Animals

21 pages, 8015 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Environmental Gradients and Hen Spatial Distribution in a Cage-Free Aviary System: Internet of Things-Based Real-Time Monitoring for Proactive Management

by Francesco Bordignon, Mattia Pravato, Angela Trocino, Gerolamo Xiccato, Francesco Marinello and Andrea Pezzuolo

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091225 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study assessed environmental gradients at different heights in a multi-tiered aviary and their relationship with hen spatial distribution. Two pens of an experimental aviary housing 225 Novogen hens (Novogen S.A.S., Plédran, France) each were monitored when their hens were 32–52 weeks old [...] Read more.

This study assessed environmental gradients at different heights in a multi-tiered aviary and their relationship with hen spatial distribution. Two pens of an experimental aviary housing 225 Novogen hens (Novogen S.A.S., Plédran, France) each were monitored when their hens were 32–52 weeks old over three periods (January, March, and June). The environmental conditions (humidity, sound intensity, NH₃, CO₂, and particulate matter; PM: PM₁, PM_2.5, PM₄, and PM₁₀) were continuously recorded every 10 min, 24 h per day, at three heights (floor and middle and upper tiers) using an IoT-based system. Hen distribution was analysed using video recordings from 04:00 to 20:00, scanning 15 min for every 30 min of video. On the whole, the air quality was always consistent with the recommended values for laying hens. The middle tier, where nests were located, exhibited a higher humidity and CO₂ and PM concentration compared to the upper tier and floor, suggesting reduced airflow. This result can be related to the reduced length of the experimental barn containing only one row of equipment, which likely affected air circulation and distribution compared to what happens in commercial barns with several rows and a length over 50 m. Hen distribution varied during the day, with hen presence on the floor being highest in the midday (58% of hens) and correlated with increased particulate matter (r = 0.57–0.60; p < 0.001) and NH₃ concentrations (r = 0.33; p < 0.001). Hens occupied the upper tier more in June (34% vs. 24% in January; p < 0.001), correlating with lower humidity and PM levels. Understanding daily and seasonal changes in environmental gradients at different aviary tiers could help optimise ventilation schemes and air quality control and ensure hen welfare, health, and production throughout the laying cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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16 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

South Korea’s National Animal Welfare Policies in Comparison to Legal Frameworks and Systems in Other Countries

by Yeonjin Park, Hochul Shin and Dahee Park

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091224 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

It is essential to establish a normative framework that ensures the harmonious coexistence of humans and animals from legal and institutional perspectives. This study classifies and compares animal welfare policies in welfare states, identifying distinct policy types across different countries. Using fuzzy set [...] Read more.

It is essential to establish a normative framework that ensures the harmonious coexistence of humans and animals from legal and institutional perspectives. This study classifies and compares animal welfare policies in welfare states, identifying distinct policy types across different countries. Using fuzzy set ideal type analysis, this study examines seven OECD countries: Austria, Denmark, Germany, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (USA). These countries are consistent with Esping-Andersen’s three welfare state models and actively implement animal welfare policies. This study addresses the limitations of previous studies that focused primarily on animal-related discourses by examining the characteristics of different policy types that integrate two core components of animal welfare policy: animal welfare law and animal welfare systems. This analysis identified four types of animal welfare policies: (1) economic value type (South Korea and the USA); (2) social value type (the UK); (3) rights extension type (Denmark, Germany, and Sweden); and (4) ecological type (Austria). The results show that welfare state animal welfare policies are generally consistent with the ideological characteristics of the welfare system in question. However, Korea presents notable differences, providing valuable insights into its unique approach to animal welfare policy and informing future policy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)

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11 pages, 5016 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

B-Mode Ultrasonography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography in Evaluation of Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs

by Ana Paula Luiz De Oliveira, Bruna Bressianini Lima, Denise Jaques Ramos, Gabriela Castro Lopes Evangelista, Igor Cezar Kniphoff Da Cruz, Ricardo Andrés Ramirez Uscategui, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi and Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091223 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to [...] Read more.

Bladder tumors in dogs represent approximately 2% of all malignant lesions recorded, with urothelial carcinoma being the most common and aggressive form. This study aimed to characterize the elastographic properties of canine urothelial carcinoma using ARFI (Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse) elastography and to evaluate its diagnostic capacity. Seven dogs with urothelial carcinoma and nine healthy dogs were evaluated, comparing shear wave velocity (SWV) and bladder wall thickness between the groups. The results showed that SWV was significantly higher in dogs with urothelial carcinoma (median of 2.53 m/s) compared with healthy dogs (median of 1.41 m/s) (p = 0.0045). Bladder wall thickness was also greater in dogs with carcinoma (0.28 ± 0.05 cm) compared to healthy dogs (0.14 ± 0.26 cm) (p = 0.0003). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed a high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (88.9%) for SWV in differentiating healthy and neoplastic tissues. These findings suggest that ARFI elastography is a promising tool for diagnosing urothelial carcinoma in dogs, offering a noninvasive and quantitative approach that can complement traditional diagnostic methods. ARFI elastography may aid in early diagnosis and clinical management, improving the prognosis of patients with bladder neoplasia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Canine and Feline Diagnostics—2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 339 KiB

Open AccessReview

Application of Artificial Gastrointestinal Tract Models in Veterinary Medicine

by Sergei Konstantinovich Shebeko, Heorhii Yurievich Drobot, Andrey Georgievich Koshchaev, Svetoslav Dimitrov Todorov and Alexey Mikhailovich Ermakov

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091222 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Artificial gastrointestinal tract models have become essential tools in veterinary medicine, providing alternatives to in vivo studies, which are labor-intensive, costly, and under certain circumstances even ethically challenging. These in vitro models facilitate the study of digestion, enable disease and host–pathogen interaction modeling, [...] Read more.

Artificial gastrointestinal tract models have become essential tools in veterinary medicine, providing alternatives to in vivo studies, which are labor-intensive, costly, and under certain circumstances even ethically challenging. These in vitro models facilitate the study of digestion, enable disease and host–pathogen interaction modeling, and allow for the investigation of nutrient absorption, microbiota, and pharmacokinetics. Considering the One Health concept, the application of gastrointestinal tract systems in investigations for animals can clearly reflect human health, and thus, it is pointing to the relevance of the adaptation of already existing models and the development of new models to meet the needs of veterinary and animal farming practices. This review explores and compares the various types of gastrointestinal tract models, including static and dynamic systems, and their applications across different animal species. Specific technical and methodological considerations are discussed for core animal-developed and -tested artificial systems and their integration with common ‘omics’ techniques. Dynamic models, such as RUSITEC and PolyFermS, more accurately simulate in vivo processes, including peristalsis, enzymatic activity, and microbial fermentation. The studies employing tools for ‘omics’ approaches have been conducted with more understanding analysis and comprehensive discussion and results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

11 pages, 5386 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in Blood of the Lizard Microlophus atacamensis: Understanding the T. cruzi Cycle in a Coastal Island of the Atacama Desert

by Josefa Borcosque-Avendaño, Nicol Quiroga, Franco Cianferoni, Gabriel Díaz-Campusano, José Luis Marcos, Carezza Botto-Mahan, Fernando Torres-Pérez, Antonella Bacigalupo and Ricardo Campos-Soto

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091221 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan causative of Chagas disease, is primarily transmitted through blood-sucking insects and infects mammalian and some reptilian hosts. In Chile, insects of the Mepraia genus are key vectors of T. cruzi in its wild transmission cycle. High prevalence and [...] Read more.

Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan causative of Chagas disease, is primarily transmitted through blood-sucking insects and infects mammalian and some reptilian hosts. In Chile, insects of the Mepraia genus are key vectors of T. cruzi in its wild transmission cycle. High prevalence and mixed infection of T. cruzi lineages have been reported in a Mepraia population on Santa María Island in the Atacama Desert. However, no small mammals have been reported. The island’s vertebrate community is dominated by the lizard Microlophus atacamensis and marine and scavenger birds. This study aimed to research blood samples of M. atacamensis for the presence of T. cruzi DNA (kDNA and satDNA) using conventional PCR (cPCR) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and estimate parasitemia. Our findings reveal that 39.4% of 33 individuals were positive with both cPCR and qPCR, while when assessing infection with either technique, it rises up to 81.8%. These findings confirm that M. atacamensis is a host of T. cruzi, suggesting its potential role as a key reservoir in the island’s transmission cycle. This study provides new insights into the life cycle of T. cruzi in the coastal Atacama Desert, highlighting the importance of reptiles in the epidemiology of this parasite. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Wildlife Parasitology: Impacts on Health, Biodiversity, and Ecosystems)

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24 pages, 7797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Acclimation Enhances Brain Resilience to Acute Thermal Stress in Clarias fuscus by Modulating Cell Adhesion, Anti-Apoptotic Pathways, and Intracellular Degradation Mechanisms

by Yingyi Guan, Cunyu Duan, Xinyu Xie, Zhuoying Luo, Dayan Zhou, Yulei Zhang, Guangli Li, Yu Liao and Changxu Tian

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091220 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Global climate change presents a significant challenge to aquatic ecosystems, with ectothermic fish being particularly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. The brain plays a crucial role in perceiving, regulating, and adapting to thermal changes, and its response to heat stress is crucial for survival. [...] Read more.

Global climate change presents a significant challenge to aquatic ecosystems, with ectothermic fish being particularly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. The brain plays a crucial role in perceiving, regulating, and adapting to thermal changes, and its response to heat stress is crucial for survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress and acclimation in fish brains remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the adaptive mechanisms of Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus) brains under heat acclimation and acute heat stress using transcriptome analysis. Fish were divided into two groups: a normal temperature group (NT, 26 °C for 90 days) and a heat-acclimated group (HT, 34 °C for 90 days), followed by acute heat stress (34 °C for 72 h) and recovery (26 °C for 72 h). Heat acclimation improved C. fuscus tolerance to acute heat stress, with faster gene responses and stronger neuroprotection. Key pathways enriched included cell adhesion and ECM-receptor interactions during recovery. Apoptosis regulation was balanced, with the HT group upregulating anti-apoptotic genes to mitigate neuronal cell death. Additionally, the lysosome–phagosome pathway was activated during recovery, facilitating the transport of lysosomal enzymes and the clearance of damaged cellular components, aiding neuronal repair. Ribosome biogenesis was suppressed under heat stress to conserve energy, but this suppression was less pronounced in the HT group. In summary, heat acclimation enhances neural protection in C. fuscus brains by promoting neuronal repair, suppressing apoptosis, and activating lysosomal pathways, thereby improving tolerance to acute heat stress. These findings offer a molecular basis for breeding heat-tolerant fish species in aquaculture, and deepen our understanding of thermal adaptation in aquatic animals amid global climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

17 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Platelet Activation Signaling Pathway Regulated by Fibrinogen and Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (C20:3)-Associated Lipid Metabolism Is Involved in the Maintenance of Early Pregnancy in Chinese Native Yellow Cattle

by Miao Yu, Changzheng Du, Yabo Ma, Yuqin Ma, Pengfei Li, Xianguo Xie, Mengyuan Li, Xueyi Nie, Yueyang Liu, Yuxin Hou, Shenao Miao, Xingping Wang, Jinrui Xu and Yi Yang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091219 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Identifying the specific factors secreted during early pregnancy is an effective method for pregnancy detection in cattle, helping to reduce empty pregnancies in the industry. To systematically investigate metabolic variations between early pregnancy and the estrous cycle and their relationship with pregnancy progression, [...] Read more.

Identifying the specific factors secreted during early pregnancy is an effective method for pregnancy detection in cattle, helping to reduce empty pregnancies in the industry. To systematically investigate metabolic variations between early pregnancy and the estrous cycle and their relationship with pregnancy progression, this study utilized four-dimensional data-independent acquisition (4D-DIA) proteomics and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) metabolomics to analyze serum samples collected from Chinese native yellow cattle at day 0 and day 21 post-mating, combining bioinformatics analysis with experimental validation. The platelet activation signaling pathway and angiogenesis-related proteins were significantly upregulated. Among them, fibrinogen alpha/beta/gamma chains (FG) exhibited notable differences, with their branched-chain protein FGB showing highly significant upregulation (p = 0.003, Log₂FC = 2.167) and tending to increase gradually during early pregnancy, suggesting that FGB could be one of the important indicators of early pregnancy in Chinese native yellow cattle. Among the differential metabolites, 11-Deoxy prostaglandin F1α (p < 0.001, Log₂FC = 1.563), Thromboxane B1 (p = 0.002, Log₂FC = 3.335), and Homo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (C20:3) (p = 0.018, Log₂FC = 1.781) were also increased, indicating their involvement in the regulation of the platelet activation signaling pathway. The platelet activation signaling pathway plays a crucial role in maternal immune tolerance and placental vascularization, which are essential for embryo implantation and placental development. These findings indicate that FGB has the potential to be a valuable biomarker for early cattle pregnancy detection, thereby improving pregnancy diagnosis accuracy, reducing economic losses caused by undetected empty pregnancies and enhancing reproductive efficiency in the cattle industry. Undoubtedly, our research outcomes must be validated with future studies, and a larger sample size as well as the evaluation of the potential endocrine effects induced by the synchronized estrus treatment must be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

19 pages, 3742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ethogram Characteristics of Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) During the Breeding Period Based on the PAE Coding System

by Min Wang, Fengyue Zhu, Lixiong Yu, Qingrui Yang, Ke Wang, Mingdian Liu, Xinbin Duan and Daqing Chen

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091218 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Animal behavior diversity is a key element of biodiversity, and the establishment of an ethogram provides a crucial framework for exploring the relationship between behavioral patterns and environmental factors. However, the development of ethograms and the quantitative analysis of behavioral diversity in fish [...] Read more.

Animal behavior diversity is a key element of biodiversity, and the establishment of an ethogram provides a crucial framework for exploring the relationship between behavioral patterns and environmental factors. However, the development of ethograms and the quantitative analysis of behavioral diversity in fish remain underexplored. In this study, focal animal sampling and instantaneous scan sampling methods, paired with the PAE (Posture-Act-Environment) coding system, were employed to investigate the ethogram and reproductive behavior diversity of silver carp. The findings revealed 12 postures, 20 actions, and 34 behaviors documented during the breeding period of silver carp. Analysis of reproductive behavior diversity revealed that the absolute behavioral diversity index (H), relative behavioral diversity index (r), and regulated diversity index (r-variable) all peaked during the 10–15 h interval following induced spawning. Notably, significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in these indices across different post-induction time intervals and between sexes. Throughout the breeding cycle, females demonstrated lower diversity and intensity in reproductive behaviors compared to males, suggesting distinct reproductive strategies between the sexes. The reproductive behavior of silver carp exhibited distinct chronobiological disorganization patterns. This study provides a scientific basis for future research on the behavioral ecology of silver carp and the conservation of their wild populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Behavioral Ecology of Aquatic Animals)

13 pages, 1645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cloning and Transcriptional Activity Analysis of the Bovine CDH11 Gene Promoter: Transcription Factors Sp1 and GR Regulate Bovine CDH11 Expression

by Zhanxin Liu, Yanbin Bai, Zongchang Chen, Yanmei Niu, Xue Jia, Liang Li, Xiaolan Zhang, Binggang Shi, Zhidong Zhao, Jiang Hu, Yuzhu Luo, Jiqing Wang, Xiu Liu, Shaobin Li and Fangfang Zhao

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091217 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Growth rate of bovine skeletal muscle has a major impact on beef yield. Cadherin-11 (CDH11) was found to be a potential candidate gene for growth and development in beef cattle. This study confirmed the high expression of CDH11 in bovine longissimus [...] Read more.

Growth rate of bovine skeletal muscle has a major impact on beef yield. Cadherin-11 (CDH11) was found to be a potential candidate gene for growth and development in beef cattle. This study confirmed the high expression of CDH11 in bovine longissimus dorsi using a tissue expression analysis. To understand the transcriptional regulation mechanism of CDH11 gene, we constructed a double luciferase vector for the promoter region of CDH11 gene and determined that the core transcriptional regulatory region was located at −129/+55 bp relative to the transcription start site (TSS). In addition, we confirmed that skeletal muscle growth and development-related transcription factor-specific protein 1 (SP1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) bind to the CDH11 gene promoter region at −36/−27 bp and −20/−11 bp, respectively, to regulate CDH11 expression. These interactions provide valuable information for understanding the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of the bovine CDH11 gene during muscle growth and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hematology, Biochemistry, and Blood Gas Reference Intervals for Captive Anesthetized Long-Tailed Goral (Naemorhedus caudatus)

by Ockju Im, Suk-Jin Lee, Hong-Cheol Kim, Jeong-Jin Yang, Jang-Ik Son, Doo-Ha Yang and Dong-Hyuk Jeong

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091216 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

The long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is classified as an endangered species globally, and national projects for conservation are underway in South Korea. However, blood test references would enable comprehensive health assessments in this species. This study provides reference intervals for hematology, [...] Read more.

The long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is classified as an endangered species globally, and national projects for conservation are underway in South Korea. However, blood test references would enable comprehensive health assessments in this species. This study provides reference intervals for hematology, biochemistry, and blood gas analysis in long-tailed goral for health assessments and to aid conservation strategies. Blood test data from 75 gorals managed between 2016 and 2020 were analyzed to establish reference intervals and to examine the influence of age and sex on hematological and biochemical parameters, as well as differences between arterial and venous blood in blood gas analysis. Significant age-related differences (p < 0.01) were observed in MCH, lymphocyte count, platelet count, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, ALT, amylase, creatinine, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus. Sex-related differences were found in lymphocyte count, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, ALT, and amylase. Blood gas analysis showed significant differences in pO₂, SO₂, and lactate between arterial and venous samples. This retrospective study provides statistical reference intervals for hematology, biochemistry, and blood gas analysis in clinically healthy long-tailed gorals, which is particularly valuable for endangered wildlife where obtaining an adequate number of specimens is challenging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Physiology)

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12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Bottlenose Dolphins’ (Tursiops truncatus) Health Status Through Functional Muscle Analysis, and Oxidative and Metabolic Stress Evaluation: A Preliminary Study

by Claudia Gatta, Eugenio Luigi Iorio, Carla Genovese, Barbara Biancani, Alessandro Mores, Daniele La Monaca, Chiara Caterino, Luigi Avallone, Guillermo J. Sanchez-Contreras, Immaculata De Vivo, Francesca Ciani and Simona Tafuri

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091215 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. In marine mammals, physiological adaptation to aquatic life conditions, such as prolonged and repeated [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress (OS) occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s antioxidant defenses, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. In marine mammals, physiological adaptation to aquatic life conditions, such as prolonged and repeated dives resulting in cycles of hypoxia followed by reperfusion, is associated with increased production of ROS. This study examines the relationship between oxidative stress, muscular stress, and metabolic damage in the blood serum of eleven captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), six males and five females. This relationship is investigated using oxidative stress markers (d-ROMs, OXY, and Oxidative Stress index, OSi) and biochemical parameter measurements, including glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Pearson’s sex correlation was performed, and males exhibited significantly higher pro-oxidant levels than females, suggesting a potential protective role of female hormones. Also, a positive correlation between pro-oxidants and antioxidants has been observed in relation to age, as older dolphins produced more ROS but also exhibited higher antioxidant capacity, likely to compensate for oxidative damage. Results show no significant correlation between biochemical parameters and oxidative stress markers. However, a moderately positive correlation between LDH and antioxidant (OXY) capacity was observed (r = 0.458), suggesting a possible association between tissue turnover and antioxidant defenses. The results indicate that the biochemical markers analyzed are not strong predictors of oxidative stress in bottlenose dolphins. However, the correlation between LDH and antioxidant capacity suggests that tissue turnover may affect antioxidant defenses. This is a preliminary study, and further research is needed to clarify these relationships in order to better understand physiological adaptations in dolphins and their implications for management, health, and welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Anatomy and Pathology of Marine Mammals)

21 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessReview

Perioperative Pain Management for Mastectomy in Dogs: A Narrative Review

by Giada Giambrone, Giuseppe Catone, Gabriele Marino, Alessandra Sfacteria, Renato Miloro and Cecilia Vullo

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091214 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasia in adult female dogs. Mastectomy leads to moderate to severe pain. Effective pain management is crucial in veterinary medicine. This review outlines analgesic techniques for managing perioperative pain in dogs undergoing mastectomy. A literature search on [...] Read more.

Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasia in adult female dogs. Mastectomy leads to moderate to severe pain. Effective pain management is crucial in veterinary medicine. This review outlines analgesic techniques for managing perioperative pain in dogs undergoing mastectomy. A literature search on dog mastectomy analgesia was conducted from January 2001 to January 2025. Pre-emptive meloxicam reduces postoperative cardiovascular changes without affecting renal function. When combined with gabapentin, it lowers the need for rescue analgesic opioids, similar to robenacoxib. With regard to tramadol, it offers contrasting analgesia in the studies considered when used alone, while its effect appears enhanced when used in combination with meloxicam/dipyrone. However, methadone provides superior pain control, especially when given preoperatively or intraoperatively. The combination of ketamine, lidocaine, and maropitant enhances pain management, while fentanyl, alone or with lidocaine and ketamine, is effective for intraoperative pain control. Local infiltration with lidocaine/bupivacaine provides effective pain control, and devices like Comfont-in^® or WSC facilitate this process. Tumescent anaesthesia using lidocaine/ropivacaine allows for extensive infiltration of the mammary gland. Epidural analgesia, paravertebral blocks, and TAP blocks are beneficial in multimodal protocols. Transdermal patches containing fentanyl/buprenorphine offer prolonged analgesia, while electroacupuncture can help reduce the need for rescue analgesics. Multimodal analgesic protocols are crucial for effective pain management in dog mastectomy surgeries, minimising the need for rescue opioids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Canine Mammary Tumors—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Low-Dose Amino Acid-Chelated Trace Minerals on Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Fecal Excretion in Growing-Finishing Pigs

by Yunxia Xiong, Fei Zhao, Yaojie Li, Qiwen Wu, Huaqin Xiao, Shuting Cao, Xuefen Yang, Kaiguo Gao, Zongyong Jiang, Shenglan Hu and Li Wang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091213 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Our previous study has shown that replacing 100% inorganic trace minerals with 30% amino acid-chelated ones can enhance antioxidant capacity, improve nutrient digestibility, and reduce fecal excretion in growing-finishing pigs without compromising performance. This study aimed to further reduce the amino acid-chelated trace [...] Read more.

Our previous study has shown that replacing 100% inorganic trace minerals with 30% amino acid-chelated ones can enhance antioxidant capacity, improve nutrient digestibility, and reduce fecal excretion in growing-finishing pigs without compromising performance. This study aimed to further reduce the amino acid-chelated trace minerals content in pig diets and assess its impact. Seventy-two growing-finishing barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire), with an initial average body weight of 67.04 ± 0.12 kg, were divided into four groups: negative control (NC, no additional trace minerals), high-dose inorganic trace minerals (HITM, 100% inorganic; 75 mg/kg Fe, 10 mg/kg Cu, 65 mg/kg Zn, 25 mg/kg Mn), and two low-dose groups (15 mg/kg Fe, 4 mg/kg Cu, 12.5 mg/kg Zn, 5 mg/kg Mn) receiving either inorganic sulfates (LITM) or amino acid-chelates (LOTM). The trial concluded when the body weight of pigs reached ~130 kg. Results showed that low-dose trace mineral substitution did not adversely affect growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, or nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs (p > 0.05). The LOTM pigs exhibited significantly higher serum glutathione peroxidase, liver total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and CuZn-SOD activities, muscle CuZn-SOD and catalase activities, and lower liver malondialdehyde content compared with LITM (p < 0.05). Muscle CuZn-SOD in LITM was lower than HITM (p < 0.05), but not in LOTM (p > 0.05). LOTM showed significantly higher muscle Fe content and lower muscle Mn content compared with HITM (p < 0.05), yet its muscle Mn level was higher than that of LITM (p < 0.05). Liver Zn content decreased in LITM compared with HITM (p < 0.05), but remained unchanged in LOTM (p > 0.05). Both LITM and LOTM significantly reduced fecal emissions of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn compared with HITM (p < 0.05), with greater reductions in Cu, Zn, and Mn in LOTM. In conclusion, low-dose substitution of inorganic or organic trace minerals did not negatively affect growth, carcass traits, meat quality, or nutrient digestibility in growing-finishing pigs, while it effectively reduced fecal heavy metal emissions. Organic trace minerals were more effective in enhancing antioxidant activity and trace mineral deposition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Uses of Trace Elements and Plant-Derived Bioactive Additives in Swine Nutrition)

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26 pages, 14233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Changes in Catch Composition of Marine Species Across Seawater Temperature Shift Points in Korean Water

by Hyithaek Ceong and Inyeong Kwon

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091212 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water temperature and catch frequency on biodiversity and distribution in the waters around Korea. We analyzed spatiotemporal catch data reported by fishermen and evaluated the fluctuations in the dominantly caught species based on the timing [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water temperature and catch frequency on biodiversity and distribution in the waters around Korea. We analyzed spatiotemporal catch data reported by fishermen and evaluated the fluctuations in the dominantly caught species based on the timing of the water temperature changes between 1999 and 2021. This study found an upward trend in the water temperature, and species diversity increased in the East, West, and South Seas after the water temperature changed. Relatively stable species diversity was maintained in the East Sea/Sea of Japan, although variability increased significantly in the West and South Seas. The distribution in the caught species showed that Octopodidae spp. and Ommastrephidae spp. were increasingly caught more consistently alongside Pleuronectidae spp. Moreover, this dominance was maintained even after the change in water temperature and was shown to be relatively less sensitive to water temperature changes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 5136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Metabolomic Profiling in Healthy Dogs Supplemented with Increasing Levels of Purified Beta-1,3/1,6-Glucans

by Pedro Henrique Marchi, Leonardo de Andrade Príncipe, Felipe Sesti Trindade, Luana Dias dos Santos, Gabriela Luiza Fagundes Finardi, Eduarda Lorena Fernandes, Thaila Cristina Putarov, Gabriel Henrique Ribeiro, Luiz Alberto Colnago, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro and Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091211 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Metabolomics has proven to be an effective tool for elucidating mechanisms and assessing the effectiveness of dietary interventions in canine and feline nutrition. In this context, the present study aimed to perform a metabolomic analysis of the serum of dogs supplemented with increasing [...] Read more.

Metabolomics has proven to be an effective tool for elucidating mechanisms and assessing the effectiveness of dietary interventions in canine and feline nutrition. In this context, the present study aimed to perform a metabolomic analysis of the serum of dogs supplemented with increasing levels of beta-1,3/1,6-glucans to generate evidence and gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic responses associated with this supplementation. Eight dogs were evenly assigned to two balanced 4 × 4 Latin squares. Four diets were tested, differing only in beta-glucan content (0.0%, 0.07%, 0.14%, and 0.28%), and the dogs were fed according to their individual maintenance energy requirements. Each experimental period lasted 35 days. On day 35, 5 mL of blood was collected via jugular venipuncture to obtain serum for metabolomic analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis identified 12 key serum metabolites. Hierarchical heat map analysis revealed differences in metabolite intensity between treatments (p < 0.05). Additionally, the most relevant metabolic pathways were phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. This study demonstrated that increasing levels of purified beta-1,3/1,6-glucans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae modulated key metabolic pathways in dogs, particularly those related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolisms, and gut microbiota. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which beta-glucans influence canine health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Metabolomics in Animal Nutrition Research)

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15 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ruminally Protected Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, and Threonine Supplementation of Low-Protein Diets Improved the Performance and Nitrogen Efficiency of Dairy Cows

by Xiaoli Qin, Xueyan Lin, Mark D. Hanigan, Kai Zhao, Zhiyong Hu, Yun Wang, Qiuling Hou and Zhonghua Wang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091210 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine to low-protein diets on lactating dairy cow performance. Sixty Holstein cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 9-week randomized complete block design: positive control (16% crude [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and leucine to low-protein diets on lactating dairy cow performance. Sixty Holstein cows were assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 9-week randomized complete block design: positive control (16% crude protein diet; 16% CP), negative control (12% CP), 12% CP plus the four essential amino acids (12% CP + EAA), and 14% CP supplemented with the four EAA (14% CP + EAA). The milk protein yield was significantly decreased in the 12% CP group compared to the 16% CP group but was restored to comparable levels with EAA supplementation of both the 12% and 14% CP diets. Dietary nitrogen intake and urinary nitrogen excretion both increased with higher dietary CP levels. Nitrogen utilization efficiency in milk was significantly improved by EAA supplementation, with the highest efficiency observed in the 12% CP + EAA treatment (39.0% vs. 33.3% in the 16% CP diet). Plasma urea levels increased with elevated dietary CP and EAA supplementation. Moreover, EAA supplementation significantly elevated venous methionine levels and showed a tendency to increase venous leucine levels. Additionally, compared to the negative control, EAA supplementation increased concentrations of glucagon and prolactin (p < 0.05). EAA supplementation of low-protein diets, particularly the 14% CP diet, improved the dietary protein efficiency of lactating cows without a concomitant decrease in milk protein yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

18 pages, 4931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Gene Expression and Splicing QTLs in Porcine Muscle Associated with Meat Quality Traits

by Meng Zhou, Chenjin Ling, Hui Xiao and Zhiyan Zhang

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091209 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Understanding the genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing in muscle tissues is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of meat quality traits. In this study, we integrated large-scale whole-genome sequencing and strand-specific RNA-seq data from 582 F2 hybrid pigs (White Duroc × [...] Read more.

Understanding the genetic regulation of gene expression and splicing in muscle tissues is critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of meat quality traits. In this study, we integrated large-scale whole-genome sequencing and strand-specific RNA-seq data from 582 F2 hybrid pigs (White Duroc × Erhualian) to characterize the expression and splicing quantitative trait loci (eQTLs/sQTL) in longissimus dorsi muscle. We identified 11,058 cis-eQTL-associated genes (eGenes) and 5139 cis-sQTL-associated genes (sGenes), of which 29% of eGenes and 80% of sGenes were previously unreported in the PigGTEx database. Functional analyses revealed distinct genomic features: eQTLs were enriched near transcription start sites (TSSs) and associated with active TSS-proximal transcribed regions and enhancers, whereas sQTLs clustered at splice junctions, underscoring their distinct roles in gene expression and splicing regulation. Colocalization analysis of e/sQTLs with GWAS signals prioritized PHKG1 as a key candidate gene (PPH4 > 0.9) for glycogen metabolism. Notably, we confirmed that an sQTL-driven alternative splicing event in exon 10 of PHKG1 was significantly correlated with phenotypic variation (R = −0.39, p = 9.5 × 10⁻²¹). Collectively, this study provides novel insights into the genetic regulation of gene expression and alternative splicing in porcine muscle tissue, advancing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying economically important meat quality traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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8 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals’ Anatomy

by María del Mar Yllera and Matilde Lombardero

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091208 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This Special Issue follows a previous one entitled “Advances in Animal Anatomy” [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wildlife and Exotic Animals Anatomy)

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18 pages, 13382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antiviral Activity of 1-Deoxynojirimycin Extracts of Mulberry Leaves Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus

by Yiwei Sun, Liyan Wang, Keke Ma, Manman Shen, Jiying Liu, Yujuan Zhang and Liumei Sun

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091207 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due [...] Read more.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly infectious alphacoronavirus, has resulted in substantial economic losses within the global swine industry. Existing vaccines and therapeutic agents have proven inadequate in effectively preventing and controlling PEDV. Natural compounds offer distinct advantages in antiviral research due to their abundant availability, diverse biological activities, and low toxicity. In this study, the antiviral properties of the naturally occurring alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) against PEDV were examined. The CC₅₀ of DNJ was determined to be 912.5 μM through experimental analysis on Vero-E6 cells. DNJ demonstrated an inhibitory effect on PEDV activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 57.76 μM. The compound primarily inhibited PEDV proliferation during the viral life cycle stages of attachment and replication. Moreover, DNJ mitigated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation associated with PEDV infection. Computational docking predictions suggest that the viral non-structural proteins include Nsp12, Nsp14, and Nsp16 may serve as potential targets for DNJ. Consequently, DNJ represents a promising candidate for the development of novel therapeutic agents against PEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infections and Diarrhea of Enteric Coronaviruses in Pigs)

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