Journal Description
Fuels
Fuels
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on fuel science, published quarterly online by MDPI. The Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology (ITPE) is affiliated to Fuels and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), EBSCO, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 21.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 17.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.6 (2023)
Latest Articles
Co-Benefits of Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) as Sustainable Biomass for Biofuel Production and Aquatic Ecosystem Phytoremediation
Fuels 2024, 5(3), 317-333; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030018 - 23 Jul 2024
Abstract
The water hyacinth (WH), also known as Eichhornia crassipes, is Bangladesh’s fast-growing and rapidly expanding sustainable aquatic bioenergy feedstock. The WH, as an energy crop, has been harnessed as a phytoremediation agent to purify contaminated water and produce fuel and environmentally friendly
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The water hyacinth (WH), also known as Eichhornia crassipes, is Bangladesh’s fast-growing and rapidly expanding sustainable aquatic bioenergy feedstock. The WH, as an energy crop, has been harnessed as a phytoremediation agent to purify contaminated water and produce fuel and environmentally friendly products. A country’s economy relies on the availability of raw materials for energy production, cleaning life-supporting abiotic resources for consumption, and the innovation of cost-effective, eco-friendly products. The present study focuses on a three-in-one nexus using the WH to purify polluted water, the (post-purification) biomass to produce clean energy fuels (biogas and bioethanol), and for the manufacture of daily-use products. The ability of the WH, an aquatic macrophyte, to act as a phytoremediator to improve the quality of eutrophic lake water in a laboratory setting was investigated. Water samples were collected from four lakes surrounding the urban community in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The potential to remove salts and solutes and improve the physio-chemical properties of water, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDSs), turbidity, and NaCl concentration, were assessed. During the aquatic macrophyte treatment, a 100% WH survival rate was shown, with no visible toxicity symptoms observed in the biomass. The WH improved water quality after one week, as determined by a significant decrease in turbidity, EC, NaCl, and TDSs, and improved pH and DO levels. Here, we establish the WH’s proficiency in removing nutrients/solutes and improving water quality. In addition, we discuss the utilization of this invasive aquatic biomass to produce energy after remediation of water including cost-effective and eco-friendly products to incur daily life with environmental and socioeconomic benefits in Bangladesh.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Crops for Biofuel Production)
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Gas Hydrate Plugging Mechanisms during Transient Shut–In/Restart Operation in Fully Dispersed Systems
by
Anqi Qu, Nur Aminatulmimi Ismail, Jose G. Delgado-Linares, Ahmad A. A. Majid, Luis E. Zerpa and Carolyn A. Koh
Fuels 2024, 5(3), 297-316; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030017 - 16 Jul 2024
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Gas hydrate formation poses a significant challenge in offshore oil and gas production, particularly during cold restarts after extended shut–ins, which can lead to pipeline blockages. Although steady–state models have traditionally been used to predict hydrate formation under continuous production conditions, these models
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Gas hydrate formation poses a significant challenge in offshore oil and gas production, particularly during cold restarts after extended shut–ins, which can lead to pipeline blockages. Although steady–state models have traditionally been used to predict hydrate formation under continuous production conditions, these models are often inadequate for transient operations due to issues like near–zero fluid flow shear affecting the viscosity calculations of hydrate slurries. This study introduces novel conceptual models for dispersed water–in–crude oil systems specifically designed for cold restart scenarios. The models are supported by direct observations and various experimental approaches, including bottle tests, rheometer measurements, micromechanical force apparatus, and rocking cell studies, which elucidate the underlying mechanisms of hydrate formation. Additionally, this work introduces a modeling approach to represent conceptual pictures, incorporating particle settling and yield stress, to determine whether the system will plug or not upon restart. Validation is provided through transient large–scale flowloop tests, confirming the plugging mechanisms outlined. This comprehensive approach offers insights into conditions that may safely prevent or potentially lead to blockages in the fully dispersed system during field restarts, thereby enhancing the understanding and management of gas hydrate risks in offshore oil and gas operations.
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Performance of An Energy Production System Consisting of Solar Collector, Biogas Dry Reforming Reactor and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
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Akira Nishimura, Ryotaro Sato and Eric Hu
Fuels 2024, 5(3), 278-296; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030016 - 10 Jul 2024
Abstract
This paper aims to study the performance of solar collectors of various sizes under different weather conditions in different Japanese cities, i.e., Kofu City, Nagoya City and Yamagata City. The heat generated by the solar collector was used to conduct a biogas dry
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This paper aims to study the performance of solar collectors of various sizes under different weather conditions in different Japanese cities, i.e., Kofu City, Nagoya City and Yamagata City. The heat generated by the solar collector was used to conduct a biogas dry reforming reactor for producing H2 to feed a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). This study revealed that the output temperature of a solar collector Tfb in April and July was higher than that in January and October irrespective of city. The optimum length of the absorber (dx) of the collector was 4 m irrespective of city. It was clarified that the Tfb in Yamagata City in January and October, i.e., winter and autumn, is lower than that in Kofu City and especially Nagoya City, which is strongly influenced by the tendency of solar intensity (I), not the velocity of the surrounding air (ua). On the other hand, the Tfb is almost the same in April and July, i.e., spring and summer, irrespective of city. The amount of produced H2 via the biogas dry reforming reactor and the power generated by the SOFC using H2 in spring and summer were higher compared to the other seasons irrespective of city. This study revealed that the highest available household number per month was 4.7, according to the investigation in this study.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste to Fuels and Chemicals: Toward a Clean, Green, and Sustainable World)
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Physical and Thermochemical Properties of Selected Wood Species in Nigeria: A Fuel Suitability and Pelleting Potential Assessment
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Suleiman Usman Yunusa, Satyanarayana Narra, Ebenezer Mensah, Kwasi Preko and Aminu Saleh
Fuels 2024, 5(3), 261-277; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5030015 - 26 Jun 2024
Cited by 1
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Scientific studies on the impact of wood species on solid fuel production, performance, and sustainability are grossly inadequate. The knowledge of this is imperative as users of solid fuels are increasing rapidly, especially in Africa. On this note, it becomes necessary to explore
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Scientific studies on the impact of wood species on solid fuel production, performance, and sustainability are grossly inadequate. The knowledge of this is imperative as users of solid fuels are increasing rapidly, especially in Africa. On this note, it becomes necessary to explore measures that will improve its efficiency and sustainability as an energy source. This study investigates some properties of selected wood species used as an energy source in Nigeria and their pelleting potential. Nine samples were characterized and assessed for suitability of pelleting following four wood pellet quality standards. The properties investigated are physical (moisture content and density) and thermochemical (calorific value, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ultimate properties (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, arsenic, cadmium, and lead)). These were selected because they are among the most important pellet parameters contained in the quality standards. The findings revealed a net calorific value between 10.61 MJ.kg−1 for Tectona grandis and 18.44 MJ.kg−1 for Eucalyptus cam. The ash content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon contents of the samples range between 2.1 and 24.4%, 65.94 and 87.77%, and 3.51 and 18.63%, respectively. Anogeissus leiocarpus was found to be the species with the best rating score in terms of fuel properties, while Vitellaria paradoxa was the lowest. However, in terms of conformity with the four wood pellet standards, Khaya senegalensis, Parkia biglobosa, and Eucalyptus cam., having presented density, calorific value, sulfur, arsenic, cadmium, and lead within the limits of the wood pellet quality standards, were considered the best wood species in terms of fuel suitability and pelleting potential. The findings therefore suggest that not all wood species are suitable as fuel. Thus, for species that do not meet the standard wood pellet requirements, alternatives such as the use of biomass blends, additives, or process adjustments can be employed to adapt the quality to the standards or by using the fuels in improved cookstoves.
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Open AccessArticle
Biofuel Concentration in Low-Speed Pre-Ignition in Gasoline Engines
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Jake Relf, Simon Petrovich and Kambiz Ebrahimi
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 243-260; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020014 - 17 Jun 2024
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Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) is a destructive combustion event associated primarily with new, ultra-efficient, downsized gasoline engines, which provide efficiency benefits in general operation. Biofuels, specifically bio-gasoline, are an alternative fuel that attempts to reduce the harmful emissions output by modern Internal Combustion Engines
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Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) is a destructive combustion event associated primarily with new, ultra-efficient, downsized gasoline engines, which provide efficiency benefits in general operation. Biofuels, specifically bio-gasoline, are an alternative fuel that attempts to reduce the harmful emissions output by modern Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). This study attempts to understand the effect of biofuel use on LSPI, through the use of a numerical simulation tool developed in Ricardo Wave. Development of the tool includes the integration of RFlame, an extension capable of modeling autoignition within a 1D domain. Use of the tool highlights the impact of five ethanol blends, E10, E20, E30, E50 and E85, with clear impacts on both the severity and frequency of LSPI events correlated with chemical properties, such as the enthalpy of vaporization (HoV) and octane number. E30 is highlighted as the critical blend for LSPI severity, with both increased severity and intensity seen with a 30% concentration, and a greater sensitivity to effects such as the start of ignition (SOI). Higher-concentration biofuels, such as E50 and E85 bio-gasoline, show much more favorable behaviors, such as a vast reduction in end-gas knock events, but are limited in their use due to their deployment being both cost-prohibitive and potentially damaging in current hardware. Future work on this topic will surround the further development of the simulation tool to integrate 3D solving elements, understand the role of fluid interactions in LSPI, and study optimal fuel characteristics for future use in ICEs.
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Open AccessArticle
The Selection of Biogas Plants in the Indian Context Based on Performability—An Analytic Hierarchy Process and Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment Approach
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Haris Jamal, M. K. Loganathan, P. G. Ramesh and Mandeep Singh
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 222-242; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020013 - 4 Jun 2024
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The purpose of this research paper is to present a framework for selecting a biogas plant for the Indian rural community, considering performability factors such as reliability, quality, maintainability, safety, and sustainability. This will ensure that the plant operates reliably, efficiently, and safely
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The purpose of this research paper is to present a framework for selecting a biogas plant for the Indian rural community, considering performability factors such as reliability, quality, maintainability, safety, and sustainability. This will ensure that the plant operates reliably, efficiently, and safely over its entire life cycle and can play a significant role as a decision-support tool for decision-makers (e.g., managers, engineers, stakeholders). The proposed framework integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (WASPAS) to optimally evaluate and prioritize the best alternative based on performability factors. The findings show that the suitable biogas plant in the context of the Indian rural population is a fixed-dome-type plant. The decision-making process in selecting the best biogas plant can be effectively aided by using this suggested tool. Currently, there are no proper tools or methods for selecting biogas plants for rural areas due to a lack of data or relevant literature on operational issues. The proposed method uses performability factors for the selection, which has not been researched so far. Moreover, the AHP–WASPAS approach offers a robust method for selecting biogas plants, ensuring efficient and sustainable energy production. The proposed method will help policymakers and stakeholders to choose the best biogas plant in the context of Indian rural application.
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Heating Oil and Tyre Pyrolysis Oil Combustion in an Evaporative Combustion Chamber
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István Péter Kondor
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 210-221; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020012 - 28 May 2024
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This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the
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This research aims to delve into the intricacies of combustion processes, specifically focusing on heating oil and a blend of heating oil with Tire Pyrolysis Oil (TPO) in a self-developed evaporative combustion chamber featuring steam injection. The primary objective is to scrutinize the impact of steam injection on the combustion dynamics. Conducting a series of tests, the investigation involved the meticulous manipulation of stoichiometric ratios while introducing ambient air through gravity fuel flow. Subsequent iterations of these tests incorporated the introduction of steam into the ambient air stream. The examination encompassed the combustion of both heating oil and the TPO blend within the combustion chamber. The evaluation criteria comprised an in-depth analysis of flame characteristics, temperature distribution within the combustion chamber, and the quantification of emissions such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H2O). Throughout the experimentation phase, commercially available diesel fuel served as the primary fuel source. To facilitate the tests, the combustion chamber under scrutiny was seamlessly integrated into an AVL engine test bench system. Essential parameters, including fuel consumption, were meticulously gauged using an AVL 735 fuel flow meter, while fuel temperature was monitored using the AVL 745 fuel temperature conditioning system. The intake air, a crucial element in the combustion process, was quantified with precision using an AVL Flowsonix sensor. Emission measurements were conducted meticulously using state-of-the-art equipment, with gaseous emissions analyzed using an AVL FTIR AMA i60 exhaust gas analyzer. Simultaneously, soot emissions were quantified through employment of an AVL Micro Soot sensor. This comprehensive approach not only delves into the fundamental aspects of combustion but also extends its reach to the exploration of innovative techniques, such as steam injection, to enhance combustion efficiency and reduce emissions. The integration of advanced measurement tools ensures a robust and thorough analysis of the combustion process and its environmental implications.
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Open AccessArticle
Optimizing Renewable Energy Integration for Sustainable Fuel Production: A Techno-Economic Assessment of Dimethyl Ether Synthesis via a Hybrid Microgrid-Hydrogen System
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Mohammed M. Alotaibi and Abdulaziz A. Alturki
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 176-209; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020011 - 16 May 2024
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This study offers an in-depth analysis and optimization of a microgrid system powered by renewable sources, designed for the efficient production of hydrogen and dimethyl ether—key elements in the transition toward sustainable fuel alternatives. The system architecture incorporates solar photovoltaic modules, advanced battery
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This study offers an in-depth analysis and optimization of a microgrid system powered by renewable sources, designed for the efficient production of hydrogen and dimethyl ether—key elements in the transition toward sustainable fuel alternatives. The system architecture incorporates solar photovoltaic modules, advanced battery storage solutions, and electrolytic hydrogen production units, with a targeted reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the enhancement of overall energy efficiency. A rigorous economic analysis was conducted utilizing the HYSYS V12 software platform and encompassing capital and operational expenditures alongside profit projections to evaluate the system’s economic viability. Furthermore, thermal optimization was achieved through heat integration strategies, employing a cascade analysis methodology and optimization via the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), yielding an 83% decrease in annual utility expenditures. Comparative analysis revealed that the energy requirement of the optimized system was over 50% lower than that of traditional fossil fuel-based reforming processes. A comprehensive assessment of CO2 emissions demonstrated a significant reduction, with the integration of thermal management solutions facilitating a 99.24% decrease in emissions. The outcomes of this study provide critical insights into the engineering of sustainable, low-carbon energy systems, emphasizing the role of renewable energy technologies in advancing fuel science.
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Open AccessReview
Biofuels Production: A Review on Sustainable Alternatives to Traditional Fuels and Energy Sources
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Kamla Malik, Sergio C. Capareda, Baldev Raj Kamboj, Shweta Malik, Karmal Singh, Sandeep Arya and Dalip Kumar Bishnoi
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 157-175; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020010 - 2 May 2024
Cited by 2
Abstract
With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy
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With increased worldwide energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuels, severe problems are being experienced in modern times. Energy is one of the most important resources for humankind, and its needs have been drastically increasing due to energy consumption, the rapid depletion of fossil fuels, and environmental crises. Therefore, it is important to identify and search for an alternative to fossil fuels that provides energy in a reliable, constant, and sustainable way that could use available energy sources efficiently for alternative renewable sources of fuel that are clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. In this way, there is a dire need to develop technologies for biofuel production with a focus on economic feasibility, sustainability, and renewability. Several technologies, such as biological and thermochemical approaches, are derived from abundant renewable biological sources, such as biomass and agricultural waste, using advanced conversion technologies for biofuel production. Biofuels are non-toxic, biodegradable, and recognized as an important sustainable greener energy source to conventional fossil fuels with lower carbon emissions, combat air pollution, empower rural communities, and increase economic growth and energy supply. The purpose of this review is to explain the basic aspects of biofuels and their sustainability criteria, with a particular focus on conversion technologies for biofuel production, challenges, and future perspectives.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste to Fuels and Chemicals: Toward a Clean, Green, and Sustainable World)
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Grindability of Torrefied Camelina Straw and Microparticle Evaluation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy for Use as Biofuel
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Obiora S. Agu, Lope G. Tabil, Edmund Mupondwa and Bagher Emadi
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 137-156; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020009 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study examined the combined effect of torrefaction and microwave absorbers on improving biomass thermochemical characteristics and grindability for heat, power, and value-added products. Camelina straw in two grinds, ground (6.4 mm screen size) and chopped with biochar addition (0%, 10% and 20%),
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This study examined the combined effect of torrefaction and microwave absorbers on improving biomass thermochemical characteristics and grindability for heat, power, and value-added products. Camelina straw in two grinds, ground (6.4 mm screen size) and chopped with biochar addition (0%, 10% and 20%), was torrefied in a bench-scale microwave reactor at torrefaction temperatures of 250 °C and 300 °C with residence times of 10, 15 and 20 min under inert conditions and nitrogen-activated. After torrefaction, the geometric mean particle and size distribution, moisture content, ash content, bulk and particle densities were determined, and the grinding performance values of torrefied ground and chopped with and without biochar were determined and compared with the raw camelina straw. The results showed that the geometric diameter decreased after torrefaction in both grinds. The specific energy required for grinding torrefied biomass decreased significantly with biochar addition, longer residence times, and increased torrefaction temperatures. Torrefied ground camelina straw with biochar after grinding had the lowest grinding energy of 34.30 kJ at 300 °C/20 min. The surface morphology by confocal laser scanning microscopy of torrefied camelina straw particles indicated that biochar addition (>10%) and a torrefaction temperature at 250 °C can create profound surface distortion, and beyond 300 °C, colossal surface damage and carbonized weight fractions were produced.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Waste to Fuels and Chemicals: Toward a Clean, Green, and Sustainable World)
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Carbon Footprint of Oxygenated Gasolines: Case Studies in Latin America, Asia, and Europe
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John Koupal, Sarah Cashman, Ben Young and Andrew D. Henderson
Fuels 2024, 5(2), 123-136; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5020008 - 1 Apr 2024
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Lifecycle analysis was used to estimate well-to-wheel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the production, transport, and use of oxygenated gasoline in Colombia, Japan, and France. The study evaluated fuel blends containing ethanol and/or ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) that aligned with oxygen and
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Lifecycle analysis was used to estimate well-to-wheel greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the production, transport, and use of oxygenated gasoline in Colombia, Japan, and France. The study evaluated fuel blends containing ethanol and/or ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) that aligned with oxygen and octane specifications currently in place or under consideration for each country. For Colombia, fuel blends meeting a 3.7 wt.% oxygen specification were analyzed using ethanol sourced and produced in the U.S. from corn and in Colombia from sugarcane, and ETBE processed in the U.S. Gulf Coast. For Japan, blends with 1.3, 2.7 and 3.7 wt.% oxygen were analyzed using ethanol sourced and produced in the U.S. and Brazil, and ETBE processed in the U.S. Gulf Coast. For France, oxygenated gasoline blends with 3.7 to 8.0 wt.% oxygen content were analyzed with ethanol produced locally from corn, beet, and wood and imported sugarcane ethanol. Data were populated from both publicly available secondary data sources and new primary data developed for ETBE production in the U.S. and Europe. This study also accounted for distinct lifecycle emissions among gasoline components, focused on aromatic-rich reformate used to boost octane in non-oxygenated fuels. Across each country, results indicate that the replacement of reformate in ethanol-free (E0) gasoline with oxygenates up to 3.7 wt.% oxygen reduces lifecycle GHG emissions by 6–9%, with the highest GHG reduction provided when ETBE alone is used for oxygenate. For higher oxygen blends modeled for France, the highest GHG reduction (19%) was for a blend of 51 vol.% ETBE to achieve 8.0 wt.% oxygen, the equivalent of E23 (gasoline with 23 vol.% ethanol). Overall, displacing ethanol with ETBE to achieve a fixed oxygen level increased GHG benefits relative to ethanol-only blends, owing to the greater volume of the carbon-intensive reformate displaced.
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Open AccessArticle
1H NMR and UV-Vis as Analytical Techniques to Evaluate Biodiesel Conversion and Oxidative Stability
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Emanuelle Braga, Luana Damasceno, Chastryane Barros de Sousa Silva, Lucas Silva, Maria Cavalcante, César Barreto, Silvia Silva, Francisco Murilo Tavares de Luna, Luciana Bertini, Tassio Nascimento and Maria Rios
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 107-122; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010007 - 18 Mar 2024
Cited by 1
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The present study evaluated the applicability of 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as analytical techniques for the characterization and determination of biodiesel conversion and for monitoring the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples with antioxidants. For this study, safflower and babassu biodiesels were
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The present study evaluated the applicability of 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies as analytical techniques for the characterization and determination of biodiesel conversion and for monitoring the oxidative stability of biodiesel samples with antioxidants. For this study, safflower and babassu biodiesels were obtained through transesterification, and physicochemical properties confirmed the success of both reactions. A bench-top accelerated oxidation system was used as an alternative to the Rancimat® method, with samples of 6.0 g heated at 110 ± 5 °C and collected every 2 h for 12 h. The agreement for biodiesel conversions was good, with divergences between 2% and 0.4% for safflower biodiesel and 1.9% for babassu biodiesel. As for UV-Vis spectroscopy, the technique showed the same trend as the Rancimat® method, showing efficiency in evaluating the oxidative stability of safflower biodiesel and in the performance of antioxidants BHT and DMP-30. The accuracy of NMR signals integration for mixtures of safflower oil and safflower biodiesel and the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy associated with a bench-top accelerated oxidation system to investigate the performance of phenolic and amine antioxidants in safflower and babassu biodiesel were explored for the first time, showing results close to the standard methods. Therefore, 1H NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies could be applied as alternatives to the GC and Rancimat® methods to determine conversion and monitor the oxidative stability of biodiesel rapidly and practically.
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Study of Premixed PODE3-4/CH4 Flames at Engine-Relevant Conditions
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Yupeng Leng, Xiang Ji, Chengcheng Zhang, Nigel Simms, Liming Dai and Chunkan Yu
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 90-106; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010006 - 12 Mar 2024
Abstract
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn, n ≥ 1) is a promising alternative fuel to diesel with higher reactivity and low soot formation tendency. In this study, PODE3-4 is used as a pilot ignition fuel for methane (CH4) and the
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Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether (PODEn, n ≥ 1) is a promising alternative fuel to diesel with higher reactivity and low soot formation tendency. In this study, PODE3-4 is used as a pilot ignition fuel for methane (CH4) and the combustion characteristics of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures are investigated numerically using an updated PODE3-4 mechanism. The ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar burning velocity (LBV) of PODE3-4/CH4 blends were calculated at high temperature and high pressure relevant to engine conditions. It is discovered that addition of a small amount of PODE3-4 has a dramatic promotive effect on IDT and LBV of CH4, whereas such a promoting effect decays at higher PODE3-4 addition. Kinetic analysis was performed to gain more insight into the reaction process of PODE3-4/CH4 mixtures at different conditions. In general, the promoting effect originates from the high reactivity of PODE3-4 at low temperatures and it is further confirmed in simulations using a perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) model. The addition of PODE3-4 significantly extends the extinction limit of CH4 from a residence time of ~0.5 ms to that of ~0.08 ms, indicating that the flame stability is enhanced as well by PODE3-4 addition. It is also found that NO formation is reduced in lean or rich flames; moreover, NO formation is inhibited by too short a residence time.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Kinetics of Biofuel Combustion)
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Open AccessArticle
Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass
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Ayaz Ali Shah, Kamaldeep Sharma, Tahir Hussain Seehar, Saqib Sohail Toor, Judit Sandquist, Inge Saanum and Thomas Helmer Pedersen
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 75-89; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005 - 26 Feb 2024
Cited by 1
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL
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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an emerging technology for bio-crude production but faces challenges in determining the optimal temperature for feedstocks depending on the process mode. In this study, three feedstocks—wood, microalgae spirulina (Algae Sp.), and hydrolysis lignin were tested for sub-supercritical HTL at 350 and 400 °C through six batch-scale experiments. An alkali catalyst (K2CO3) was used with wood and hydrolysis lignin, while e (Algae Sp.) was liquefied without catalyst. Further, two experiments were conducted on wood in a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) at 350 and 400 °C which provided a batch versus continuous comparison. Results showed Algae Sp. had higher bio-crude yields, followed by wood and lignin. The subcritical temperature of 350 °C yielded more biocrude from all feedstocks than the supercritical range. At 400 °C, a significant change occurred in lignin, with the maximum percentage of solids. Additionally, the supercritical state gave higher values for Higher Heating Values (HHVs) and a greater amount of volatile matter in bio-crude. Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis revealed that phenols dominated the composition of bio-crude derived from wood and hydrolysis lignin, whereas Algae Sp. bio-crude exhibited higher percentages of N-heterocycles and amides. The aqueous phase analysis showed a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) range from 7 to 22 g/L, with Algae Sp. displaying a higher Total Nitrogen (TN) content, ranging from 11 to 13 g/L. The pH levels of all samples were consistently within the alkaline range, except for Wood Cont. 350. In a broader perspective, the subcritical temperature range proved to be advantageous for enhancing bio-crude yield, while the supercritical state improved the quality of the bio-crude.
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Open AccessArticle
Integrated Petrophysical Evaluation and Rock Physics Modeling of Broom Creek Deep Saline Aquifer for Geological CO2 Storage
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Prasad Pothana, Ghoulem Ifrene and Kegang Ling
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 53-74; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010004 - 6 Feb 2024
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Fossil fuels, such as coal and hydrocarbons, are major drivers of global warming and are primarily responsible for worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide CO2. The storage of CO2 in deep saline reservoirs is acknowledged as one of the
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Fossil fuels, such as coal and hydrocarbons, are major drivers of global warming and are primarily responsible for worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide CO2. The storage of CO2 in deep saline reservoirs is acknowledged as one of the top practical and promising methods to reduce CO2 emissions and meet climate goals. The North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC) recently approved the fourth Class VI permit for a carbon capture and storage project in the Williston basin of North Dakota for the geological CO2 storage in the Broom Creek formation. The current research aimed to conduct a comprehensive petrophysical characterization and rock physics modeling of the Broom Creek deep saline reservoir to unravel the mineralogical distribution and to understand the variations in petrophysical and elastic properties across the formation. This study utilized geophysical well logs, routine core analysis, and advanced core analysis to evaluate the Broom Creek formation. Multimineral petrophysical analysis calibrated with X-ray diffraction results reveals that this formation primarily comprises highly porous clean sandstone intervals with low-porosity interspersed with dolomite, anhydrite, and silt/clay layers. The formation exhibits varying porosities up to 0.3 and Klinkenberg air permeabilities up to ∼2600 mD. The formation water resistivity using Archie’s equation is approximately 0.055 ohm-m at 150 °F, corresponding to around 63,000 ppm NaCl salinity, which is consistent with prior data. The pore throat distribution in the samples from clean sandstone intervals is primarily situated in the macro-mega scales. However, the presence of anhydrite and dolomite impedes both porosity and pore throat sizes. The accurate prediction of effective elastic properties was achieved by developing a rock physics template. Dry rock moduli were modeled using Hill’s average, while Berryman’s self-consistent scheme was employed for modeling saturated moduli.
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Open AccessArticle
Application of Fiber Optics for Completion Design Optimization: A Methodological Approach and Key Findings
by
Ebrahim Fathi, Fatemeh Belyadi, Mohammad Faiq Adenan and Christian Pacheco
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 33-52; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010003 - 30 Jan 2024
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This study investigates the application of fiber optic technology to optimize completion design in a hydraulic fracture stimulation for Marcellus Shale Reservoir. With a focus on improving cluster efficiencies and overcoming interstage communication challenges, the research utilizes real-time data from distributed acoustic (DAS),
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This study investigates the application of fiber optic technology to optimize completion design in a hydraulic fracture stimulation for Marcellus Shale Reservoir. With a focus on improving cluster efficiencies and overcoming interstage communication challenges, the research utilizes real-time data from distributed acoustic (DAS), temperature (DTS), and strain (DSS) measurements. The methodology comprises a comprehensive analysis of completion and stimulation reports, fiber optics, microseismic data, and well logs. Conducted at the MSEEL well pads, MIP, and Boggess, and equipped with permanent and deployable fiber optic cables, this study emphasizes that engineered/geomechanical completion design leads to sustained cluster efficiency and stage production performance. Inefficient cluster efficiencies are primarily linked to fracture communication. Recommendations include employing a geomechanical completion design, avoiding non-uniform high natural fracture zones during hydraulic fracture stimulations, implementing short stage length, and using more 100 mesh sand. These insights, derived from correlations between fracture counts, distributed strain sensing (DSS), cluster efficiency, production logging, and production data, offer significant implications for optimizing completion design in unconventional reservoirs. The effective application of fiber optic technology, providing real-time DAS, DTS, and slow strain data, proves instrumental in addressing interstage communication challenges, contributing to improved reservoir performances and cost-effective operations in hydraulic fracture stimulations.
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Corrosion Effect of Biodiesel-Diesel Blend on Different Metals/Alloy as Automotive Components Materials
by
Ancaelena Eliza Sterpu, Bianca Georgiana Simedrea, Timur Vasile Chis and Olga Valerica Săpunaru
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 17-32; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010002 - 15 Jan 2024
Cited by 1
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Biodiesel has emerged as a progressively widespread and significant alternative to traditional diesel fuel within the transportation sector. Despite its growing popularity, the issue of corrosive tendencies upon interaction with both moving and static components of diesel engines and fuel systems poses a
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Biodiesel has emerged as a progressively widespread and significant alternative to traditional diesel fuel within the transportation sector. Despite its growing popularity, the issue of corrosive tendencies upon interaction with both moving and static components of diesel engines and fuel systems poses a serious concern. This research endeavors to assess the corrosion characteristics of materials commonly found in automotive fuel systems when exposed to various blends of rapeseed oil biodiesel and diesel. The study involved static immersion tests, lasting 3360 h at room temperature, using B0, B20, B40, B60, B80, and B100 fuels. Copper, brass, aluminum, zinc, and stainless steel plate samples were subjected to these tests. The evaluation at the conclusion of the study included weight loss measurements, corrosion rate calculations, and observation of changes in the exposed metal surfaces. Surface morphology was scrutinized using a Bresser LCD MICRO 5MP digital microscope. Additionally, the total acid number (TAN) was employed to assess alterations in fuel acidity before and after the immersion tests.
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Effect of Firewood Moisture Content on Quality, Yield, and Economic Gain during Charcoal Production in a Modified Half-Orange Kiln
by
Juan García-Quezada, Ricardo Musule-Lagunes, Christian Wehenkel, José Angel Prieto-Ruíz, Víctor Núñez-Retana and Artemio Carrillo-Parra
Fuels 2024, 5(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010001 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 2
Abstract
Tropical firewood species are of foremost importance for charcoal production worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the moisture content of tropical fuelwood on charcoal production in modified Argentinean half-orange kilns in terms of yield, quality, and economic
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Tropical firewood species are of foremost importance for charcoal production worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the moisture content of tropical fuelwood on charcoal production in modified Argentinean half-orange kilns in terms of yield, quality, and economic viability. Ten tropical species from the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, were selected for charcoal production. The data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The moisture content of the firewood was 48.99–79.31%. Temperatures close to 500 °C were obtained in the three kilns, as well as production yields of 28% with a consumption of 6.4 m3 of firewood and 38% with a consumption of 4.5–5 m3. Charcoal moisture values of less than 8%, volatile material of 20–30%, ash < 8%, fixed carbon of 60–70%, and higher heating values of 28–30 MJ kg−1 were obtained. Burn I obtained the highest energy yield of 54%, with a production of 20.87 MWh of charcoal recovered. The production cost of the kiln for the producer is USD 0.00825 (MXN 0.16) per MJ.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Biofuel Production: Technical, Economic and Environmental Aspects)
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Mutants with Enhanced Multi-Stress Tolerance of Kluyveromyces marxianus and Their Ability for Ethanol Fermentation
by
Noppon Lertwattanasakul, Sornsiri Pattanakittivorakul, Sukanya Nitiyon, Minenosuke Matsutani, Akihiro Oguchi, Katsushi Hirata, Tomoyuki Kosaka, Savitree Limtong and Mamoru Yamada
Fuels 2023, 4(4), 469-483; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels4040029 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1
Abstract
Kluyveromyces marxianus is an attractive thermotolerant yeast species for ethanol production because of its ability to utilize various carbon sources as a fermentation substrate. The use of thermotolerant microorganisms enables the performance of high-temperature ethanol fermentation, which has several advantages, including the reduction
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Kluyveromyces marxianus is an attractive thermotolerant yeast species for ethanol production because of its ability to utilize various carbon sources as a fermentation substrate. The use of thermotolerant microorganisms enables the performance of high-temperature ethanol fermentation, which has several advantages, including the reduction of cooling costs and minimization of contamination risks. To improve K. marxianus for ethanol fermentation under stress conditions, two strains, DMKU 3-1042 and DMKU 3-118, were adapted for heat resistance and resistance to toxic substances in pulp wastewater from a paper mill, respectively, resulting in the generation of KMR1042 and KMR118, respectively. Both adapted mutants exhibited clumpy clusters of cells as pseudo-hyphae and altered colony morphology, and their sedimentation speeds were much faster than those of the corresponding parent strains. The two mutants showed stronger tolerance to various stresses and higher performance for ethanol production than those of the corresponding parent strains at high temperatures or in the presence of toxic substances. Genome sequencing analysis revealed that both mutants had disruption of the same gene, SWI5, despite adaptation under different stress conditions, suggesting that the formation of pseudo-hyphae is a common strategy of K. marxianus for coping with stresses.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Conversion to Biofuels)
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Industrial Rotary Kiln Burner Performance with 3D CFD Modeling
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Duarte M. Cecílio, Margarida Mateus and Ana Isabel Ferreiro
Fuels 2023, 4(4), 454-468; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels4040028 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 1
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As the need to minimize environmental impacts continues to rise, it is essential to incorporate, advance, and adopt renewable energy sources and materials to attain climate neutrality in industrial operations. It is established that economic growth is built upon infrastructure, where the cement
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As the need to minimize environmental impacts continues to rise, it is essential to incorporate, advance, and adopt renewable energy sources and materials to attain climate neutrality in industrial operations. It is established that economic growth is built upon infrastructure, where the cement industry plays a crucial role. However, it is also known that this industry is actively looking for ways to transition toward low-carbon practices to encourage sustainable and environmentally conscious practices. To this end, the use of refuse-derived fuels to substitute fossil fuels is very appealing, as these have the potential to lower clinker production costs and CO2 emissions. Bearing this in mind, the primary objective of this work is to gain insights into the combustion behavior in an industrial rotary kiln by studying real-life scenarios and to assess the potential of substituting alternative fuels for fossil fuels to reduce CO2 emissions. A 3D CFD turbulent combustion model was formulated in Ansys® considering a Pillard NOVAFLAM® burner, where refuse-derived and petcoke fuels were used, and different secondary air mass flows were considered. From the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that the outcome of the combustion process is greatly influenced by the fuel-to-air ratio. Increasing the secondary air mass flow promotes the occurrence of a complete and efficient combustion process, leading to enhanced fuel conversion and the decreased formation of pollutants such as CO, soot, and unburned hydrocarbons. An increase in combustion efficiency from 93% to 96% was observed, coupled with a slight decrease in the pollutant mass fraction in the flue gas.
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