Extraction, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Reagents
2.2. Standard Curve Plotting
2.3. Single-Factor Test for Total Flavonoid Extraction
2.4. Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Total Flavonoid Compounds via Response Surface Analysis
2.5. Isolation and Purification of Flavonoids and Structure Identification for H. spectabile
2.5.1. Selection of Resin Types
2.5.2. Optimum Macroporous Resin Kinetic Curve Experiment
2.5.3. Purification of Total Flavonoids from H. spectabile Macroporous Resin—Single-Factor Experiment
2.6. HPLC-MS Analysis of AB-8 Macroporous Resin Purification
2.6.1. Test Material
2.6.2. Chromatographic Conditions
2.6.3. Mass Spectrum Condition
2.7. Analysis of Antioxidant Activity
2.7.1. Preparation of the Sample Solution after Purification and Extraction
2.7.2. Total Reducing Capacity Assay
2.7.3. DPPH Radical-Scavenging Activity Assay
2.7.4. Hydroxyl Radical-Scavenging Ability Assay
2.7.5. ABTS+ Radical-Scavenging Ability Assay
2.8. Method of Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Single-Factor Test Results for the Extraction of Total Flavonoids from H. spectabile
3.1.1. Effect of Liquid–Material Ratio on the Extraction Rate of Total Flavonoids from H. spectabile
3.1.2. Effect of Ultrasonic Extraction Time on the Rate of Total Flavonoid Extraction from H. spectabile
3.1.3. Effect of Ethanol Volume Fraction on the Rate of Total Flavonoid Extraction from H. spectabile
3.1.4. Effects of the Amount of Complex Enzyme on the Rate of Total Flavonoid Extraction from H. spectabile
3.1.5. Effect of Enzymolysis Time on the Rate of Total Flavonoid Extraction from H. spectabile
3.2. Optimization Results for a Response Surface Experiment for the Extraction of Total Flavonoids from H. spectabile
3.2.1. Establishment and Significance Test of the Response Mode
3.2.2. Analyzing Response Surface Maps and Contour Maps
3.3. Separation and Purification of Total Flavonoids from H. spectabile
3.3.1. Screening of Macroporous Resins
3.3.2. Static Adsorption and Desorption Kinetic Curves of AB-8
3.3.3. Single-Factor Adsorption Test Results
3.3.4. Results of the Elution Single-Factor Test
3.4. Identifying the Composition of the Total Flavonoids of H. spectabile
3.4.1. HPLC-MS Identification and Analysis of Flavonoids
3.4.2. Flavonoid Content Analysis
3.5. Study of the Antioxidant Activity of the Flavonoids in H. spectabile
3.5.1. Total Reducing Capacity of H. spectabile Flavonoid Extract
3.5.2. DPPH Free Radical-Scavenging Ability of H. spectabile Flavonoid Extract
3.5.3. ABTS·+ Free Radical-Scavenging Ability of H. spectabile Flavonoid Extract
3.5.4. ·OH Free Radical-Scavenging Ability of H. spectabile Flavonoid Extract
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
−1 | 0 | 1 | |
A Liquid-to-material ratio (mL/g) | 15:1 | 20:1 | 25:1 |
B Ethanol concentration (%) | 30 | 35 | 40 |
C Ultrasonic extraction time (min) | 40 | 60 | 80 |
D Amount of enzyme (%) | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2 |
Macroporous Resin | Polarity | Surface Area (m2/g) | Pore Size (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
AB-8 | Weak polarity | 450–530 | 13.0–14.0 |
D101 | Non-polar | 600–700 | 10.0–12.0 |
S-8 | Polarity | 90–150 | 25.0–30.0 |
HPD-600 | Polarity | 480–520 | 8.0 |
NKA-9 | Polarity | 170–250 | 15.5–16.5 |
HPD-826 | Polarity | 500–600 | 9.0–10.0 |
X-5 | Non-polar | 500–550 | 29.0–30.0 |
ADS-17 | Non-polar | 90–150 | 25.0–30.0 |
Time | Flow Rate | %B |
---|---|---|
Initial | 0.300 | 10.0 |
1.00 | 0.300 | 10.0 |
14.00 | 0.300 | 90.0 |
15.00 | 0.300 | 90.0 |
15.10 | 0.300 | 10.0 |
18.00 | 0.300 | 10.0 |
Experiment Number | A | B | C | D | Total Flavonoid Extraction Rate Y (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 3.166 |
2 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3.369 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.109 |
4 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 3.226 |
5 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 3.169 |
6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.88 |
7 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 3.136 |
8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3.76 |
9 | −1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 3.18 |
10 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 3.236 |
11 | 0 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 3.345 |
12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3.796 |
13 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 1 | 3.367 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.207 |
15 | 0 | 0 | −1 | −1 | 3.188 |
16 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 1 | 3.399 |
17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.206 |
18 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.35 |
19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.206 |
20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | −1 | 3.365 |
21 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3.838 |
22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3.775 |
23 | 1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 3.316 |
24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.108 |
25 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.378 |
26 | 0 | −1 | 0 | −1 | 3.167 |
27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.846 |
28 | 1 | 0 | 0 | −1 | 3.358 |
29 | 1 | 0 | −1 | 0 | 3.298 |
Source of Variance | Sum of Squares | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Squared | F-Number | p | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 3.94 | 14 | 0.28 | 52.94 | <0.0001 | *** |
A | 0.18 | 1 | 0.18 | 34.06 | <0.0001 | *** |
B | 0.36 | 1 | 0.36 | 67.41 | <0.0001 | *** |
C | 0.33 | 1 | 0.33 | 62.50 | <0.0001 | *** |
D | 0.41 | 1 | 0.41 | 77.86 | <0.0001 | *** |
AB | 0.03 | 1 | 0.03 | 5.82 | 0.0301 | * |
AC | 0.02 | 1 | 0.02 | 3.22 | 0.0942 | * |
AD | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 | 14.05 | 0.0022 | * |
BC | 0.07 | 1 | 0.07 | 12.31 | 0.0035 | * |
BD | 0.02 | 1 | 0.02 | 2.96 | 0.1074 | * |
CD | 0.02 | 1 | 0.02 | 3.42 | 0.0855 | * |
A2 | 1.02 | 1 | 1.02 | 191.65 | <0.0001 | *** |
B2 | 0.92 | 1 | 0.92 | 173.72 | <0.0001 | *** |
C2 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.94 | 176.15 | <0.0001 | *** |
D2 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.93 | 175.45 | <0.0001 | *** |
Residual error | 0.075 | 14 | 5.323 × 10−3 | |||
Missing fit | 0.063 | 10 | 6.303 × 10−3 | 2.19 | 0.2333 | |
Pure error | 0.011 | 4 | 2.872 × 10−3 | |||
Total deviation | 4.02 | 28 | ||||
R2 | 0.9815 | |||||
R2Adj | 0.9629 |
Resin Type | Adsorption Rate (%) | Desorption Rate (%) |
---|---|---|
ADS-17 | 58.36% | 89.72% |
D101 | 60.63% | 97.67% |
X-5 | 68.52% | 89.55% |
S-8 | 75.46% | 84.97% |
HPD-600 | 77.14% | 83.02% |
HPD-826 | 77.55% | 83.98% |
NKA-9 | 78.22% | 80.23% |
AB-8 | 81.70% | 85.35% |
(A) | ||||
Number | Substance Name | Peak Time (min) | Peak Area (m/z) | Content (ng/mL) |
1 | Fisetin | 6.51 | 8,260,000 | 33,317.94651 |
2 | Myricitrin | 8.74 | 70,100,000 | 17,386.46613 |
3 | Phloretin | 9.77 | 23,200,000 | 11,933.10595 |
4 | Luteolin | 8.92 | 1,670,000 | 6065.768006 |
5 | Quercitrin | 10.2 | 45,900,000 | 2907.228018 |
6 | Astragalin | 7.88 | 51,400,000 | 2774.128377 |
7 | L-Epicatechin | 8.48 | 24,000,000 | 2547.56823 |
8 | Kaempferol | 8.28 | 1,370,000 | 2026.947908 |
9 | Neohesperidin | 7.99 | 71,400,000 | 1604.706504 |
10 | Rutin | 8.01 | 12,200,000 | 1555.740433 |
(B) | ||||
Number | Substance Name | Peak Time (min) | Peak Area (mAU/min) | Content (ng/mL) |
1 | Fisetin | 6.51 | 4,160,000 | 12,042.10526 |
2 | Myricitrin | 8.74 | 38,600,000 | 6870.550162 |
3 | Luteolin | 8.92 | 1,960,000 | 5109.004739 |
4 | Phloretin | 9.77 | 12,200,000 | 4503.355705 |
5 | Quercitrin | 10.2 | 56,200,000 | 2554.545455 |
6 | Kaempferol | 8.28 | 2,350,000 | 2495.173745 |
7 | Rutin | 8.01 | 22,500,000 | 2059.06822 |
8 | Astragalin | 7.88 | 43,600,000 | 1688.732394 |
9 | L-Epicatechin | 8.48 | 13,700,000 | 1043.628809 |
10 | Vitexin | 7.50 | 793,000 | 843.6170213 |
(C) | ||||
Number | Substance Name | Peak Time (min) | Peak Area (mAU/min) | Content (ng/mL) |
1 | Rutin | 8.01 | 18,600,000 | 2208.913897 |
2 | Myricitrin | 8.74 | 7,410,000 | 1711.591195 |
3 | Quercitrin | 10.2 | 7,400,000 | 436.5024289 |
4 | Neohesperidin | 7.99 | 18,800,000 | 393.4991381 |
5 | Protocatechuic acid | 7.37 | 19,600,000 | 338.7242852 |
6 | Hesperidin | 8.00 | 2,030,000 | 271.3283015 |
7 | Astragalin | 7.88 | 5,120,000 | 257.3486722 |
8 | Glycitin | 11.5 | 2,880,000 | 84.59146169 |
9 | Protocatechualdehyde | 7.20 | 1,260,000 | 82.50577772 |
10 | Tangeretin | 12.1 | 4,490,000 | 80.31816182 |
(D) | ||||
Number | Substance Name | Peak Time (min) | Peak Area (mAU/min) | Content (ng/mL) |
1 | Fisetin | 6.51 | 8,030,000 | 61,360.33017 |
2 | Myricitrin | 8.74 | 76,200,000 | 35,803.23223 |
3 | Phloretin | 9.77 | 24,800,000 | 24,165.2424 |
4 | Luteolin | 8.92 | 2,930,000 | 20,160.9461 |
5 | Kaempferol | 8.28 | 6,140,000 | 17,209.34555 |
6 | Vitexin | 7.50 | 2,390,000 | 6711.708735 |
7 | Quercitrin | 10.2 | 55,700,000 | 6683.370977 |
8 | Astragalin | 7.88 | 56,200,000 | 5746.107077 |
9 | L-Epicatechin | 8.48 | 25,000,000 | 5027.22768 |
10 | Rutin | 8.01 | 20,500,000 | 4952.279327 |
(E) | ||||
Number | Substance Name | Peak Time (min) | Peak Area (mAU/min) | Content (ng/mL) |
1 | Fisetin | 6.51 | 8,260,000 | 33,317.94651 |
2 | Myricitrin | 8.74 | 70,100,000 | 17,386.46613 |
3 | Phloretin | 9.77 | 23,200,000 | 11,933.10595 |
4 | Luteolin | 8.92 | 1,670,000 | 6065.768006 |
5 | Quercitrin | 10.2 | 45,900,000 | 2907.228018 |
6 | Astragalin | 7.88 | 51,400,000 | 2774.128377 |
7 | L-Epicatechin | 8.48 | 24,000,000 | 2547.56823 |
8 | Kaempferol | 8.28 | 1,370,000 | 2026.947908 |
9 | Neohesperidin | 7.99 | 71,400,000 | 1604.706504 |
10 | Rutin | 8.01 | 12,200,000 | 1555.740433 |
Sample Name | Fisetin | Myricetin | Luteolin | Rutin | Kaempferide | Phloretin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 13,965.77 | 202.60 | 5046.74 | 2376.83 | 455.00 | 1984.23 |
B | 12,042.11 | 183.71 | 5109.00 | 2059.07 | 405.91 | 4503.3 |
C | 67.99 | 6.52 | 45.33 | 2208.91 | 8.16 | 14.32 |
D | 61,360.33 | 1323.14 | 20,160.95 | 4952.28 | 1642.04 | 24,165.24 |
E | 33,317.95 | 619.44 | 6065.77 | 1555.74 | 651.31 | 11,933.11 |
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Li, N.; Wu, X.; Yin, Q.; Dong, Z.; Zheng, L.; Qian, Y.; Sun, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhai, K. Extraction, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba. Foods 2024, 13, 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172652
Li N, Wu X, Yin Q, Dong Z, Zheng L, Qian Y, Sun Y, Chen Z, Zhai K. Extraction, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba. Foods. 2024; 13(17):2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172652
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Na, Xiao Wu, Qin Yin, Zeng Dong, Lele Zheng, Yihui Qian, Yulu Sun, Ziping Chen, and Kefeng Zhai. 2024. "Extraction, Identification, and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoids from Hylotelephium spectabile (Boreau) H. Ohba" Foods 13, no. 17: 2652. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13172652