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Article

Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot

by
Jialu Xu
1,†,
Jianxiu Hao
1,†,
Mingmin Zhao
1,
Xiaoyu Zhang
1,
Ruixiang Niu
1,
Yiran Li
2,
Zhen Wang
3,
Shuo Zhang
1,
Sumei Zhao
4,
Siran Li
5 and
Hongyou Zhou
1,*
1
College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China
2
Xilin Gol League Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center of Inner Mongolia, Xilinhot 026000, China
3
Ulanqab Agricultural and Forestry Science Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Ulanqab 012209, China
4
Plant Protection and Quarantine Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010010, China
5
Xingan League Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia, Ulanhot 137400, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Plants 2025, 14(5), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050829
Submission received: 16 January 2025 / Revised: 13 February 2025 / Accepted: 24 February 2025 / Published: 6 March 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Associated Microorganisms: Exploring Their Beneficial and Harmful Impacts on Plant Production in Response to a Changing Climate)
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Abstract

China is the largest strawberry producer in the world. Strawberry black root rot is a novel disease that occurs in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of Bacillus subtilis S-16 and its fermented form on strawberry black root rot caused by Fusarium asiaticum were tested. The inhibition rates were 56.31% and 65.95%, respectively. Furthermore, the metabolic substances were analysed using LC-MS/MS. A total of 68 substances were identified, including 18 amino acids, 7 of which have been reported to have pro-growth and antibacterial functions. Among these seven amino acids, N-acetyl-D-alloisoleucine (NAD) had the strongest inhibitory effect on F. asiaticum. In addition, NAD caused the mycelia of F. asiaticum to appear shrivelled and deformed under electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effect of NAD on F. asiaticum was tested. The results indicate that NAD had a better prevention effect when used with hymexazol. Finally, the fungal biomass of F. asiaticum in strawberry roots was measured at different times using two treatment methods: treating plant roots with NAD and a spore suspension of F. asiaticum concurrently and with F. asiaticum alone. The colonisation response of F. asiaticum in terms of the target gene EF-1α when treated with F. asiaticum alone at 72 hpi was significantly higher than that when treated with NAD and a spore suspension of F. asiaticum. The relative expression levels of defence-related genes in strawberry roots treated with NAD at 72 hpi were determined. The genes NPR1 and PDF1 were markedly upregulated compared with other genes, suggesting that the expression of genes related to disease resistance was activated by NAD, resulting in disease resistance in strawberries. Our results provide theoretical support for the biological control of strawberry black root rot.
Keywords: strawberry black root rot; F. asiaticum; N-acetyl-D-alloisoleucine; inhibition effect; resistance strawberry black root rot; F. asiaticum; N-acetyl-D-alloisoleucine; inhibition effect; resistance

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, J.; Hao, J.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, X.; Niu, R.; Li, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, S.; Li, S.; et al. Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot. Plants 2025, 14, 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050829

AMA Style

Xu J, Hao J, Zhao M, Zhang X, Niu R, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhang S, Zhao S, Li S, et al. Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot. Plants. 2025; 14(5):829. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050829

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Jialu, Jianxiu Hao, Mingmin Zhao, Xiaoyu Zhang, Ruixiang Niu, Yiran Li, Zhen Wang, Shuo Zhang, Sumei Zhao, Siran Li, and et al. 2025. "Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot" Plants 14, no. 5: 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050829

APA Style

Xu, J., Hao, J., Zhao, M., Zhang, X., Niu, R., Li, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, S., Zhao, S., Li, S., & Zhou, H. (2025). Mechanism of N-Acetyl-D-alloisoleucine in Controlling Strawberry Black Root Rot. Plants, 14(5), 829. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14050829

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