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Batteries
Volume 10
Issue 11
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Batteries, Volume 10, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 5 articles

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21 pages, 6398 KiB  
Article
Early Internal Short Circuit Diagnosis for Lithium-Ion Battery Packs Based on Dynamic Time Warping of Incremental Capacity
by Meng Zhang, Qiang Guo, Ke Fu, Xiaogang Du, Hao Zhang, Qi Zuo, Qi Yang and Chao Lyu
Batteries 2024, 10(11), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10110378 (registering DOI) - 28 Oct 2024
Abstract
Timely identification of early internal short circuit faults, commonly referred to as micro short circuits (MSCs), is essential yet poses significant challenges for the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage systems. This paper introduces an innovative diagnostic method for [...] Read more.
Timely identification of early internal short circuit faults, commonly referred to as micro short circuits (MSCs), is essential yet poses significant challenges for the safe and reliable operation of lithium-ion battery (LIB) energy storage systems. This paper introduces an innovative diagnostic method for early internal short circuits in LIB packs, utilizing dynamic time warping (DTW) applied to incremental capacity (IC). Initially, the terminal voltages of all cells within the LIB pack are ordered at any moment to determine the median terminal voltage, which is then used to generate the median IC curve. This curve acts as a reference benchmark that represents the condition of healthy cells in the pack. Subsequently, the DTW algorithm is utilized to measure the similarity between each cell’s IC curve and the median IC curve. Cells exhibiting similarity scores that exceed a specified threshold are identified as having MSC faults. Lastly, for the cells diagnosed with MSC conditions, a method for estimating short-circuit resistance (SR) based on variations in maximum charging voltage is devised to quantitatively evaluate the severity and evolution of the MSC. Experimental findings reveal that the proposed method effectively identifies MSC cells in the LIB pack and estimates their SRs without the necessity of a battery model, thereby affirming the method’s validity. Full article
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42 pages, 10682 KiB  
Review
North America’s Potential for an Environmentally Sustainable Nickel, Manganese, and Cobalt Battery Value Chain
by Gary Vegh, Anil Kumar Madikere Raghunatha Reddy, Xia Li, Sixu Deng, Khalil Amine and Karim Zaghib
Batteries 2024, 10(11), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10110377 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2024
Abstract
The Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 cathode, which comprises nickel, manganese, and [...] Read more.
The Detroit Big Three General Motors (GMs), Ford, and Stellantis predict that electric vehicle (EV) sales will comprise 40–50% of the annual vehicle sales by 2030. Among the key components of LIBs, the LiNixMnyCo1−x−yO2 cathode, which comprises nickel, manganese, and cobalt (NMC) in various stoichiometric ratios, is widely used in EV batteries. This review reveals NMC cathodes from laboratory research. Furthermore, this study examines the environmental effect of NMC cathode production for EV batteries (including coating technologies), encompassing aspects such as energy consumption, water usage, and air emissions. Although gaps persist in NMC cathode environmental assessments (NMC111, NMC532, NMC622, and NMC811), limited life cycle assessments “(LCA)” have been conducted. Most available data originate from Asia (primarily China), accounting for 85% of the production of EV LIB cathode materials. The concept of battery passports for data collection on LIB components has been proposed to facilitate material traceability as a system for ensuring a sustainable supply chain for critical minerals. The automotive industry’s shift to electrification necessitates a sustainable supply chain from mine to vehicle end-of-life. As the critical mineral supply moves from Asia to North America, environmentally friendly industrial methods must be studied to provide this supply chain direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)
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21 pages, 2909 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Retired Lithium-Ion Battery Pack Reorganization and Recycling Using 3D Assessment Technology
by Wan Chen, Jiaoyue Su, Lei Shen, Xinfa Gu, Junjie Xie, Na Sun, Hui Huang and Jie Ji
Batteries 2024, 10(11), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10110376 - 24 Oct 2024
Abstract
This study introduces a sophisticated methodology that integrates 3D assessment technology for the reorganization and recycling of retired lithium-ion battery packs, aiming to mitigate environmental challenges and enhance sustainability in the electric vehicle sector. By deploying a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), variational [...] Read more.
This study introduces a sophisticated methodology that integrates 3D assessment technology for the reorganization and recycling of retired lithium-ion battery packs, aiming to mitigate environmental challenges and enhance sustainability in the electric vehicle sector. By deploying a kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), variational mode decomposition (VMD), and an advanced sparrow search algorithm (SSA), the research achieves a marked increase in the precision of battery classification and performance forecasting. Implementing a three-dimensional dynamic evaluation model, the study optimizes battery pack grouping strategies, culminating in superior secondary utilization rates, extended operational lifespans, and minimized ecological footprints. The research demonstrates that balanced weight distribution strategies, which maximize energy density to 61.37571 Wh/L and cycle counts up to 947 cycles, are pivotal for the efficient reorganization of battery packs, substantiating the economic feasibility and environmental sustainability of recycling initiatives. Future endeavors will extend this research to investigate the influence of diverse battery materials and morphologies on reorganization efficacy, with the aim of broadening the application horizons to include real-world scenarios, thereby refining battery performance and lifespan predictions and propelling forward the frontiers of recycling technology and policy development. Full article
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11 pages, 1232 KiB  
Article
European Transition to Electric Vehicles: Italy as a Case of Study
by Mattia Bartoli, Carlo Rosso and Alberto Tagliaferro
Batteries 2024, 10(11), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10110375 - 22 Oct 2024
Abstract
The European ban on internal combustion engines has raised several questions from both the automotive players and society. The proliferation of electric vehicles is struggling as it is facing issues related to energy supply and distribution and to infrastructure availability. These problems are [...] Read more.
The European ban on internal combustion engines has raised several questions from both the automotive players and society. The proliferation of electric vehicles is struggling as it is facing issues related to energy supply and distribution and to infrastructure availability. These problems are considerably different across the various countries. It is consequently a tough challenge to provide a worldwide comprehensive evaluation. In this paper we first outline the common problems to later move to provide a clear picture of the Italian scenario, starting from the available data related to mobility for the period 2018–2022. We outline the main problems to be tackled and the related costs. Italy is an interesting and representative case as it is bound to the timeline set by the European green transition. Full article
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32 pages, 2891 KiB  
Review
Review of Cell Level Battery (Calendar and Cycling) Aging Models: Electric Vehicles
by Gulsah Yarimca and Erdal Cetkin
Batteries 2024, 10(11), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10110374 - 22 Oct 2024
Abstract
Electrochemical battery cells have been a focus of attention due to their numerous advantages in distinct applications recently, such as electric vehicles. A limiting factor for adaptation by the industry is related to the aging of batteries over time. Characteristics of battery aging [...] Read more.
Electrochemical battery cells have been a focus of attention due to their numerous advantages in distinct applications recently, such as electric vehicles. A limiting factor for adaptation by the industry is related to the aging of batteries over time. Characteristics of battery aging vary depending on many factors such as battery type, electrochemical reactions, and operation conditions. Aging could be considered in two sections according to its type: calendar and cycling. We examine the stress factors affecting these two types of aging in detail under subheadings and review the battery aging literature with a comprehensive approach. This article presents a review of empirical and semi-empirical modeling techniques and aging studies, focusing on the trends observed between different studies and highlighting the limitations and challenges of the various models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)
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