Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbiome, Soil Chemical Properties, and Plant Biomass and Nutrients in Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju Exposed to Increasing Soil Cu Levels
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Materials and Design
2.2. Soil Chemical Properties, Enzyme Activities Analysis, and Plant Nutrient Concentrations
2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and High-Throughput Sequencing
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Chemical Properties and Extracellular Enzymes
3.2. Plant Growth and Nutrients Uptake
3.3. Soil Microbial Diversity, Composition, and Markers
3.4. Function Classification of Rhizosphere Microbial Communities
3.5. Co-Occurrence Associations between Microorganism and Plant Biomass and Plant Nutrients Concentration
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Chemistry Properties under Different Soil Cu Levels
4.2. Different Cu-Tolerant Biomarkers and Functional Groups Identified under Different Soil Cu Levels
4.3. The Interaction between Microorganisms and Soil Chemistry Properties and Plant Biomass and Nutrient Concentrations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | TCu (mg kg−1) | ACu (mg kg−1) | SOM (g kg−1) | pH | AN (mg kg−1) | AP (mg kg−1) | AK (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu 38 | 33.18 ± 0.39 e | 0.47 ± 0.04 e | 16.77 ± 0.95 d | 6.68 ± 0.10 a | 70.74 ± 7.62 a | 39.12 ± 3.70 a | 493.13 ± 18.73 b |
Cu 108 | 69.85 ± 2.70 d | 25.40 ± 1.30 d | 17.91 ± 0.25 cd | 6.58 ± 0.02 b | 64.89 ± 4.40 ab | 36.66 ± 5.67 a | 550.38 ± 26.68 a |
Cu 178 | 103.30 ± 4.59 c | 42.16 ± 3.11 c | 19.69 ± 0.37 ab | 6.57 ± 0.03 b | 72.55 ± 1.32 a | 33.94 ± 2.47 a | 532.82 ± 3.25 a |
Cu 318 | 167.12 ± 5.81 b | 87.79 ± 2.69 b | 20.48 ± 0.92 a | 6.57 ± 0.05 b | 59.87 ± 1.38 b | 14.45 ± 0.74 b | 566.00 ± 4.55 a |
Cu 388 | 201.27 ± 13.76 a | 115.65 ± 10.52 a | 18.63 ± 0.71 bc | 6.51 ± 0.03 b | 49.96 ± 2.54 c | 11.99 ± 0.74 b | 550.06 ± 20.50 a |
Treatments | FRO /U g−1 | αG /nmol (g h)−1 | βG /nmol (g h)−1 | CBH /nmol (g h)−1 | βX /nmol (g h)−1 | NAG /nmo (g h)−1 | ACP /nmol (g h)−1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu 38 | 1.85 ± 0.08 e | 6.37 ± 0.14 a | 5.20 ± 0.06 a | 1.16 ± 0.04 b | 1.05 ± 0.04 a | 2.06 ± 0.12 d | 11.31 ± 0.26 a |
Cu 108 | 4.84 ± 0.09 c | 5.04 ± 0.02 b | 4.09 ± 0.06 b | 1.05 ± 0.05 cd | 1.08 ± 0.04 a | 3.97 ± 0.11 b | 11.38 ± 0.23 a |
Cu 178 | 5.85 ± 0.06 b | 3.63 ± 0.04 c | 4.69 ± 0.12 a | 1.06 ± 0.01 c | 1.06 ± 0.02 a | 4.19 ± 0.11 a | 10.80 ± 0.26 a |
Cu 318 | 6.21 ± 0.13 a | 1.11 ± 0.09 d | 5.11 ± 0.08 a | 1.57 ± 0.06 a | 0.81 ± 0.02 c | 3.2 ± 0.04 c | 5.49 ± 0.13 c |
Cu 388 | 3.44 ± 0.17 d | 1.10 ± 0.07 d | 3.96 ± 0.60 b | 0.98 ± 0.04 d | 0.88 ± 0.01 b | 2.24 ± 0.09 d | 6.54 ± 0.55 b |
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Mo, X.; Huang, Q.; Chen, C.; Xia, H.; Riaz, M.; Liang, X.; Li, J.; Chen, Y.; Tan, Q.; Wu, S.; et al. Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbiome, Soil Chemical Properties, and Plant Biomass and Nutrients in Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju Exposed to Increasing Soil Cu Levels. Plants 2024, 13, 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172344
Mo X, Huang Q, Chen C, Xia H, Riaz M, Liang X, Li J, Chen Y, Tan Q, Wu S, et al. Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbiome, Soil Chemical Properties, and Plant Biomass and Nutrients in Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju Exposed to Increasing Soil Cu Levels. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172344
Chicago/Turabian StyleMo, Xiaorong, Qichun Huang, Chuanwu Chen, Hao Xia, Muhammad Riaz, Xiaomin Liang, Jinye Li, Yilin Chen, Qiling Tan, Songwei Wu, and et al. 2024. "Characteristics of Rhizosphere Microbiome, Soil Chemical Properties, and Plant Biomass and Nutrients in Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju Exposed to Increasing Soil Cu Levels" Plants 13, no. 17: 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172344