Effects of Paddy Rain-Flood Storage on Rice Growth Physiological Indices and Nitrogen Leaching under Organic Planting in Erhai Lake Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Experiment Area
2.2. Experimental Materials
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Observation Index and Methods
- (1)
- Soil physicochemical indicators:
- (2)
- Daily climate data:
- (3)
- Leaf Area Index (LAI):
- (4)
- The root-to-shoot ratio (R/S):
- (5)
- Yields:
- (6)
- Physiological indicators [42]:
- (7)
- Nitrogen concentration [43]:
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Indicator
3.1.1. Plant Length and Weight of Dry Matter Accumulation on the Ground
3.1.2. The Root-to-Shoot Ratio (R/S) and Leaf Area Index (LAI)
3.1.3. Yields and Their Constituent Factors
3.2. Physiological Indicators
3.2.1. Net Photosynthetic Rate (A)
3.2.2. Stomatal Conductance (gs)
3.2.3. Transpiration Rate (E)
3.3. Nitrogen Leaching
3.3.1. Surface Water Nitrogen Leaching
3.3.2. Soil Water Nitrogen Leaching
3.3.3. Groundwater Nitrogen Leaching
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Organic Planting Patterns on Rice Growth and Emission Reduction
4.2. Effects of Rain-Flood Storage Pattern on Rice Growth, Water Saving, and Emission Reduction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2022 | 2023 | |
---|---|---|
Base fertilizer | Yunye organic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O = 2.74%-1.1%-1.78%), 1500 kg/ha; Yunye biological bacterial fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O = 3.46%-3.48%-3.77%), 1200 kg/ha | Green source organic fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O = 2.84%-4.96%-2.02%), 1200 kg/hm2; Jiuyuan Organic Bio-fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O = 3%-1%-1.7%), 1500 kg/ha; green intelligent rice special fertilizer (compound fertilizer N-P2O5-K2O = 15%-11%-14%), 525 kg/ha |
Tillering fertilizer | Green all over organic water-soluble fertilizer in small barrels (N-P2O5-K2O = 149 g/L-60.1 g/L-151.2 g/L), 495 L/ha | Urea (TN ≥ 46.5%), 225 kg/ha |
Panicle fertilizer | Gallium and magnesium (K2O: 22%, Mg: 11%), 90 kg/ha | Potassium chloride (K2O ≥ 60%), 45 kg/ha |
Total nutrient inputs (N-P2O5-K2O) | 156-88-169 kg/ha | 262-132-150 kg/ha |
Year | Treatment | Depth of Water (mm) | Rice Growth Stages | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery Stage | Pre-Tillering Stage | Mid-Tillering Stage | Post-Tillering Stage | Panicle Initiation Stage | Heading and Flowering Stage | Milk-Ripe Stage | Ripening Stage | |||
2022 | CK | Upper limit | 25 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | Natural drying |
Lower limit | 5 | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | |||
C | Upper limit | 25 | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | ||
Lower limit | 5 | 80%θs | 70%θs | 65%θs | 80%θs | 85%θs | 75%θs | |||
Root observation depth | 0–200 | 0–200 | 0–200 | 0–300 | 0–400 | 0–400 | ||||
2023 | CKCD | Upper limit | 25 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 | Natural drying |
Lower limit | 5 | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | |||
Storage depth | 25 | 1/3H | 50 | 1/4H | ||||||
CCD | Upper limit | 25 | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | 100%θs | ||
Lower limit | 5 | 80%θs | 70%θs | 65%θs | 80%θs | 85%θs | 75%θs | |||
Storage depth | 25 | 1/3H | 50 | 1/3H | ||||||
Storage duration/d | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||
Root observation depth | 0–200 | 0–200 | 0–200 | 0–300 | 0–400 | 0–400 |
Year | Treatment | Effective Number of Spikes (Panicles/Hole) | Number of Grains per Spike (Grains/Panicle) | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Yield (kg/hm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | CK | 13 * | 78.9 * | 26.4 ** | 9805.5 * |
C | 17 * | 82.2 * | 27.8 ** | 10,279.5 * | |
2023 | CKCD | 15 | 105.9 | 26.2 ** | 11,574.2 * |
CCD | 16 | 111.8 | 27.2 ** | 12,322.7 * |
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Liu, Q.; Lu, Q.; Zhang, L.; Wang, S.; Zou, A.; Su, Y.; Sha, J.; Wang, Y.; Chen, L. Effects of Paddy Rain-Flood Storage on Rice Growth Physiological Indices and Nitrogen Leaching under Organic Planting in Erhai Lake Basin. Plants 2024, 13, 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172381
Liu Q, Lu Q, Zhang L, Wang S, Zou A, Su Y, Sha J, Wang Y, Chen L. Effects of Paddy Rain-Flood Storage on Rice Growth Physiological Indices and Nitrogen Leaching under Organic Planting in Erhai Lake Basin. Plants. 2024; 13(17):2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172381
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Qingsheng, Qiling Lu, Liudong Zhang, Shufang Wang, Aiqing Zou, Yong Su, Jun Sha, Ying Wang, and Lihong Chen. 2024. "Effects of Paddy Rain-Flood Storage on Rice Growth Physiological Indices and Nitrogen Leaching under Organic Planting in Erhai Lake Basin" Plants 13, no. 17: 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172381