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Antibiotics
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Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment
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Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 January 2025 | Viewed by 11845

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Gloria Inés Lafaurie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
Interests: oral microbiology; oral immunology; periodontal medicine
Dr. Diana Marcela Castillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unidad de Investigación Básica Oral, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
Interests: oral microbiology; periodontal medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Periodontal disease is associated with biofilm dysbiosis and the overgrowth of culturable and no culturable pathobionts. In recent years, oral infection has been associated with systemic diseases by disseminating the oral bacteria from the oral microenvironment to other tissues and organs of the body. Currently, much emphasis has been placed on the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Currently, topical and systemic antibiotics in periodontal treatment and their resistance are of great interest. However, new approaches, including prebiotics and probiotics, resolve, anti-inflammatories, and antioxidant substances are being investigated in preventing and treating periodontal disease and modulation of subgingival biofilm. Likewise, the modulation of periodontal disease by the subgingival biofilm with the systemic treatment of potent anti-inflammatory agents is being studied.

This Special Issue welcomes submissions from researchers who have carried out in vitro or in vivo experimental research on different approaches for treating and preventing periodontal disease, including local and systemic antibiotics, probiotics, anti-inflammatories, and antioxidants. The clinical and epidemiological studies investigating these topics are encouraged for this issue.

Prof. Dr. Gloria Inés Lafaurie
Dr. Diana Marcela Castillo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • periodontal treatment
  • antibiotics
  • anti-inflammatories
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • probiotics

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4070 KiB  
Article
Postbiotic Metabolite Derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PD18 Maintains the Integrity of Cell Barriers and Affects Biomarkers Associated with Periodontal Disease
by Widawal Butrungrod, Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Netnapa Makhamrueang, Sartjin Peerajan, Wantida Chaiyana and Sasithorn Sirilun
Antibiotics 2024, 13(11), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13111054 - 6 Nov 2024
Viewed by 270
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Periodontal disease is caused by oral infections, biofilms, persistent inflammation, and degeneration of cell barrier integrity, allowing pathogens to invade host cells. Probiotics have been extensively studied for the treatment of periodontal disease. However, research on the involvement of beneficial substances [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Periodontal disease is caused by oral infections, biofilms, persistent inflammation, and degeneration of cell barrier integrity, allowing pathogens to invade host cells. Probiotics have been extensively studied for the treatment of periodontal disease. However, research on the involvement of beneficial substances produced by probiotics, called “postbiotics,” in periodontal diseases remains in its early stages. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a postbiotic metabolite (PM) from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PD18 on immunomodulation and maintenance of cell barrier integrity related to periodontal disease. Method: The main substance in PM PD18 was analyzed by GC-MS. The cytotoxic effect of PM PD18 was performed using the MTT assay, wound healing through the scratch assay, cell permeability through TEER value, modulation of inflammatory cytokines through ELISA, and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and tight junction protein was determined using qRT-PCR. Results: The main substance found in PM PD18 is 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine. PM PD18 did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on RAW 264.7 cells but promoted wound healing and had an antiadhesion effect on Porphyromonas gingivalis concerning SF-TY cells. This postbiotic could maintain cell barrier integrity by balancing transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. In addition, the gene and protein expression levels of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) increased. PM PD18 was found to have immunomodulatory properties, as demonstrated by regulated anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) increased, while IL-6 and IL-8 were reduced. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that PM PD18 is efficient as a natural treatment for maintaining cell barrier integrity and balancing inflammatory responses associated with periodontal disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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18 pages, 1586 KiB  
Article
Antibiofilm and Immune-Modulatory Activity of Cannabidiol and Cannabigerol in Oral Environments—In Vitro Study
by Hernan Santiago Garzón, Manuela Loaiza-Oliva, María Cecilia Martínez-Pabón, Jenniffer Puerta-Suárez, Mayra Alexandra Téllez Corral, Bruno Bueno-Silva, Daniel R. Suárez, David Díaz-Báez and Lina J. Suárez
Antibiotics 2024, 13(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040342 - 9 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1977
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF). Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the [...] Read more.
Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties and the immune modulatory activity of cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabigerol (CBG) on oral bacteria and periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PLF). Methods: Cytotoxicity was assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry on fibroblasts derived from the periodontal ligament. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CBD and CBG for S. mutans and C. albicans and the metabolic activity of a subgingival 33-species biofilm under CBD and CBG treatments were determined. The Quantification of cytokines was performed using the LEGENDplex kit (BioLegend, Ref 740930, San Diego, CA, USA). Results: CBD-treated cell viability was greater than 95%, and for CBG, it was higher than 88%. MIC for S. mutans with CBD was 20 µM, and 10 µM for CBG. For C. albicans, no inhibitory effect was observed. Multispecies biofilm metabolic activity was reduced by 50.38% with CBD at 125 µg/mL (p = 0.03) and 39.9% with CBG at 62 µg/mL (p = 0.023). CBD exposure at 500 µg/mL reduced the metabolic activity of the formed biofilm by 15.41%, but CBG did not have an effect. CBG at 10 µM caused considerable production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as TGF-β and IL-4 at 12 h. CBD at 10 µM to 20 µM produced the highest amount of IFN-γ. Conclusion: Both CBG and CBD inhibit S. mutans; they also moderately lower the metabolic activity of multispecies biofilms that form; however, CBD had an effect on biofilms that had already developed. This, together with the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and the maintenance of the viability of mammalian cells from the oral cavity, make these substances promising for clinical use and should be taken into account for future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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14 pages, 1153 KiB  
Article
Hypochlorous Acid as a Potential Postsurgical Antimicrobial Agent in Periodontitis: A Randomized, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial
by Julio Cesar Plata, David Díaz-Báez, Nathaly Andrea Delgadillo, Diana Marcela Castillo, Yormaris Castillo, Claudia Patricia Hurtado, Yineth Neuta, Justo Leonardo Calderón and Gloria Inés Lafaurie
Antibiotics 2023, 12(8), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081311 - 12 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1745
Abstract
Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial agent with high affinity to Gram-negative bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. It could have an equivalent or no inferiority effect to chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid recolonization of these microorganisms after the post-surgical period. Objective: The objective [...] Read more.
Background: Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is an antimicrobial agent with high affinity to Gram-negative bacteria of the subgingival biofilm. It could have an equivalent or no inferiority effect to chlorhexidine (CHX) to avoid recolonization of these microorganisms after the post-surgical period. Objective: The objective is to compare the reduction of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket depth (PD), gain of clinical attachment level (CAL), and bacterial recolonization of periodontopathic microorganisms in subgingival biofilm at 7, 21, and 90 days after Open Flap Debridement (OFD) under two antimicrobial protocols: (A) HOCl 0.05% followed by HOCl 0.025% and (B) CHX 0.2%/CHX 0.12% used per 21 days without regular oral hygiene during the post-surgical period. Material and methods: A no-inferiority randomized controlled trial was carried out. Thirty-two patients were randomly divided to receive each antiplaque protocol after OFD in patients with periodontitis. Clinical indexes and bacterial recolonization were assessed using qPCR for up to 90 days. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, mixed effects models adjusted for treatment, time, and the Chi-squared/Fisher test. A no-inferiority analysis was also performed using the Hodges–Lehmann hypothesis test for non-inferiority. Results: HOCl was not inferior to CHX in reducing PI. Both groups showed a comparable reduction of recolonization for Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Eubacterium nodatum. However, the HOCl protocol was non-inferior to the CHX protocol for Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomicetemcomitans. Conclusions: HOCl improved periodontal healing. HOCl showed an impact in reducing the recolonization of periodontopathic bacteria in the postoperative period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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9 pages, 623 KiB  
Article
Whole Genome Sequencing and Phenotypic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in Filifactor alocis Isolates
by Rosa Romero-Martínez, Anushiravan Maher, Gerard Àlvarez, Rui Figueiredo, Rubén León and Alexandre Arredondo
Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12061059 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1649
Abstract
There is scarce knowledge regarding the antimicrobial resistance profile of F. alocis. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess antimicrobial resistance in recently obtained F. alocis clinical isolates and to identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolates were obtained from [...] Read more.
There is scarce knowledge regarding the antimicrobial resistance profile of F. alocis. Therefore, the objective of this research was to assess antimicrobial resistance in recently obtained F. alocis clinical isolates and to identify the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolates were obtained from patients with periodontal or peri-implant diseases and confirmed by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene. Confirmed isolates had their genome sequenced by whole genome sequencing and their phenotypical resistance to nine antibiotics (amoxicillin clavulanate, amoxicillin, azithromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, metronidazole, and tetracycline) tested by E-test strips. Antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in six of the eight isolates analyzed, of which five carried tet(32) and one erm(B). Overall, susceptibility to the nine antibiotics tested was high except for azithromycin in the isolate that carried erm(B). Moreover, susceptibility to tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline was lower in those isolates that carried tet(32). The genetic surroundings of the detected genes suggested their inclusion in mobile genetic elements that might be transferrable to other bacteria. These findings suggest that, despite showing high susceptibility to several antibiotics, F. alocis might obtain new antimicrobial resistance traits due to its acceptance of mobile genetic elements with antibiotic resistance genes in their genome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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12 pages, 2492 KiB  
Article
An In Vitro Study of Local Oxygen Therapy as Adjunctive Antimicrobial Therapeutic Option for Patients with Periodontitis
by Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt, Anja Eckelt, John Eckelt, Jonathan Groß, Till Opatz and Nadine Kommerein
Antibiotics 2023, 12(6), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12060990 - 31 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2050
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common global disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis leading to tissue destruction, and it is strongly associated with anaerobic bacterial colonization. Therapeutic strategies such as oxygen therapy have been developed to positively influence the dysbiotic microbiota, and the use of oxygen-releasing [...] Read more.
Periodontitis is a common global disease caused by bacterial dysbiosis leading to tissue destruction, and it is strongly associated with anaerobic bacterial colonization. Therapeutic strategies such as oxygen therapy have been developed to positively influence the dysbiotic microbiota, and the use of oxygen-releasing substances may offer an added benefit of avoiding systemic effects commonly associated with antibiotics taken orally or hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Therefore, the oxygen release of calcium peroxide (CaO2) was measured using a dissolved oxygen meter, and CaO2 solutions were prepared by dissolving autoclaved CaO2 in sterile filtered and deionized water. The effects of CaO2 on planktonic bacterial growth and metabolic activity, as well as on biofilms of Streptococcus oralis and Porphyromonas gingivalis, were investigated through experiments conducted under anaerobic conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of CaO2 as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of periodontitis. Results showed that CaO2 selectively inhibited the growth and viability of P. gingivalis (p < 0.001) but had little effect on S. oralis (p < 0.01), indicating that CaO2 has the potential to selectively affect both planktonic bacteria and mono-species biofilms of P. gingivalis. The results of this study suggest that CaO2 could be a promising antimicrobial agent with selective activity for the treatment of periodontitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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Review

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18 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Supra- and Subgingival Microbiome in Gingivitis and Impact of Biofilm Control: A Comprehensive Review
by Margarita Iniesta, Viviane Vasconcelos, Mariano Sanz and David Herrera
Antibiotics 2024, 13(6), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13060571 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1214
Abstract
This comprehensive review aimed (1) to characterize the sub- and supragingival microbiome in patients with biofilm-induced gingivitis (including experimental gingivitis), (2) to assess its stability and evolution over time, and (3) to assess the impact of biofilm control measures on this stability. An [...] Read more.
This comprehensive review aimed (1) to characterize the sub- and supragingival microbiome in patients with biofilm-induced gingivitis (including experimental gingivitis), (2) to assess its stability and evolution over time, and (3) to assess the impact of biofilm control measures on this stability. An electronic search of the MEDLINE®/PubMed® database until December 2023 was conducted. NCBI Taxonomy, eHOMD 16S rRNA Reference Sequence, and Tree Version 15.23 databases were used to standardize taxonomic nomenclature. Out of 89 papers initially retrieved, 14 studies were finally included: 11 using experimental gingivitis as a model and three randomized clinical trials evaluating the impact of biofilm control measures. Among them, five characterized the subgingival microbiome, nine the supragingival microbiome, and one both the sub- and supragingival microbiome. In addition, five studies evaluated the effect of toothpaste, and four studies evaluated the effect of mouth rinses. The diversity and structure of the microbiome differed significantly between patients with periodontal health and those with biofilm-induced gingivitis (including experimental gingivitis). Those differences were not reversed through conventional oral hygiene measures. Specific antiseptic agents, especially if delivered as mouth rinses, may have an impact on the supra- and subgingival microbiome in gingivitis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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15 pages, 2147 KiB  
Review
Cannabinoids in Periodontology: Where Are We Now?
by Yésica Carmona Rendón, Hernán Santiago Garzón, Bruno Bueno-Silva, Roger M. Arce and Lina Janeth Suárez
Antibiotics 2023, 12(12), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12121687 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2068
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabinoids are a well-documented treatment modality for various immune and inflammatory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn’s disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and a range of neurodegenerative conditions. However, limited information is available regarding the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in treating [...] Read more.
Introduction: Cannabinoids are a well-documented treatment modality for various immune and inflammatory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn’s disease, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and a range of neurodegenerative conditions. However, limited information is available regarding the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in treating periodontal disease. Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the current evidence on the antibacterial and immunomodulatory effects of cannabis and its role in the healing and regeneration processes within periodontal tissues. Results: This review discusses the potential role of cannabinoids in restoring periodontal tissue homeostasis. Conclusions: The examination of the endocannabinoid system and the physiological effects of cannabinoids in the periodontium suggests that they possess immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties, which could potentially promote proper tissue healing and regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Periodontitis: Prevention and Treatment)
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