture has a high contamination rate and is prone to massive mortality of the tissue-cultured cuttings, which often occur in the subsequent seedling hardening stages [18]. Therefore, in order to maintain the excellent traits of the parent stock and to improve production efficiency, the propagation of C. humilis is usually carried out by cuttings [19]. The quality of C. humilis cuttings is directly related to the survival rate after transplantation, so it is crucial to improve the quality of the cuttings [20,21]. Some studies have found that applying plant growth regulators to the foliage can enhance the quality of cuttings [22]. In view of the growth-promoting effect of P. indica on other species as mentioned earlier, it can be speculated that it can also promote the growth of C. humilis cuttings.
To date, the impact of P. indica on the growth and development of C. humilis cuttings has not been documented. Therefore, in this study, we colonized P. indica during the propagation process of C. humilis cuttings and investigated the impact of P. indica on the growth and root development of C. humilis cuttings by determining the parameters related to growth, root indicators, and photosynthetic pigment content, root activity, and peroxidase content in the roots, as well as the hormone contents of IAA, JA, and ACC in the colonized C. humilis cuttings. The results of this study provide scientific support for the seedlings of C. humilis, an effective way for its ecological improvement and ecological cultivation in saline and arid areas, and new ideas and practical paths for eco-agriculture and eco-environmental management. However, this study still has some limitations. The current study mainly focused on physiological changes and did not address the molecular level. In the future, transcriptomic and metabolomic studies can be carried out to investigate the molecular mechanism of P. indica in promoting the growth of C. humilis plants.

2. Results

2.1. P. indica Colonization Detection Results in Roots of Cerasus humilis Cuttings

C. humilis cuttings co-cultivated with P. indica were examined under a microscope after 14 days, as shown in Figure 1. The results showed that P. indica successfully colonized the roots of the 11 C. humilis varieties mentioned above, indicating that C. humilis cuttings can establish a successful symbiotic relationship with P. indica.
To study the colonization ability of P. indica, the colonization rate of 11 different C. humilis varieties was determined. Thirty 1 cm long root segments were randomly selected from each C. humilis variety for testing. The results indicated that, among the 11 C. humilis varieties tested, the colonization rate of ‘Nongda 7’ and ‘09-01’ reached 100%. The colonization rates of ‘D 4-1-22’ and ‘3-6-8’ were 96%; among the remaining five varieties, the colonization rates of ‘Nongda 6’, ‘LO 1’, ‘D 7-3-43’, ‘D 11-46’, and ‘3-39-17-1’ were all 93%; while the colonization rates of ‘D 9-2-28’ and ‘3-19-3’ were the lowest, at 90%. In summary, P. indica was able to successfully colonize most C. humilis plants and shows a high affinity.

2.2. Influence of P. indica Colonization on the Growth and Development of Cerasus humilis

The growth parameters of the treatment and control groups for ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ were measured at 2–5 weeks following inoculation with P. indica. Compared with non-colonized C. humilis ‘09-01’ cuttings, P. indica increased primary root length, number of lateral roots, plant height, and leaf number (Table 1). During the measurement period, successful colonization of C. humilis cuttings by P. indica resulted in higher fresh and dry weight compared with the untreated group. The growth of ‘09-01’ cuttings was significantly promoted by P. indica after 4 weeks of inoculation. The results showed that after 4 and 5 weeks of inoculation, the length of the primary root was notably different from the untreated group (p < 0.01), being 1.06-fold and 1.07-fold longer than the control, respectively. At the same time, the number of lateral roots was also notably higher than the control after 4 weeks of inoculation (p < 0.05), and the fresh and dry weights were significantly higher than the control (p < 0.01). From Table 1, it can be seen that after 3, 4, and 5 weeks of inoculation, the height of the plants colonized by P. indica was notably increased compared with the non-inoculated plants (p < 0.01), being 1.21-fold, 1.57-fold, and 1.22-fold higher than the untreated plants, respectively. The number of leaves also increased notably (p < 0.05), being 1.4-fold, 1.15-fold, and 1.1-fold higher than the untreated, respectively. However, although the stem diameter of the PI group exhibited greater size compared with the CK group, no significant difference was observed.
As can be seen in Table 2, the length of the primary root and the height of ‘Nongda 7’ C. humilis cuttings showed significant differences after 4 and 5 weeks of inoculation (p < 0.01), being 1.13-fold, 1.17-fold, 1.23-fold, and 1.34-fold of the control, respectively. After 5 weeks of P. indica inoculation, the numbers of lateral roots and leaves were markedly higher than those of the untreated group (p < 0.05), being 1.34-fold and 1.24-fold higher than the untreated, respectively. P. indica did not show any notable change in stem diameter of the ‘Nongda 7’ variety. These growth parameters indicate that P. indica has a significant impact on the growth and development of C. humilis plants.
A comparison of the growth status of P. indica and C. humilis ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ after 5 weeks of interaction is shown in Figure 2. The growth status of C. humilis cuttings in the performance of the inoculation group was notably superior to that of the control group, with obvious differences in plant height and root length.

2.3. Effect of P. indica Colonization on Photosynthetic Pigments in Cerasus humilis Leaves

The chlorophyll content is closely related to plant growth status [23]. The measurement of photosynthetic pigment content can be used to evaluate the growth of plants. Therefore, we measured the photosynthetic pigments in both colonized and non-colonized leaves of C. humilis ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ plants. Our results revealed a significant increase in chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content in the leaves of ‘09-01’ colonized by P. indica compared with the non-colonized (p < 0.05) as being 1.2-fold, 1.13-fold, and 1.29-fold higher than the untreated group, respectively (Figure 3). Although the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio in colonized leaves showed a decreasing trend compared with the control, it did not reach statistical significance. Moreover, there was no notable variance in chlorophyll b content between the PI group and the CK group in ‘09-01’.
In ‘Nongda 7’ leaves, P. indica colonization resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content compared with the control (p < 0.05), increasing by 10.9%, 38.1%, 17.8%, and 31.2%, respectively. However, the chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio in colonized ‘Nongda 7’ leaves was significantly lower than the control at only 0.79 times of the control (p < 0.05, Figure 3).

2.4. Effect of P. indica Colonization on Root Development and Root Activities in Cerasus humilis

One month following successful colonization by P. indica, the roots of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ in both the PI and CK groups were scanned in order to measure various parameters, as detailed in Table 3. The ‘09-01’ roots inoculated with P. indica showed a significant increase in total length, volume, surface area, projected area, and root tip number compared with the non-colonized group (p < 0.01), reaching 1.18, 1.89, 1.80, 1.80, and 1.82 times that of the non-colonized group, respectively. In addition, the average diameter of the roots also increased significantly (p < 0.05) by 1.09-fold higher than the control. However, after P. indica colonization, only the length, average diameter, and root tip number of ‘Nongda 7’ were significantly increased (p < 0.01) by 1.78, 1.85, and 1.55 times that of the control, respectively, while the surface area and projected area were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), which were 94.18% and 90.30% of the non-colonized group, respectively. Notably, there was no significant contrast in volume between the PI and CK groups.
Figure 4 shows the scanned pictures of C. humilis root system. As can be seen from Figure 4, the root system of C. humilis inoculated with P. indica was significantly better than that of the control group, and there was a significant difference in length and volume between the PI and CK groups.
Root activity is an important indicator for measuring plant health and growth status. This enhancement directly impacts the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients, which affects the overall growth of the plant [24]. The influence of P. indica colonization on the root vigor of C. humilis cuttings was studied, as shown in Figure 5. The results showed that P. indica colonization notably enhanced the root activity of both ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ (p < 0.01), with an increase of 32.5% in ‘09-01’ and 10.9% in ‘Nongda 7’ compared with the control.

2.5. Effect of P. indica Colonization on POD and Hormone Levels

The activity of peroxidase (POD) in roots is closely related to root growth and development [25]. In this experiment, the effect of P. indica colonization on the POD enzyme activity in roots of C. humilis cuttings was further studied. Compared with the control without P. indica inoculation, as depicted in Figure 6, the root POD activity of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ increased significantly (p < 0.01), with ‘09-01’ increasing by 65.9% and ‘Nongda 7’ increasing by 41.2%.
To examine P. indica’s impact on C. humilis plant hormones, the levels of IAA, JA, and ACC in the roots of both the PI and CK groups were measured. The results (Figure 6) indicate that the IAA content of ‘09-01’ roots in the PI group exhibited a notably higher level compared with the untreated group (p < 0.01), accounting for 1.15-fold of untreated; the content of ‘Nongda 7’ roots was notably higher than that in the untreated group (p < 0.05), which was about 1.04-fold of untreated. Being colonized by P. indica notably reduced the JA content in the roots of ‘09-01’ (p < 0.01) and ‘Nongda 7’ (p < 0.05) to 88.2% and 95.3% of the untreated, respectively. In addition, P. indica inoculation significantly reduced the ACC content in the roots of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ (p < 0.05), reducing it by 7.6% and 14% compared with the CK, respectively.

3. Discussion

Some microorganisms and fungi can form symbiotic relationships with plants, such as rhizobia, which can form nodules with the roots of leguminous plants to convert atmospheric nitrogen into plant-absorbable nitrogen compounds, thus providing important nutrients for plants [26]. In addition, fungi can also form mycorrhizae in symbiosis with plant roots, promoting the growth of both aboveground and underground parts, providing additional moisture and nutrients, and enhancing plant photosynthetic capacity, which is of great significance to agricultural production and the balance of plant ecosystems [27]. Currently, P. indica is widely discussed as a beneficial fungus in plants such as strawberry [7], longan [10], and rice [11]. Studies have shown that the growth parameters of barley [28], king grass [29], ryegrass [30], tobacco [31], African chrysanthemum [32], and maize [33] colonized by P. indica are higher than those of non-inoculated controls. Additionally, P. indica colonization can improve the nutritional quality of black rice [34], promote the germination and growth of Arabidopsis thaliana [35], and increase the aboveground and underground biomass of sweet potato plants [3].
China has abundant germplasm resources of C. humilis, which are characterized by early flowering and fruiting, strong resistance, and wide adaptability [36]. This study represents the inaugural demonstration that P. indica could successfully colonize the roots of C. humilis cuttings, and it was found that the aboveground and underground growth indices of C. humilis cuttings colonized by P. indica exhibited a significant increase. These findings suggest that P. indica possesses the potential to enhance the growth of C. humilis cuttings. The results obtained are as follows:

3.1. P. indica Establishes Symbiotic Relationship with Cerasus humilis

Piriformospora indica is known for its wide range of host plants and can establish symbiotic relationships with various plants. It has been reported that this fungus can colonize more than 200 different plants [6]. Although P. indica has been extensively studied on horticultural plants both domestically and internationally, especially on some common plants such as bananas, tomatoes, and cabbage, there have been no reports of the symbiotic relationship between P. indica and C. humilis. This study found that clear spores could be seen in the rhizosphere of all 11 different C. humilis varieties under a microscope, and the infection rate of these varieties exceeds 90%. This finding indicates that P. indica can easily colonize the roots of C. humilis and that most C. humilis varieties have the potential to establish symbiotic relationships with P. indica. Additionally, this experiment establishes the foundation for future exploration into the symbiotic interaction between P. indica and additional plant species.

3.2. P. indica Colonization Promotes the Growth and Root Development of Cerasus humilis Cuttings

Colonization of host plants by P. indica can significantly increase the number of plant roots, enhance the root surface area, and promote plant growth. After colonization of Gerbera cuttings by P. indica, the root length and aboveground and underground fresh weight of the cuttings are significantly increased; in addition, the numbers of roots and leaves are also significantly increased [32]. Paeonia lactiflora infested with P. indica had an increase in the fresh mass of its fine roots of 14.14%, 53.05%, and 39.62% at its bud germination, leaf expansion, and bud stage, respectively. The aboveground fresh weight at the leaf expansion and bud stage also significantly increased [37]. After infection by P. indica, the size and quality of passion fruit are significantly improved [38]. Previous reports have indicated that colonization of P. indica in Tartary buckwheat roots increases the biomass of roots, indicating that P. indica colonization promotes the growth of Tartary buckwheat roots [39]. In this study, P. indica colonization notably increased the root length, surface area, and plant height of C. humilis, thereby promoting the increase in plant biomass. The rapid development of the root system effectively improves the efficiency of nutrient and water absorption, thereby stimulating the growth of the aboveground part of the plant, suggesting that P. indica has great potential for application in C. humilis seedling cultivation. In addition, from the plant morphology diagram, it can be seen that the plant height of the infected plant ‘09-01’ is significantly higher than that of the treatment group ‘Nongda 7’, indicating that the promoting effect of P. indica on different C. humilis varieties is different.

3.3. P. indica Colonization Greatly Induces the Accumulation of Chlorophyll in Cerasus humilis Leaves

Chlorophyll is a key photosynthetic pigment, and increasing its content helps improve the efficiency of plant photosynthesis, carbon fixation capacity, and stress resistance, thereby promoting plant growth [40]. Numerous studies have indicated that P. indica colonization can increase the chlorophyll content of plants such as Anthurium [41], soybeans [42], and Torreya grandis cuttings [43]. P. indica can enlarge the leaf area of Tartary buckwheat, thereby enhancing its photosynthesis [39]. In the present study, chlorophyll levels were measured in the leaves of both colonized and uncolonized C. humilis plants. The results revealed that P. indica greatly induced chlorophyll accumulation in the treated group, significantly increasing the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, indicating that this fungus can enhance leaf photosynthesis by augmenting photosynthetic pigments.

3.4. P. indica Colonization Enhances Root POD Activity Beneficial for Root Growth and Development

The activity level of the POD enzyme is also considered an important indicator for evaluating the growth status of roots and the redox balance in organisms [44]. It not only plays a crucial role in mediating plant stress responses but is also widely used as an indicator for evaluating the growth status of plant roots [45]. During root growth, POD enzymes may influence root morphology and structure by participating in cell division and cell elongation. The changes in enzyme activity reflect the status of the root environment and play a key role in root health and function [46]. It was indicated that the peroxidase in the roots of the tomato plants infected with Verticillium wilt significantly increased after inoculation with P. indica [47]. During cadmium stress, P. indica notably increased the tobacco’s POD enzyme activity [48]. Similarly, P. indica colonization also affected the POD enzyme activity in the roots of passion fruit [49]. It was indicated that the POD enzyme activity was increased in the roots of C. humilis cuttings colonized by P. indica, suggesting that P. indica can increase the POD enzyme activity in the roots of C. humilis to promote rooting.

3.5. P. indica Promotes Cerasus humilis Root Growth by Inducing IAA Hormone Synthesis, Inhibiting JA and ACC Accumulation

Plant hormones are essential for regulating various aspects of plant growth, including root development [50]. P. indica can activate the biosynthesis of auxin and improve the water absorption capacity of roots by increasing the root surface area, which may be a key reason for promoting root growth [51]. Studies have indicated that colonization by P. indica stimulates lateral root formation while inhibiting primary root growth in Arabidopsis, which is due to the diffusion of compounds inducing auxin in the co-culture medium of P. indica liquid medium and Arabidopsis [52]. At the same time, Arabidopsis can produce indole secondary metabolites to maintain a symbiotic reciprocal relationship with P. indica [53]. Studies have reported a notable increase in the IAA in the roots, stems, and leaves of Tartary buckwheat following colonization by P. indica. Additionally, the expression level of the ARF2 gene, which is associated with plant growth and fruit development, is significantly enhanced, indicating that P. indica can stimulate IAA biosynthesis and increase the upregulation of pertinent genes—processes which facilitate the growth of Tartary buckwheat. The IAA in the roots of two C. humilis varieties measured in this experimental was notably higher than that of the untreated group, suggesting that P. indica can activate IAA synthesis and promote root development in C. humilis, consistent with the above conclusions.
JA plays a key role in plant root growth, mainly inhibiting root growth by limiting cell division in the meristematic tissue zone and cell elongation in the elongation zone. It has been shown that JA negatively regulates root growth under B-deficient conditions by activating the JA signaling pathway through JAR1 [54,55]. Fortunately, interaction of P. indica with the plant root system reduces jasmonic acid levels in the plant, which in turn promotes the growth and development of plant roots [56]. When P. indica colonizes the roots of longan, the content of JA in the roots is significantly inhibited [10]. ACC is a precursor of ethylene synthesis, and ethylene is an important plant hormone involved in many growth and development processes [57]. In plants, the interaction of jasmonic acid (JA) with ethylene can be manifested by the formation of the JA–ACC chemical complex [55]. It has been found in studies that high concentrations of the JA–ACC chemical complex inhibited root growth of the jar1-1 mutant in Arabidopsis, indicating that high concentrations of ethylene inhibit root growth [58,59]. In this experimental study, it was indicated that colonization of P. indica notably inhibits the level of JA and ACC in the roots of C. humilis; therefore, we speculated that the promotion of root development by P. indica inoculation is related to the decrease in these two hormones.

4. Materials and Methods

4.1. Plant Materials and Fungal Preparation

In this study, 11 C. humilis varieties (‘Nongda 7’, ‘Nongda 6’, ‘LO1’, ‘D 9-2-28’, ‘D 7-3-43’, ‘D 4-1-22’, ‘D 11-46’, ‘3-19-3’, ‘09-01’, ‘3-6-8’, ‘3-39-17-1’) were used as experimental materials, and subsequent experiments were carried out using ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ as indicator measurement materials.
The Piriformospora indica strain was preserved by the C. humilis team at Shanxi Agricultural University. The P. indica spore suspension was prepared following the procedure method by Cheng et al. [60] and subsequently adjusted to the final concentration of 2 × 107 spores/mL using a hemocytometer counting plates for subsequent experiments.
Healthy semi-lignified branches with a length of 8–10 cm were collected and planted in tray cells, ensuring that each cutting had 4 intact leaves. After normal management for one month, the C. humilis cuttings of the above-mentioned 11 varieties with good health, consistent growth, and free from pests and diseases were divided into two groups. One group had the young roots of C. humilis soaked in the fermentation solution for 6 h (PI group), and the other group had an equal volume of PDB liquid medium as the control (CK group). The cuttings were placed in a small plastic greenhouse for subsequent management.

4.2. Piriformospora indica Colonization Detection

Taipan blue staining observation: After co-cultivating with P. indica for 2 weeks, 5 PI cuttings were randomly selected. After rinsing the roots of C. humilis with tap water, they were cut into 1 cm long segments and mixed. They were treated with 5% KOH at 90 °C for 1 h, followed by 2% HCl at indoor temperature for 5 min. After discarding the solution, the samples were treated with 0.05% Taipan blue reagent at 90 °C for 60 min. The solution was then discarded, and the samples were subjected to decolorization at room temperature for 2 days. Six segments were selected from each seedling, for a total of 30 segments, and the colonization of root spores was observed under a microscope. The successfully colonized ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ cuttings were used for subsequent experiments. Infestation rate (%) = (number of infested root segments/total number of root segments) × 100%.

4.3. Determination of Plant Growth Parameters

At 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after inoculation with P. indica, both colonized and non-colonized ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ cuttings were collected, rinsed, and used for the measurement of plant growth parameters, including plant height (cm), primary root length (cm), stem thickness (cm), number of lateral roots, leaf number, aboveground fresh, root fresh, total fresh weight (g), aboveground dry, root dry, and total dry weight (g). The aboveground and underground dry weights were measured after having been dried at 55 °C until constant weight. Five cuttings were selected for each parameter.

4.4. Determination of Photosynthetic Pigments in Cerasus humilis Leaves

After one month of successful colonization of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ cuttings by P. indica, the chlorophyll content of C. humilis leaves was measured using ethanol extraction [61]. Five cuttings were randomly selected from each group, and the experiment was repeated 3 times. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were determined by measuring absorbance at wavelengths of 665 nm, 649 nm, and 470 nm, respectively, using the following formula:
Ca = 13.95 × A665 − 6.88 × A649; Cb = 24.96 × A649 − 7.32 × A665; Cx.c = (1000 × A470 − 2.05 × Ca − 114.8 × Cb)/245;
Total chlorophyll = Ca + Cb

4.5. Determination of Root Development and Activities in Cerasus humilis

The root development and root activity of C. humilis were determined one month after successful colonization by P. indica. The roots of the ‘09-01’ and the ‘Nongda 7’ PI group and CK group were scanned using the Root126 phenotype analysis system. The measured parameters included length (m), average diameter (mm), volume (mm3), surface area (mm2), projected area (mm2), and number of root tips.
According to the “Experimental Guide of Plant Physiology” [61], the root activity of colonized and non-colonized C. humilis plants by P. indica was determined using the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) method: weigh 0.5 g of C. humilis seedling root tip samples; add 5 mL of 0.4% TTC solution and 5 mL of phosphate buffer solution; immerse the solution in the roots; and incubate in a constant temperature incubator at 37 °C for 3 h in the dark. After 3 h, add 2 mL of 1 mol/L sulfuric acid to stop the reaction. Remove and dry the roots; grind them with ethyl acetate to extract methylazide; wash the residue with a small amount of ethyl acetate and transfer it to a test tube; and finally, make up to 10 mL with ethyl acetate. The reduction amount of tetrazolium was measured at a wavelength of 485 nm. Three biological replicates were performed for each parameter.

4.6. Determination of Root Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Hormone Levels in Cerasus humilis

After co-culturing with P. indica for one month, the activity of root peroxidase (POD) in colonized and non-colonized ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ C. humilis roots was determined using the guaiacol method [61]. Three biological replicates were performed for both the control and treatment groups.
Enzyme preparation: place 0.1 g of PI group and CK group C. humilis seedling roots in a pre-cooled mortar and add 2 mL of 50 mM pH 7.8 phosphate buffer solution on ice. Grind the solution and pour it into a 10 mL centrifuge tube. Wash the mortar twice with 2 mL of extraction solution and combine the 6 mL of solution in the centrifuge tube. After shaking and letting stand for 2 min, transfer the solution to a 5 mL centrifuge tube (take 4 mL of liquid) and then centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 15 min and store in a 4 °C refrigerator for later use.
POD activity determination method: add 200 μL of enzyme solution to a colorimetric dish and then add 3 mL of reaction solution and immediately start the timer. Take the initial absorbance measurement at a wavelength of 470 nm and note the final absorbance after 3 min. POD activity = [(△A × v)/w × vt × t] × n.
△A—change in absorbance within 3 min; v—total volume of enzyme extraction solution; vt—volume of enzyme solution used for measurement; w—sample fresh weight; t—reaction time; n—dilution factor (if the enzyme activity is too high, the enzyme solution needs to be diluted).
To determine the hormone content of colonized and uncolonized C. humilis roots by P. indica, take 0.1 g of root sample and add 9 times the volume of phosphate buffer solution for thorough homogenization. After completion, centrifuge at 2500 rpm for 20 min to collect the supernatant. The content of IAA, JA, and ACC in the roots of ‘09-01’ and ‘Nongda 7’ C. humilis was determined using the Plant140 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and the Multiskan SkyHigh 500C microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China). Three replicates were performed for each parameter.

4.7. Statistics Analysis

The outcomes of the aforementioned parameters were presented as the mean standard deviation (SD) from a minimum of three replicates. Statistical analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS 15.0 software. When there were only 2 groups for comparison, an independent variable t-test was used for significance analysis (p < 0.05). The images were plotted using Origin 2021 software.

5. Conclusions

The results showed that P. indica can easily colonize the roots of C. humilis, and fungal colonization increases the photosynthetic pigment content in the leaves of C. humilis cuttings, thereby promoting the photosynthesis and growth of C. humilis cuttings. Additionally, P. indica enhances the absorption capacity of nutrients in C. humilis plants by stimulating the synthesis of IAA, increasing the activity of POD enzymes and root vitality, and inhibiting the content of JA and ACC, thus promoting the growth of C. humilis plants.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.Z. and C.C.; methodology, L.Y. and S.Y.; software, L.Y.; validation, Q.G.; formal analysis, L.Y. and P.Q.; investigation, S.Z.; resources, P.W.; data curation, L.Y. and D.W.; writing—original draft preparation, L.Y.; writing—review and editing, J.Z., C.C., and X.M.; visualization, R.Y., Y.H., and N.L.; supervision, project administration, and funding acquisition, J.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province (202203021211274), the Shanxi Province science and technology major special project (202201140601027), and the earmarked fund for Modern Agro-Industry Technology Research System of Shanxi Province (2024CYJSTX07).

Data Availability Statement

Data are contained within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Plants 13 01482 g001
Figure 1. P. indica colonization detection results in Cerasus humilis roots.
Figure 1. P. indica colonization detection results in Cerasus humilis roots.
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Figure 2. Effect of P. indica colonization on the growth and development of Cerasus humilis cuttings after 5 weeks. (A) is the growth and development map of ‘09-01’; (B) is the growth and development map of ‘Nongda 7’; CK: plants without P. indica colonization; PI: plants with P. indica colonization.
Figure 2. Effect of P. indica colonization on the growth and development of Cerasus humilis cuttings after 5 weeks. (A) is the growth and development map of ‘09-01’; (B) is the growth and development map of ‘Nongda 7’; CK: plants without P. indica colonization; PI: plants with P. indica colonization.
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Figure 3. Effect of P. indica colonization on photosynthetic pigment content of Cerasus humilis cuttings. Horizontal coordinates above represent the ‘09-01’ variety; below represent the ‘Nongda 7’ variety. * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Figure 3. Effect of P. indica colonization on photosynthetic pigment content of Cerasus humilis cuttings. Horizontal coordinates above represent the ‘09-01’ variety; below represent the ‘Nongda 7’ variety. * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
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Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of root development in Cerasus humilis cuttings with and without P. indica colonization. (A,B): ‘09-01’ Cerasus humilis root scan of P. indica colonization (A) and P. indica uncolonization (B); (C,D): ‘Nongda 7’ Cerasus humilis root scan of P. indica colonization (C) and P. indica uncolonization (D).
Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of root development in Cerasus humilis cuttings with and without P. indica colonization. (A,B): ‘09-01’ Cerasus humilis root scan of P. indica colonization (A) and P. indica uncolonization (B); (C,D): ‘Nongda 7’ Cerasus humilis root scan of P. indica colonization (C) and P. indica uncolonization (D).
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Figure 5. Effect of P. indica colonization on root activity of Cerasus humilis cuttings. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01).
Figure 5. Effect of P. indica colonization on root activity of Cerasus humilis cuttings. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01).
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Figure 6. Effect of P. indica colonization on POD enzyme activity, IAA, JA, and ACC content of Cerasus humilis cuttings. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Figure 6. Effect of P. indica colonization on POD enzyme activity, IAA, JA, and ACC content of Cerasus humilis cuttings. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
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Table 1. Effect of P. indica on agronomic traits of ‘09-01’ in different periods. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Table 1. Effect of P. indica on agronomic traits of ‘09-01’ in different periods. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
2W3W4W5W
CKPICKPICKPICKPI
Rootlet length (cm) 4.09 ± 0.106.49 ± 0.056.12 ± 0.127.08 ± 0.117.79 ± 0.108.28 ± 0.09 **9.40 ± 0.1010.03 ± 0.21 **
Lateral root number3.00 ± 0.584.00 ± 1.005.00 ± 0.967.00 ± 0.827.00 ± 1.5010.25 ± 0.96 *10.67 ± 1.1512.33 ± 0.58 *
Plant height (cm) 5.66 ± 0.666.63 ± 0.557.36 ± 0.328.88 ± 0.44 **8.32 ± 0.1613.03 ± 0.49 **16.57 ± 1.0620.20 ± 0.69 **
Stem thickness1.13 ± 0.141.12 ± 0.151.44 ± 0.121.61 ± 0.041.56 ± 0.061.78 ± 0.041.95 ± 0.042.12 ± 0.01
Blade number4.67 ± 0.584.33 ± 0.586.25 ± 0.508.75 ± 0.96 *12.00 ± 0.8213.75 ± 0.96 *16.00 ± 0.6617.67 ± 0.58 *
Aboveground part fresh 0.29 ± 0.030.50 ± 0.040.39 ± 0.040.53 ± 0.050.42 ± 0.030.84 ± 0.04 **1.15 ± 0.061.33 ± 0.03 **
Root fresh weight (g) 0.16 ± 0.020.42 ± 0.030.31 ± 0.030.45 ± 0.030.34 ± 0.040.60 ± 0.02 **0.53 ± 0.031.23 ± 0.03 **
Plant fresh weight (g) 0.45 ± 0.050.94 ± 0.050.70 ± 0.070.98 ± 0.060.76 ± 0.071.44 ± 0.05 **1.68 ± 0.082.56 ± 0.05 **
Aboveground part dry 0.14 ± 0.030.18 ± 0.030.16 ± 0.050.27 ± 0.040.19 ± 0.020.35 ± 0.02 **0.39 ± 0.040.59 ± 0.04 **
Root dry weight (g) 0.10 ± 0.020.13 ± 0.030.12 ± 0.030.17 ± 0.040.16 ± 0.020.25 ± 0.03 **0.26 ± 0.050.40 ± 0.04 **
Plant dry weight (g) 0.24 ± 0.050.31 ± 0.060.27 ± 0.050.44 ± 0.040.35 ± 0.030.60 ± 0.06 **0.64 ± 0.020.98 ± 0.04 **
Table 2. Effect of P. indica on agronomic traits of ‘Nongda 7’ in different periods. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Table 2. Effect of P. indica on agronomic traits of ‘Nongda 7’ in different periods. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
2W3W4W5W
CKPICKPICKPICKPI
Rootlet length (cm) 7.41 ± 0.107.59 ± 0.268.18 ± 0.149.82 ± 0.10 *9.07 ± 0.1510.26 ± 0.28 **9.27 ± 0.3210.93 ± 0.15 **
Lateral root number3.67 ± 0.585.00 ± 1.004.33 ± 0.585.67 ± 0.955.00 ± 1.006.00 ± 1.005.67 ± 0.587.00 ± 0.58 *
Plant height (cm) 7.43 ± 0.418.13 ± 0.448.35 ± 0.199.43 ± 0.5510.76 ± 0.4614.37 ± 0.12 **13.63 ± 0.3216.77 ± 0.50 **
Stem thickness1.58 ± 0.041.47 ± 0.081.62 ± 0.031.64 ± 0.031.67 ± 0.051.68 ± 0.051.68 ± 0.031.70 ± 0.02
Blade number5.55 ± 0.475.67 ± 0.586.33 ± 0.586.67 ± 0.5810.33 ± 0.6512.67 ± 0.5811.33 ± 0.9614.00 ± 0.85 *
Aboveground part fresh0.33 ± 0.020.45 ± 0.030.41 ± 0.030.50 ± 0.020.53 ± 0.040.73 ± 0.05 *0.56 ± 0.050.81 ± 0.03 *
Root fresh weight (g) 0.30 ± 0.010.36 ± 0.020.32 ± 0.020.37 ± 0.020.30 ± 0.030.33 ± 0.010.40 ± 0.030.39 ± 0.03
Plant fresh weight (g) 0.63 ± 0.040.81 ± 0.040.73 ± 0.010.87 ± 0.010.83 ± 0.051.06 ± 0.03 *0.96 ± 0.061.20 ± 0.04 *
Aboveground part dry0.18 ± 0.030.21 ± 0.020.23 ± 0.030.26 ± 0.030.26 ± 0.020.35 ± 0.050.28 ± 0.040.47 ± 0.03 **
Root dry weight (g) 0.12 ± 0.010.13 ± 0.020.17 ± 0.020.18 ± 0.020.16 ± 0.010.19 ± 0.010.22 ± 0.030.24 ± 0.02 **
Plant dry weight (g) 0.30 ± 0.030.34 ± 0.040.40 ± 0.050.45 ± 0.030.42 ± 0.020.55 ± 0.090.50 ± 0.020.70 ± 0.04 **
Table 3. Effects of inoculation on root parameters of Cerasus humilis with and without P. indica colonization. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
Table 3. Effects of inoculation on root parameters of Cerasus humilis with and without P. indica colonization. ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 level (p < 0.01); * indicates significant difference at the 0.05 level (p < 0.05).
09-01Nongda 7
CKPICKPI
Length (m) 0.80 ± 0.010.94 ± 0.03 **0.74 ± 0.021.32 ± 0.02 **
Average diameter (mm) 0.86 ± 0.030.94 ± 0.05 *0.57 ± 0.061.06 ± 0.04 **
Volume (mm3) 551.36 ± 13.181043.56 ± 17.91 **924.50 ± 28.77870.68 ± 32.78
Surface area (mm2) 1440.02 ± 23.732594.65 ± 37.31 **2204.5 ± 81.581990.56 ± 91.23 *
Projected area (mm2) 458.37 ± 7.56825.90 ± 9.40 **791.16 ± 7.54612.39 ± 5.53 *
Number of root tips61.33 ± 4.04111.67 ± 7.02 **93.00 ± 2.65144.00 ± 2.00 **
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MDPI and ACS Style

Yin, L.; Qu, P.; Wang, D.; Yan, S.; Gong, Q.; Yang, R.; Hu, Y.; Liu, N.; Cheng, C.; Wang, P.; et al. The Influence of Piriformospora indica Colonization on the Root Development and Growth of Cerasus humilis Cuttings. Plants 2024, 13, 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111482

AMA Style

Yin L, Qu P, Wang D, Yan S, Gong Q, Yang R, Hu Y, Liu N, Cheng C, Wang P, et al. The Influence of Piriformospora indica Colonization on the Root Development and Growth of Cerasus humilis Cuttings. Plants. 2024; 13(11):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111482

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yin, Lu, Pengyan Qu, Dongmei Wang, Songtao Yan, Qinghua Gong, Rui Yang, Yang Hu, Niru Liu, Chunzhen Cheng, Pengfei Wang, and et al. 2024. "The Influence of Piriformospora indica Colonization on the Root Development and Growth of Cerasus humilis Cuttings" Plants 13, no. 11: 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111482

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