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Urban Science
Volume 9
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Urban Sci., Volume 9, Issue 2 (February 2025) – 32 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Urban regeneration (UR) strategies can reshape public spaces to foster inclusivity and social well-being. This study examines the social impacts of a self-build architectural intervention on a university campus in Cagliari, Italy. Behavioral observations before and after the intervention reveal increased social engagement, restorative behaviors, and gender inclusivity, particularly where design enhancements like shading and movable seating were introduced. Findings highlight the potential of targeted UR actions to create more inclusive and dynamic urban spaces, while raising questions about balancing social interaction and individual activities. View this paper
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11 pages, 8213 KiB  
Article
Shades of Green: A Visual Approach to Assessing Environmental Inequality in Cleveland, Ohio
by Taraneh Meshkani
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020052 - 19 Feb 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
This study explores environmental inequality through a novel quantitative approach, analyzing urban vegetation in two contrasting neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio—East Cleveland and Shaker Heights. Utilizing computer vision and Google Street View image analysis techniques, this research quantifies the distribution, quality, and visual characteristics [...] Read more.
This study explores environmental inequality through a novel quantitative approach, analyzing urban vegetation in two contrasting neighborhoods in Cleveland, Ohio—East Cleveland and Shaker Heights. Utilizing computer vision and Google Street View image analysis techniques, this research quantifies the distribution, quality, and visual characteristics of tree canopy and grass. This study addresses the following question: how can visual data illuminate environmental inequalities in urban landscapes? The findings reveal significant disparities between the two neighborhoods, not only in tree canopy coverage but also in the visual characteristics and density of vegetation. Shaker Heights displays more abundant, healthier, and better-maintained greenery compared to East Cleveland. These results highlight the intersection of socio-economic factors and urban vegetation quality, suggesting that both the quantity and visual attributes of greenery serve as indicators of neighborhood wealth and environmental investment. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of computer vision techniques in accessing and analyzing visual data to represent environmental inequalities. It advocates for targeted urban planning interventions to promote equitable green space policies, considering both the quantity and quality of urban vegetation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empowering Urban Resilience: Sustainable Smart Solutions and Advanced Technologies for Community-Centric Development)
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12 pages, 1544 KiB  
Article
Geocoding Applications for Enhancing Urban Water Supply Network Analysis
by Péter Orgoványi, Tamás Hammer and Tamás Karches
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020051 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
Geospatial tools and geocoding systems play an increasingly significant role in the modernization and operation of municipal water utility networks. This research explored how geocoding systems could improve network management, facilitate leak detection, and enhance hydraulic modeling accuracy. Various geocoding services, including Google, [...] Read more.
Geospatial tools and geocoding systems play an increasingly significant role in the modernization and operation of municipal water utility networks. This research explored how geocoding systems could improve network management, facilitate leak detection, and enhance hydraulic modeling accuracy. Various geocoding services, including Google, Bing Maps, and OpenStreetMap APIs were analyzed using address data from a small Central European municipality. The analysis was performed in February and March of 2024. The accuracy and efficiency of these systems in handling spatial data for domestic water networks were assessed and results showed that geocoding accuracy depended on the quality of the service provider databases and the formatting of input data. Google proved the most reliable, while Bing and OpenStreetMap were less accurate. Additionally, the Location Database developed by Lechner Knowledge Center was used as a reliable local reference for comparison with global services. Geocoding results were integrated into GIS softwares (Google Earth ver. 7.3.6.9796, QGIS ver. 3.36, ArcGIS ver 10.8.2) to enable spatial analysis and comparison of geographic coordinates. The findings highlight geocoding’s critical role in efficient water network management, particularly for mapping consumer data and rapidly localizing leaks and breaks. Our findings directly support hydraulic modeling tasks, contributing to sustainable operations and cost-effective interventions. Full article
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25 pages, 16403 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Human Mobility in Greater Tokyo Area Using Hourly 500 m Mobile Spatial Statistics from 2019 to 2021
by Thanakrit Yoongsomporn, Alvin Christopher Galang Varquez, Sunkyung Choi, Makoto Okumura, Shinya Hanaoka and Manabu Kanda
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020050 - 18 Feb 2025
Viewed by 286
Abstract
Spatiotemporal evaluation of human mobility is crucial to deepen and broaden the understanding of drivers and mechanisms behind urbanization. In this study, daytime human mobility was quantified based on the inflow and outflow of population in 500 × 500 m spatial grids using [...] Read more.
Spatiotemporal evaluation of human mobility is crucial to deepen and broaden the understanding of drivers and mechanisms behind urbanization. In this study, daytime human mobility was quantified based on the inflow and outflow of population in 500 × 500 m spatial grids using a processed version of the hourly DOCOMO Mobile Spatial Statistics (MSS) dataset. Using K-means clustering of the temporal mobility values over the Greater Tokyo Area, five typical diurnal patterns representing distinguishable intensities of diurnal human mobility over weekdays and weekends were identified. Mapping their spatiotemporal changes from the period of January 2019 to December 2021, a different perspective on regional human mobility was explored. These include the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on human mobility, the relationship between human mobility and locations of public infrastructures, and a large-scale human mobility across central and peripheral areas inside the large megacity. Full article
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16 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
Public Transport Accessibility and Its Effect on Mode Choice
by Fabian Kühnel, Michael Schrömbges, Nora Braun and Tobias Kuhnimhof
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020049 - 17 Feb 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
The relationship between the service of public transport (PT) and its use is complex but can be simplified through the use of indicators. These indicators should be able to accurately reflect PT use so that improvements in the indicators lead to increases in [...] Read more.
The relationship between the service of public transport (PT) and its use is complex but can be simplified through the use of indicators. These indicators should be able to accurately reflect PT use so that improvements in the indicators lead to increases in PT use. Although researchers and planners use similar indicators to describe the access of PT stops, the indicators used to assess the accessibility of destinations differ. Researchers use specific location-based methods to analyze accessibility to spatially dispersed destinations, while practitioners often focus on connectivity to central (business) districts. This raises the question of which approach better reflects the use of PT. By combining the German National Household Travel Survey with nationwide timetable data, we examine the relationship between PT use and two indicators of PT service: (1) travel time to the nearest central district and (2) cumulative opportunity accessibility, both calculated as the ratio of PT to car travel. The results of our binary logit models indicate that the travel time ratio does not have a relevant influence on the choice of motorized transport mode, but the accessibility ratio does. Therefore, we suggest that practitioners should use location-based accessibility methods such as the cumulative opportunity ratio to evaluate and improve PT service planning. Full article
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27 pages, 2612 KiB  
Article
Strategic Management and Security Risk Assessment of Energy Systems
by Viktor Koval, Dzintra Atstāja, Nadiia Shmygol, Viktoriia Udovychenko, Hanna Hrinchenko and Oksana Tsimoshynska
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020048 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 332
Abstract
This study examines methods for assessing the risks of energy systems that supply urban areas based on an integrated approach in which a qualitative assessment takes into account internal and external impacts as an element of a multifactorial analysis. A risk matrix is [...] Read more.
This study examines methods for assessing the risks of energy systems that supply urban areas based on an integrated approach in which a qualitative assessment takes into account internal and external impacts as an element of a multifactorial analysis. A risk matrix is offered for risk assessment, which was built for energy infrastructure facilities and takes into account the features of the functioning of energy equipment which is potentially dangerous due to the probability of failures on a five-point scale and the possible degree of severity of the consequences due to the possibility of restoring the systems. The study proposes two statistical models for the assessment of reliability parameters before the onset of a critical situation and calculations after a critical event, i.e., the probability of the restoration or adaptation of the energy system object being analyzed and the degree of such restoration. This approach allows for the consideration of risks, taking into account both the technical condition of power equipment and environmental aspects, including their mutual influence, for sustainable management. This approach evaluates the energy system’s failure intensity and recovery probability based on the parameters developed to assess the system functionality and resilience effectively. A risk assessment using reliability parameters based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) showed that when sampling statistical data with a total number of n = 10, the accuracy of risk assessment according to indicator parameters increases by 15%, which is especially relevant for the potential safety of urban energy systems. A list of threats is proposed for the multifactorial risk analysis of an energy company based on an expert assessment of their likelihood and consequences. The constructed risk matrix reduces the level of threat, which helps to increase the efficiency of risk management both at the stages of planning and forecasting and during operation, including the management of socio-economic consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urbanization, Regional Planning and Development)
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16 pages, 1013 KiB  
Article
Criteria for Establishing Priorities in Sidewalk Maintenance When Using Multi-Criteria Analysis in Order to Achieve Inclusive Mobility
by Samaneh Bashiri, Luca Raffini and Elvezia Maria Cepolina
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020047 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 485
Abstract
To create an inclusive city, it is essential to have accessible pedestrian infrastructure. The accessibility of pedestrian infrastructure is ensured through the proper maintenance of sidewalks. When resources are limited, it is necessary to prioritize sidewalks by identifying those in the most critical [...] Read more.
To create an inclusive city, it is essential to have accessible pedestrian infrastructure. The accessibility of pedestrian infrastructure is ensured through the proper maintenance of sidewalks. When resources are limited, it is necessary to prioritize sidewalks by identifying those in the most critical condition, and this is often achieved through multi-criteria analyses. This paper proposed an analysis of the criteria to be considered, which include not only pavement distresses but also the importance of the sidewalk in connecting various parts of the city and ensuring accessibility to significant places for all, including vulnerable users. Methodologies for evaluating a sidewalk in relation to these criteria were proposed and an application of these methods to a simple case study in Genoa was presented. In this context, the evaluation of the criteria weights was performed using subjective and objective methods. The weights calculated with the two methods generated the same priorities. All the experts interviewed agreed with the proposed set of criteria and two experts suggested considering a new criterion relating to the level of danger of the context in which a pavement is located. Full article
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34 pages, 2778 KiB  
Review
Enhancing Urban Mobility for All: The Role of Universal Design in Supporting Social Inclusion for Older Adults and People with Disabilities
by Alba Ramírez-Saiz, María Teresa Baquero Larriva, Delfín Jiménez Martín and Andrea Alonso
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020046 - 14 Feb 2025
Viewed by 787
Abstract
As urban environments pose significant challenges to people of all ages and abilities, ensuring equal accessibility is essential for achieving social inclusion in cities. Authors claim that universal design, initially developed to assist people with disabilities, can also benefit older adults. Despite common [...] Read more.
As urban environments pose significant challenges to people of all ages and abilities, ensuring equal accessibility is essential for achieving social inclusion in cities. Authors claim that universal design, initially developed to assist people with disabilities, can also benefit older adults. Despite common assumptions, there is limited evidence to support this claim. This study examines whether the urban mobility needs of people with disabilities (physical, sensory, and cognitive) align with those of older adults, both with regular physiological ageing or age-related diseases. Using an integrative review methodology, this study synthesized 56 references on urban mobility measures and 121 references on the specific urban requirements and mobility profiles for both groups and subgroups. The findings reveal significant overlaps in the mobility requirements of people with disabilities and older adults, particularly regarding inclusive features such as barrier-free crossings, intermediate seating, noise reduction, and improved wayfinding. These measures benefit both groups, with universal design strategies supporting the mobility of people with disabilities while also addressing the needs of the ageing population, which is rapidly increasing. The findings offer valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers, and designers to create inclusive, accessible, and high-quality urban spaces that support people of all ages and abilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation and Urban Environments-Public Health)
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20 pages, 1995 KiB  
Article
Cyclability in Japan: Toward a Comprehensive National Assessment
by Lucas Belliard, Akinori Morimoto and Naohiro Kitano
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020045 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 341
Abstract
Japan is a unique country in terms of mobility. While the popularity of bicycles as a practical and environmentally friendly means of transport is growing worldwide, particularly since the COVID crisis, bicycle use in Japan has been declining for over 40 years. With [...] Read more.
Japan is a unique country in terms of mobility. While the popularity of bicycles as a practical and environmentally friendly means of transport is growing worldwide, particularly since the COVID crisis, bicycle use in Japan has been declining for over 40 years. With a modal share that is still very high (around 12% of the national average), cycling is nevertheless subject to major disparities across the region, whether in terms of use, infrastructure, policies, or safety. This unique study, therefore, attempts to develop a unique methodology for assessing cyclability in Japan, tailored to its specific characteristics, and including the following factors: use and culture by focusing on the user and infrastructure and policies by focusing on planning and safety, both real and perceived. Based on a nationwide survey and a unique database, we are bringing together the realities of local areas with the opinions of hundreds of Japanese cyclists. The results show significant discrepancies between the demands/needs of cyclists and the policies, reflecting a lack of comprehensive strategies, particularly with regard to cycling infrastructure. This allows us to provide a complete and accurate picture of cyclability in Japan and the reasons for its disparities. Full article
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12 pages, 1053 KiB  
Article
Urban Mobility Choices of University Students: Insights into Satisfaction Levels and Preferences in the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area
by Efstathios Bouhouras, Thomas Dimos, Dimitrios Mastoras and Socrates Basbas
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020044 - 13 Feb 2025
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Assessing people’s satisfaction with diverse modes of transportation is complex yet crucial. This paper delves into the pivotal outcomes derived from analyzing survey data. The surveys, conducted at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), gauged student satisfaction with the available transport options in the [...] Read more.
Assessing people’s satisfaction with diverse modes of transportation is complex yet crucial. This paper delves into the pivotal outcomes derived from analyzing survey data. The surveys, conducted at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), gauged student satisfaction with the available transport options in the Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area during 2021 and 2022, thus providing insights into trends in satisfaction levels, allowing for a deeper understanding of evolving mobility preferences. Through a comparative analysis of the data, we discerned attributes influencing participants’ transportation choices. Our research contributes to the literature by applying a standardized methodology using an algorithm developed by the European Commission; the satisfaction levels among university students for private car and public transport in those years were determined. Notably, the findings underscore that, despite a marginally higher usage of public transport, university students exhibit a greater satisfaction level with private car transportation. This implies a nuanced preference for private car usage among students, as opposed to a mere emphasis on the higher popularity of public transport within this demographic. The findings aim to provide transport operators and policymakers with valuable information in terms of ways to enhance sustainable urban mobility and improve public transport services. Full article
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25 pages, 5384 KiB  
Article
Three Complementary Sampling Approaches Provide Comprehensive Characterization of Pesticide Contamination in Urban Stormwater
by Gab Izma, Melanie Raby, Justin B. Renaud, Mark Sumarah, Paul Helm, Daniel McIsaac, Ryan Prosser and Rebecca Rooney
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020043 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 424
Abstract
Urban areas are expanding rapidly and experience diverse and complex contamination of their surface waters. Addressing these issues requires different tools to describe exposures and predict toxicological risk to exposed biota. We surveyed 21 stormwater management ponds in Brampton, Ontario using three types [...] Read more.
Urban areas are expanding rapidly and experience diverse and complex contamination of their surface waters. Addressing these issues requires different tools to describe exposures and predict toxicological risk to exposed biota. We surveyed 21 stormwater management ponds in Brampton, Ontario using three types of sampling methods deployed concurrently: time-integrated water sampling, biofilms cultured on artificial substrates, and organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) passive samplers. Our objective was to compare pesticide occurrences and concentrations to inform monitoring in stormwater ponds, which reflect pesticide pollution in urban areas. We detected 82 pesticides across the three sampling matrices, with most detections occurring in o-DGT samplers. The in situ accumulation of pesticides in o-DGTs during deployment and the high analytical sensitivity achieved establishes o-DGTs as excellent tools for capturing the mixtures of pesticides present. Water and biofilm sampling demonstrated that pesticide concentrations available for uptake are relatively low, with most below toxicological thresholds. Yet our results demonstrate that urban areas are subject to a wide range of pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, and underscores the urgency of research to quantify the risks of chronic exposure to this chemical mixture. Full article
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19 pages, 7468 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Changes in Air Pollutants in Four Provinces of Sumatra Island, Indonesia: Insights from Sentinel-5P Satellite Imagery
by Zarah Arwieny Hanami, Muhammad Amin, Muralia Hustim, Rahmi Mulia Putri, Sayed Esmatullah Torabi, Andi Annisa Tenri Ramadhani and Isra Suryati
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020042 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 694
Abstract
This study examined spatial–temporal variations in air pollutant levels across four provinces on Sumatra Island, Indonesia, utilizing data from the Sentinel-5P satellite equipped with TROPOMI and MODIS aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites from 2019 to 2021. Sentinel-5P data, with a spatial resolution [...] Read more.
This study examined spatial–temporal variations in air pollutant levels across four provinces on Sumatra Island, Indonesia, utilizing data from the Sentinel-5P satellite equipped with TROPOMI and MODIS aboard NASA’s Terra and Aqua satellites from 2019 to 2021. Sentinel-5P data, with a spatial resolution of 3.5 × 5.5 km2 and near-daily temporal coverage, were used to analyze the nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in North Sumatra, West Sumatra, Jambi, and Riau—regions selected for their distinct industrial, agricultural, and urban characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate seasonal trends, regional differences, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution, aiming to provide insights for improved air quality management and policy development. The satellite data were validated using zonal statistics to ensure consistency and reliability. The findings revealed significant seasonal fluctuations in pollution, with elevated levels during the dry season, primarily due to land clearing and forest fires. Urban and industrial areas such as Medan, Pekanbaru, Jambi, and Padang consistently exhibited high levels of NO2, primarily due to vehicular and industrial emissions. The regions affected by biomass burning and agriculture, particularly Jambi and Riau, displayed notably higher CO and AOD levels during the dry season. The COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to observe potential improvements in air quality, with significant reductions in NO2, CO, and AOD levels during the 2020 lockdowns. The NO2 levels in urban centers decreased by over 20%, while the reductions in CO and AOD reached up to 29% and 64%, respectively, reflecting diminished human activities and biomass burning. This study underscores the need for enhanced air quality monitoring and targeted management strategies in Sumatra, Indonesia. Future research should aim to improve the resolution and validation of data with ground-based measurements and broaden the number of pollutants studied to better understand air quality dynamics and support effective policy development. Full article
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30 pages, 3465 KiB  
Article
Weather-Driven Cycling: Developing a Predictive Model for Urban Bicycle Usage Based on Five Key Weather Factors
by Nahid Falah, Nadia Falah and Jaime Solis-Guzman
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020041 - 11 Feb 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Weather conditions significantly influence urban cycling, shaping both its frequency and intensity. This study develops a predictive model to evaluate the impact of five key meteorological factors, namely temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and daylight duration, on urban cycling trends. Using non-linear regression [...] Read more.
Weather conditions significantly influence urban cycling, shaping both its frequency and intensity. This study develops a predictive model to evaluate the impact of five key meteorological factors, namely temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and daylight duration, on urban cycling trends. Using non-linear regression analysis, the research examines cycling data from 2017 to 2019 in Hamburg, Germany, comparing predicted values for 2019 with actual data to assess model accuracy. The statistical analyses reveal strong correlations between weather parameters and cycling activity, highlighting each factor’s unique influence. The model achieved high accuracy, with R2 values of 0.942 and 0.924 for 2017 and 2019, respectively. To further validate its robustness, the model is applied to data from 2021 and 2023—years not included in its initial development—yielding R2 values of 0.893 and 0.919. These results underscore the model’s reliability and adaptability across different timeframes. This study not only confirms the critical influence of weather on urban cycling patterns, but also provides a scalable framework for broader urban planning applications. Beyond the immediate findings, this research proposes expanding the model to incorporate urban factors, such as land use, population density, and socioeconomic conditions, offering a comprehensive tool for urban planners and policymakers to enhance sustainable transportation systems. Full article
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24 pages, 893 KiB  
Article
Sea-Level Rise and Growth Machines in Coastal Cities
by Richardson Dilworth and Sara Hughes
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020040 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 368
Abstract
Climate change, and sea level rise (SLR) in particular, poses new challenges for urban politics. In this paper, we use exploratory case studies of various communities along the Eastern seaboard of the United States, focusing primarily on Boston and secondarily on New York [...] Read more.
Climate change, and sea level rise (SLR) in particular, poses new challenges for urban politics. In this paper, we use exploratory case studies of various communities along the Eastern seaboard of the United States, focusing primarily on Boston and secondarily on New York City and Norfolk, to develop hypotheses regarding the behavior of local growth machines (GMs) in response to the threat posed by SLR on local property values. Part of this analysis is a critique of the existing GM literature, which tends to simply assume GM membership and cohesiveness. By contrast, we find a likely but complex relationship between city size (in terms of both population, land, and coastline), city land value, the real and perceived threat of SLR, and GM composition and cohesiveness. We suggest a dynamic tension in GM and city responses to SLR, based on our conjectures that smaller GMs with narrower memberships will be able to act more cohesively with respect to SLR, but also must do so with less resources, and thus may more often choose an adaptation strategy of retreat over investment. By contrast, GMs in larger cities with more valuable land have more resources to respond to the threat of SLR but also represent a more diverse but therefore less cohesive set of proposed strategies, resulting typically in a mix of retreat and investment strategies. Full article
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18 pages, 6091 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Social Distancing Policies on Water Distribution Systems During COVID-19: The Case of Maringá, Brazil
by Bruna Forestieri Bolonhez, André Rodrigues da Silva, Juliana Gomes Costa Paulo, Carolina Fiamonzini Flores and Hemerson Donizete Pinheiro
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020039 - 10 Feb 2025
Viewed by 431
Abstract
Effective water management is crucial for ensuring water security and addressing supply crises. This study evaluates how Social Distancing Policies (SDPs), implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic influenced water net inflow patterns in the supply system of Maringá, Brazil. Using a limited dataset, hourly [...] Read more.
Effective water management is crucial for ensuring water security and addressing supply crises. This study evaluates how Social Distancing Policies (SDPs), implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic influenced water net inflow patterns in the supply system of Maringá, Brazil. Using a limited dataset, hourly water intake and net inflow data were analyzed across nine supply zones with distinct regional characteristics (e.g., residential and commercial areas), highlighting changes in water demand driven by SDPs and climatic variables. Results indicate an increase in net inflow in residential zones of 1.87% to 8.44%, while commercial zones experienced a decrease of up to 6.41%. Station arity tests confirmed long-term stability in most zones, with notable variability in residential areas. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the effects of temperature had the most significant influence on net inflow, surpassing the effects of precipitation and SDPs. These findings suggest that SDPs and health-related factors play a minor role in water distribution planning compared to climate variables, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies that account for regional characteristics and support decision-making in resource-constrained environments. Full article
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24 pages, 8132 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Placemaking and Thermal Comfort Conditions in Urban Spaces: The Case Study of Avenida dos Aliados and Praça da Liberdade (Porto, Portugal)
by Hélder Silva Lopes, Paula C. Remoaldo, Diogo Guedes Vidal, Vítor Ribeiro, Lígia Torres Silva and Javier Martín-Vide
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020038 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 631
Abstract
The urban microclimate of Avenida dos Aliados and Praça da Liberdade was subjected to comprehensive examination through twelve measurement campaigns at six strategic observation points over the course of two seasons, namely summer and winter, between 2019 and 2020. The study employed an [...] Read more.
The urban microclimate of Avenida dos Aliados and Praça da Liberdade was subjected to comprehensive examination through twelve measurement campaigns at six strategic observation points over the course of two seasons, namely summer and winter, between 2019 and 2020. The study employed an objective approach based on measurements to evaluate key microclimatic factors, including air temperature, which ranged from 15 °C in winter to a peak of 38 °C in summer, and Relative Humidity (RH), which varied from 50% to 85%. Additionally, wind speed was recorded between 1.0 m/s and 2.5 m/s, along with solar radiation levels, which significantly impacted Surface Temperatures (Tsurf), reaching up to 38.0 °C in some areas. A parallel subjective survey questionnaire was conducted with 123 participants. In particular, the preference for shaded areas was highlighted through a thermal sensation map, with some places in Praça da Liberdade being a favored spot during summer due to its vegetation and lower Tsurf. The study identified solar exposure, wind patterns, and Tsurf as the key determinants of thermal comfort. It is noteworthy that shaded areas, particularly those with a substantial amount of greenery, were found to alleviate discomfort from the heat, thereby making them the preferred choice for pedestrians. Furthermore, the study underscored the significance of incorporating adaptive elements, such as greenery, shading structures, and ventilation corridors, into urban design to enhance comfort across different seasons. Results contribute with valuable insights for urban planners. The data indicate that urban design should prioritize the inclusion of pedestrian-friendly elements, such as shaded walkways and seating areas, to promote the active use of public spaces. This approach is particularly relevant in the context of climate change, where seasonal variations and increasing temperatures may exacerbate discomfort in urban environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Land Resource and Environmental Governance for Future Cities)
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20 pages, 2843 KiB  
Article
Addressing Food Insecurity Through Community Kitchens During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study from the Eastern Cape, South Africa
by Joana Carlos Bezerra, Thandiswa Nqowana, Rene Oosthuizen, Monica Canca, Nosipho Nkwinti, Sukhmani Kaur Mantel, Mark New, James Ford, Carol Claudia Zavaleta-Cortijo, Eranga K. Galappaththi, Chrishma D. Perera, Sithuni M. Jayasekara, Hans Justus Amukugo, Didacus B. Namanya, Cecil Togarepi, Martha M. Hangula, Jonathan Nkalubo, Francis A. Akugre, Kerrie Pickering, Adelina M. Mensah, Guangqing Chi, Lenworth Reckford, Victoria Chicmana-Zapata, Indunil P. Dharmasiri and Ingrid Arotoma-Rojasadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020037 - 7 Feb 2025
Viewed by 799
Abstract
One of the most critical impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was on food security. Food insecurity increased in many communities, with some showing signs of resilience through autonomously creating community kitchens that enhanced food security and built support networks. These initiatives filled gaps [...] Read more.
One of the most critical impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic was on food security. Food insecurity increased in many communities, with some showing signs of resilience through autonomously creating community kitchens that enhanced food security and built support networks. These initiatives filled gaps left by government programmes and provided a critical lifeline for vulnerable communities during the pandemic, fostering community solidarity. This paper aims to investigate the experiences and perceptions of community kitchen managers in addressing food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic by using a town in South Africa in 2020–2022 as a case study. Using arts-based participatory approaches, researchers interviewed 11 community kitchen managers representing 10 community kitchens in four sessions between June and November 2021. The results showed that a lack of jobs and food insecurity were identified as the main threats, whereas COVID-19 was not even identified as a threat by all of the community kitchen managers. Lacking support from the local government, these initiatives depended on individuals and community-based organisations for backing. However, this support decreased in 2021 and 2022, raising concerns about the sustainability of these efforts. Full article
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24 pages, 10240 KiB  
Article
CityTime: A Novel Model to Redefine the 15-Minute City Globally Through Urban Diversity and Proximity
by Carlo Andrea Biraghi, Ozge Ogut, Tao Dong and Massimo Tadi
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020036 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 1210
Abstract
The “15-minute city” (15minC) model has gained global attention as a framework for promoting walkability and sustainable urban mobility. While its adoption has grown, challenges remain in adapting the model to diverse urban contexts worldwide. This paper critically examines the 15minC model, its [...] Read more.
The “15-minute city” (15minC) model has gained global attention as a framework for promoting walkability and sustainable urban mobility. While its adoption has grown, challenges remain in adapting the model to diverse urban contexts worldwide. This paper critically examines the 15minC model, its theoretical limitations, and the need for more context- and user-based approaches to ensure sustainable urban mobility and well-being outcomes across varying morphological, climatic, and cultural settings. The article then introduces the concept of CityTime, which redefines proximity as borderless and adaptable, measuring the minutes needed to walk to customizable ecosystems of urban functions. Using a GIS-based approach, it evaluates the accessibility of points of interest (POIs) to balance their quantitative (proximity) and qualitative (diversity) distribution, proposing new metrics. The approach is tested in Dakar, Rio de Janeiro, and Milan—cities that vary significantly in size, density, and geographic location, representing both the Global North and Global South. Within each city, three distinct areas are selected using a multidimensional clustering method based on POI distributions. These case studies demonstrate the flexibility of CityTime across diverse morphological and socio-economic conditions and its potential to democratize the 15minC ideals, creating more equitable and context-sensitive urban environments globally. Full article
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15 pages, 6258 KiB  
Article
A New Approach to Assessing Transport Network Resilience
by Maria Nadia Postorino and Giuseppe M. L. Sarnè
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020035 - 6 Feb 2025
Viewed by 528
Abstract
External events, as well as internal traffic flow conditions, can impact the performance of one or more infrastructure elements of a transportation network, potentially affecting the resilience of the system. This paper proposes an innovative approach to integrate key aspects of land use [...] Read more.
External events, as well as internal traffic flow conditions, can impact the performance of one or more infrastructure elements of a transportation network, potentially affecting the resilience of the system. This paper proposes an innovative approach to integrate key aspects of land use and infrastructure into the supply model of the road transportation system. Specifically, the concept of “augmented link” is introduced, which aims to include exogenous characteristics (e.g., referring to land use and/or infrastructure) into the transportation network model to assess network resilience and ensure optimal network performance, even under emergency conditions. The objective is to identify links that are most likely to experience critical failures within the road network by considering both external events and traffic flows affecting each link. The proposed approach was applied to a simulated test case. The obtained results are encouraging and showed the great potential of the proposed approach to identify a priori reliable routes under emergency conditions. Full article
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16 pages, 3186 KiB  
Article
Urban Spatial Heat Resilience Indicator Based on Running Activity Z-Score
by Li Zhou and Yuan Lai
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020034 - 5 Feb 2025
Viewed by 460
Abstract
The assessment of urban heat resilience has become crucial due to increasing extreme weather events. This study introduces the Running Activity Z-score (RAZ) index based on running activity trajectory data to evaluate heat resilience. Through a case study of an August 2022 heatwave [...] Read more.
The assessment of urban heat resilience has become crucial due to increasing extreme weather events. This study introduces the Running Activity Z-score (RAZ) index based on running activity trajectory data to evaluate heat resilience. Through a case study of an August 2022 heatwave in Beijing, we examined the index’s sensitivity to extreme heat and explored its spatial relationships with key built environment factors, including plot ratio, green coverage, population density, and blue space proximity. Our results reveal two key findings: (1) the RAZ index serves as an effective real-time, high-precision indicator of urban heatwave impacts, as evidenced by extremely low RAZ values consistently coinciding with heatwave periods, and (2) the RAZ index offers valuable insights for identifying potential low heat resilience areas and supporting planning decisions, as demonstrated by its significant correlations with built environment factors that align with previous studies while uncovering more detailed spatial relationships. Although RAZ effectively complements traditional measurement methods, its application requires careful consideration of external factors such as social dynamics and climate variability. Full article
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28 pages, 2475 KiB  
Article
Smart, Sustainable, Resilient, and Inclusive Cities: Integrating Performance Assessment Indicators into an Ontology-Oriented Scheme in Support of the Urban Planning Practice
by Maria Panagiotopoulou, Anastasia Stratigea and Margarita Kokla
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020033 - 2 Feb 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
The unprecedented pace of urbanization has been exerting significant strain on cities, raising critical concerns across environmental, economic, social, and technological aspects. In response, the ‘Smart City’ concept has emerged as a novel urban development paradigm, aiming at addressing contemporary urban issues, enhancing [...] Read more.
The unprecedented pace of urbanization has been exerting significant strain on cities, raising critical concerns across environmental, economic, social, and technological aspects. In response, the ‘Smart City’ concept has emerged as a novel urban development paradigm, aiming at addressing contemporary urban issues, enhancing cities’ competitiveness and prosperity, and fostering active participation through the strategic utilization of state-of-the-art technologies. However, the smart city term suffers from considerable conceptual ambiguity, thereby provoking intense confusion and misunderstanding among interested parties and leading to the implementation of ineffective initiatives. Moreover, the priorities of sustainability, resilience, and inclusiveness have gained prominence in the urban planning discourse, necessitating a more integrated view that aligns urban targets with performance assessment across various domains. In light of these issues, this study endeavors to clarify the above-mentioned conceptual vagueness by developing a holistic, indicator-oriented smart city ontology. The proposed knowledge representation scheme is intended to serve as a Decision Support Tool that will facilitate policymakers to tackle urban challenges and formulate sound policies. Additionally, it is expected to contribute to the fields of spatial and developmental planning by establishing a standardized framework for assessing and monitoring cities’ performance, while elucidating the complex interrelationships and trade-offs among diverse urban dimensions. Full article
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20 pages, 1812 KiB  
Review
Comparative Analysis of Advanced Models for Predicting Housing Prices: A Review
by Inmaculada Moreno-Foronda, María-Teresa Sánchez-Martínez and Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020032 - 31 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1201
Abstract
Understanding the determinants of housing price movements is an ongoing subject of debate. Estimating these determinants becomes a valuable tool for predicting price trends and mitigating the risks of market volatility. This article presents a systematic review analyzing studies that compare various machine [...] Read more.
Understanding the determinants of housing price movements is an ongoing subject of debate. Estimating these determinants becomes a valuable tool for predicting price trends and mitigating the risks of market volatility. This article presents a systematic review analyzing studies that compare various machine learning (ML) tools with hedonic regression, aiming to assess whether real estate price predictions based on mathematical techniques and artificial intelligence enhance the accuracy of hedonic price models used for valuing residential properties. ML models (neural networks, decision trees, random forests, among others) provide high predictive capacity and greater explanatory power due to the better fit of their statistical measures. However, hedonic regression models, while less precise, are more robust, as they can identify the housing attributes that most influence price levels. These attributes include the property’s location, its internal features, and the distance from the property to city centers. Full article
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27 pages, 3459 KiB  
Review
Urban Quality: A Remote-Sensing-Perspective Review
by Luana Brito Lima, Washington J. S. Franca Rocha, Deorgia T. M. Souza, Jocimara S. B. Lobão, Mariana M. M. de Santana, Elaine C. B. Cambui and Rodrigo N. Vasconcelos
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020031 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1058
Abstract
The assessment of urban ecological quality through remote sensing has gained prominence in recent years, due to the need for effective urban monitoring and improved territorial planning. This study presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of urban ecological-quality research from 1997 to [...] Read more.
The assessment of urban ecological quality through remote sensing has gained prominence in recent years, due to the need for effective urban monitoring and improved territorial planning. This study presents a comprehensive review of the evolution of urban ecological-quality research from 1997 to 2023, focusing on trends, influential publications, and methodologies. From 1997 to 2023, research on urban ecological quality grew significantly, with annual publications increasing from 0.3 in the 1990s to six in the 2020s, driven by technological advancements, global collaboration, and alignment with policy goals like the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed six key research clusters, highlighting advancements in methodologies, spatial data integration, remote sensing, green sustainability, and multi-criteria frameworks, showcasing the field’s interdisciplinary evolution. China leads contributions, with 33.3% of research, followed by the United States and other countries, emphasizing robust international collaborations. Journals like Remote Sensing and Sustainability dominate, with highly cited publications from the 2010s and 2020s shaping the field’s direction. Prominent authors such as Xu H. and Zhang X. have played critical roles, though engagement in the field has surged more recently. Remote-sensing technologies, particularly in China, have been pivotal, with indices like the Remote-Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) and its derivatives broadening analytical frameworks. These tools integrate ecological, socio-economic, and policy dimensions, aligning with global sustainability objectives and enhancing the field’s capacity to address urban ecological challenges and promote sustainable urban development. Urban ecological-quality research has evolved significantly, driven by advancements in remote sensing, interdisciplinary methods, and global collaboration. Future efforts should focus on expanding cross-regional studies, integrating comprehensive socio-economic and environmental indicators, and utilizing emerging technologies like machine learning, deep learning, and AI to address urbanization challenges and support sustainable development. Full article
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20 pages, 3033 KiB  
Article
“Build It and They Will Stay”: Assessing the Social Impact of Self-Build Practices in Urban Regeneration
by Andrea Manunza, Giulia Giliberto, Emanuel Muroni, Oriana Mosca, Ferdinando Fornara, Ivan Blečić and Marco Lauriola
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020030 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 684
Abstract
Urban regeneration (UR) is a multidimensional approach aimed at improving urban environments through sustainable and inclusive practices. This study examined the social impacts of a self-build architectural intervention conducted within a university campus in Cagliari, Italy. As part of broader UR strategies, the [...] Read more.
Urban regeneration (UR) is a multidimensional approach aimed at improving urban environments through sustainable and inclusive practices. This study examined the social impacts of a self-build architectural intervention conducted within a university campus in Cagliari, Italy. As part of broader UR strategies, the intervention introduced temporary physical transformations to three distinct sites, prioritizing community involvement and multidisciplinary collaboration. Behavioral observations were used as the primary method to capture pre- and post-intervention dynamics, focusing on variables such as sociality, dynamism, and restorative behaviors. The results indicated significant increases in social activities, restorative behaviors, and inclusivity, particularly at Site C, where improvements to design elements, such as added shading and movable seating, enhanced engagement and comfort. The intervention also led to a notable rise in the presence of observer-rated females, highlighting the potential of gender-sensitive design to promote equitable use of public spaces. However, a slight, non-significant decline in reading and studying activities was observed, raising questions about how to balance social and individual needs within shared environments. Despite limitations, including the specificity of the context and the short duration of data collection, this study underscored the transformative potential of targeted UR interventions to enhance social connection, individual well-being, and inclusivity in urban spaces. Full article
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26 pages, 5068 KiB  
Article
Public Acceptance of Smart and Green Mobility Hubs in Attica, Greece
by Panagiotis Papantoniou, Dimosthenis Pavlou, Vasiliki Amprasi and Maria Sinou
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020029 - 29 Jan 2025
Viewed by 690
Abstract
Mobility hubs are meeting points for shared and active mobility within the existing public transport system. Despite an extensive public transportation network, private vehicle dependency remains high, indicating a critical need to enhance alternative transport modes. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.
Mobility hubs are meeting points for shared and active mobility within the existing public transport system. Despite an extensive public transportation network, private vehicle dependency remains high, indicating a critical need to enhance alternative transport modes. The aim of this study was to investigate public acceptance of smart and green mobility hubs, a crucial parameter for the successful transition from passenger cars to public transport. To achieve this objective, a stated preference survey was developed and distributed to a sample of 152 participants at two stations, namely Voula and Irakleio, that correspond to different public transport modes, tram and metro. Results indicated a generally positive attitude towards the development of green and smart mobility hubs. The survey revealed variations in commuter preferences between the two locations, with green spaces and smart charging benches being highly valued. Ultimately, this research illustrated that well-designed mobility hubs are instrumental in creating efficient, sustainable and livable urban environments, setting a new standard for future urban planning and development. The proposed interventions are expected to substantially contribute to the promotion of sustainable urban mobility in the respective areas and the broader city, enhancing quality of life and reducing the environmental footprint. Full article
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23 pages, 9644 KiB  
Article
Modeling Urban Microclimates for High-Resolution Prediction of Land Surface Temperature Using Statistical Models and Surface Characteristics
by Md Golam Rabbani Fahad, Maryam Karimi, Rouzbeh Nazari and Mohammad Reza Nikoo
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020028 - 28 Jan 2025
Viewed by 913
Abstract
Surface properties in complex urban environments can significantly impact local-level temperature gradients and distribution on several scales. Studying temperature anomalies and identifying heat pockets in urban settings is challenging. Limited high-resolution datasets are available that do not translate into an accurate assessment of [...] Read more.
Surface properties in complex urban environments can significantly impact local-level temperature gradients and distribution on several scales. Studying temperature anomalies and identifying heat pockets in urban settings is challenging. Limited high-resolution datasets are available that do not translate into an accurate assessment of near-surface temperature. This study developed a model to predict land surface temperature (LST) at a high spatial–temporal resolution in urban areas using Landsat data and meteorological inputs from NLDAS. This study developed an urban microclimate (UC) model to predict air temperature at high spatial–temporal resolution for inner urban areas through a land surface and build-up scheme. The innovative aspect of the model is the inclusion of micro-features in land use characteristics, which incorporate surface types, urban vegetation, building density and heights, short wave radiation, and relative humidity. Statistical models, including the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) and spatial autoregression (SAR), were developed to predict land surface temperature (LST) based on surface characteristics and weather parameters. The model was applied to urban microclimates in densely populated regions, focusing on Manhattan and New York City. The results indicated that the SAR model performed better (R2 = 0.85, RMSE = 0.736) in predicting micro-scale LST variations compared to the GAM (R2 = 0.39, RMSE = 1.203) and validated the accuracy of the LST prediction model with R2 ranging from 0.79 to 0.95. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Empowering Urban Resilience: Sustainable Smart Solutions and Advanced Technologies for Community-Centric Development)
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12 pages, 4348 KiB  
Article
Monitoring Urban European Hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas) with Citizen Science and a Thermal Spotter
by Sussie Pagh, Lasse Lange Jensen, Cino Pertoldi and Hanne Lyngholm Larsen
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020027 - 27 Jan 2025
Viewed by 709
Abstract
Populations of the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) have declined in agricultural areas throughout Europe, primarily due to habitat loss caused by the industrialization of agriculture. The growth of cities displaces native habitats, and a decline in hare densities would be expected [...] Read more.
Populations of the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) have declined in agricultural areas throughout Europe, primarily due to habitat loss caused by the industrialization of agriculture. The growth of cities displaces native habitats, and a decline in hare densities would be expected also in cities; however, several medium-sized mammals thrive in urban areas. In this study, hares in two Danish cities, Aalborg and Aarhus (approx. 145,000 and 300,000 citizens, respectively), were monitored using a combination of citizen science and a thermal spotter. Citizen reports of hares (in all 1874) were highest in the center of the city (26 to 33 locations per km2). Hare observation densities declined significantly with increasing distance to the center. Breeding hares were recorded in both cities. The thermal spotter proved to be useful to spot hares in the city and it did not draw attention as the spotlights normally used to detect the light reflected from the hares’ eyes. Based on the hares spotted at 12 locations where citizens had reported hares, densities of 40.3 (±10.8 SE) hares per km2 were estimated. The increasing awareness for biodiversity and for not using pesticides in Danish cities allow for wild plants to be established in lawns, which benefits the hares. Full article
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18 pages, 1335 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Ambient in Relation to Urban Life and AI
by H. Patricia McKenna
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020026 - 24 Jan 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the ambient in an era of artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on the urban context. As such, this paper explores evolving understandings of the ambient in everyday life encompassing a range of elements [...] Read more.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the ambient in an era of artificial intelligence (AI), focusing on the urban context. As such, this paper explores evolving understandings of the ambient in everyday life encompassing a range of elements such as awareness, computing, experiences, information, and intelligence in relation to rapidly evolving and emerging applications of AI and generative AI in urban environments. A review of the research and practice literature for the ambient in relation to urban AI is provided in this paper enabling formulation of a conceptual framework to guide the exploration. A poll conducted online using the Whova platform during a hybrid (e.g., virtual and in person) conference event provides insight into the awareness element in the context of AI from the perspective of researchers, students, practitioners, and other conference participants and attendees (e.g., government business, etc.). Implications for urban life, smart cities, learning cities, and future cities are discussed, giving rise to challenges and opportunities for research and practice going forward. This work is significant in that a range of perspectives across a variety of domains emerge for the ambient in relation to everyday life and AI and to urban AI. Full article
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16 pages, 825 KiB  
Article
Youth Perception of Public Spaces in the City
by Jurgita Jurkevičienė and Paulina Budrytė
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020025 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 775
Abstract
For any urban development, the opinion of the final stakeholders is essential. However, the uncensored youth perception regarding the urban environment is rarely included in the decision-making process. Here, we present the youth’s perception of public spaces in the city. The empirical research [...] Read more.
For any urban development, the opinion of the final stakeholders is essential. However, the uncensored youth perception regarding the urban environment is rarely included in the decision-making process. Here, we present the youth’s perception of public spaces in the city. The empirical research was conducted in Kaunas, which is a typical tertiary city. That is why such results are comparable with findings from other middle-sized cities around the world. The photovoice research method was applied to gather data on youth perception of public spaces. The dataset consisted of 793 unique responses from young people. The qualitative analysis was conducted by using MaxQDA 24 software. Our findings suggest that young people prefer to spend time with friends in man-made urban environments rather than in natural or semi-natural green spaces. Many of their favourite places are considered to be well suited to young people’s needs. Suggestions for improving their favourite places mostly revolve around built infrastructure, yet many of them emphasise the importance of sustainable urban development. Full article
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17 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Urban Air Mobility and Drone Accident Rates and the Role of Urban Management Systems
by Han Yeol Baek and Jung Hoon Kim
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020024 - 23 Jan 2025
Viewed by 946
Abstract
Urban air mobility (UAM) and drones can significantly improve traffic movement in saturated cities because the skies above them are not frequently used; furthermore, they do not require large-scale infrastructure, like roads and subways do. Thus, UAM vehicles and drones present themselves as [...] Read more.
Urban air mobility (UAM) and drones can significantly improve traffic movement in saturated cities because the skies above them are not frequently used; furthermore, they do not require large-scale infrastructure, like roads and subways do. Thus, UAM vehicles and drones present themselves as new means of transportation in cities. They can be rapidly deployed if their operational safety is secured. However, to date, no precise numerical study has been conducted on the safety of UAM vehicles and drones. In this study, the accident rates of UAM vehicles and drones are predicted based on the accident rates of conventional aircraft. Additionally, control measures for UAM vehicles and drones are presented at a basic level. The results can be summarized as follows: First, in terms of accident rates, for a projected total UAM vehicle flight distance of 650 km and 177,147 h of flight in Seoul in 2035, 0.000221 crashes, 0.45 takeoff/landing accidents, and 0.0011446 deaths are expected. Second, if drones handle 0.5% of the logistics in Seoul in 2035, 38.35 crashes and 7.51 takeoff/landing accidents are projected per year. However, these numbers are plausible only if the infrastructure required for UAM vehicle and drone flights, such as taxiways and flight paths, is built similarly to that for large aircraft. Additionally, UAM vehicles and drones, as with large aircraft, can cause serious damage to facilities and human lives on the ground in the event of a crash. Therefore, thorough response mechanisms for crashes are required even if the crash probability is extremely low. Finally, integration with smart city systems is suggested to monitor UAM vehicle and drone flights and the safety of urban residents. The transportation services of smart cities include emergency dispatch and disaster notification services, which help in immediately notifying the degree of risk to potentially affected urban residents and facilities in the event of a UAM vehicle/drone crash or an emergency. The transportation services of smart cities are also typically equipped with accident handling processes. Therefore, integrating UAM and drone systems into smart city systems is highly recommended. Full article
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23 pages, 36422 KiB  
Article
Mapping Urban Green Spaces in Indonesian Cities Using Remote Sensing Analysis
by Agustiyara Agustiyara, Dyah Mutiarin, Achmad Nurmandi, Aulia Nur Kasiwi and M. Faisi Ikhwali
Urban Sci. 2025, 9(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020023 - 22 Jan 2025
Viewed by 935
Abstract
This study explores the dynamics of urban green spaces in five major Indonesian cities—Central Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang—using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and vegetation indices, such as NDVI and EVI. As major urban areas expand and become more densely populated, development activities [...] Read more.
This study explores the dynamics of urban green spaces in five major Indonesian cities—Central Jakarta, Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang—using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery and vegetation indices, such as NDVI and EVI. As major urban areas expand and become more densely populated, development activities have significantly altered urban green spaces, necessitating comprehensive mapping through remote sensing technologies. The findings reveal significant variability in green space coverage among the cities over three periods (2019–2020, 2021–2022, 2023–2024), ensuring that the findings are comprehensive and up to date. This study demonstrates the utility of remote sensing for detailed urban analysis, emphasizing its effectiveness in identifying, quantifying, and monitoring changes in green spaces. Integrating advanced techniques, such as NDVI and EVI, offers a nuanced understanding of urban vegetation dynamics and their implications for sustainable urban planning. Utilizing Sentinel-2 data within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) framework represents a contemporary and innovative approach to urban studies, particularly in rapidly urbanizing environments. The novelty of this research lies in its method of preserving and enhancing green infrastructure while supporting the development of effective strategies for sustainable urban growth. Full article
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