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Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals

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A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics in Animal Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 50456

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Cátia Marques

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Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Lusófona, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; veterinary microbiology; molecular epidemiology of urinary tract pathogens; companion animals
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Dr. Constança Pomba

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Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Universidade de vc vbLisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; veterinary microbiology; Enterobactereaceae; companion animals; One Health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Both the increase in and dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a worldwide concern that requires a One Health approach. Companion animals have become an important part of modern society in the past few decades. The daily and close contact of companion animals with humans has led to concerns regarding their role in the dissemination of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans and to the environment. The epidemiology of major antimicrobial-resistant determinants and bacteria, such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/carbapenemase-producing bacteria, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), among others, needs to be constantly updated since it is known to change geographically and over time. The role of companion animals in dissemination of resistant anaerobic bacteria is also an important issue. This information is crucial to better understand and prevent the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance under a One Health perspective.

This Special Issue of Antibiotics invites researchers to submit manuscripts about the detection and characterization of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in companion animals. Studies about the effect of antimicrobial use in the selection of resistant bacteria will also be considered. This Special issue welcomes studies about the epidemiology of resistance determinants and the characterization of bacterial lineages. Manuscripts about E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp. and anaerobic bacteria are encouraged.

Dr. Cátia Marques
Prof. Dr. Constança Pomba
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

antimicrobial resistance
companion animals
high-risk clonal lineages
resistance determinants
anaerobic bacteria
One Health
ESBL
carbapenemase
mecA
VRE

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Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals II in Antibiotics (5 articles)

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Research

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16 pages, 322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Veterinary Practitioners’ Standpoints and Comprehension towards Antimicrobial Use—Are There Opportunities for Antimicrobial Stewardship Improvement?

by Zorana Kovačević, Jovana Vidović, Mihajlo Erdeljan, Marko Cincović, Zoran Ružić, Ivan Galić, Tijana Kukurić, Nenad Stojanac and Olga Horvat

Antibiotics 2022, 11(7), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070867 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2100

Abstract

The main subject of the research is the assessment of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of veterinarians regarding the use of antibiotics (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through a questionnaire conducted among veterinarians in the northern region of Serbia. A total of 62 respondents completed the questionnaire, which represents a response rate of 44.3%. Male veterinarians are less likely to be in the group of veterinarians with insufficient knowledge (p < 0.05). Veterinarians engaged in mixed practice (small and large animals) (p < 0.001) and veterinarians who have over 100 patients per month (p < 0.005) are also less likely to be in the group with insufficient knowledge of antimicrobial resistance. The proportion of those with insufficient knowledge is growing among veterinarians whose source is the Internet (p < 0.01), while the proportion of those with insufficient knowledge about antimicrobial resistance is declining among veterinarians whose source of information is continuous education (p < 0.05). The majority of the respondents (n = 59, 95.2%) completely agreed that AMR is a very big issue in the global health sector right now. Unfortunately, there are crucial gaps in the knowledge and attitudes of the surveyed participants. They do not appear to be aware of the importance of AMU in veterinary medicine and its influence on overall AMR, or the crucial part that non-prescribed antibiotics have in all of it. Positively, many veterinarians use good practice AMU guidelines in their everyday practice and in line with the global trend of AMU reduction, respondents have also decreased their AMU compared to the previous year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

16 pages, 2021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Staphylococcus aureus Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Companion Animals: Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Clonal Lineages

by Sofia Santos Costa, Rute Ribeiro, Maria Serrano, Ketlyn Oliveira, Carolina Ferreira, Marta Leal, Constança Pomba and Isabel Couto

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050599 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3865

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a relevant agent of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in animals. Fifty-five S. aureus comprising all SSTI-related isolates in companion animals, collected between 1999 and 2018 (Lab 1) or 2017 and 2018 (Lab 2), were characterized regarding susceptibility to antibiotics and heavy metals and carriage of antimicrobial resistance determinants. Clonal lineages were established by PFGE, MLST and agr typing. Over half of the isolates (56.4%, 31/55) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and 14.5% showed a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Resistance was most frequently observed for beta-lactams (81.8%, related to blaZ and/or mecA), fluoroquinolones (56.4%) and macrolides/lincosamides (14.5%, related to erm(A) or erm(C)). The distributions of heavy-metal MICs allowed the detection of non-wild-type populations associated with several resistance genes. The collection showed genetic diversity, with prevalence of clonal lineage ST22-agrI (45.5%, 25/55), comprising only MRSA isolates, and several less frequently detected clones, including ST5-agrII (14.6%, 8/55), ST398-agrI (9.1%, 5/55) and ST72-agrI (7.3%, 4/55). This work highlights the high frequency of SSTI-related MRSA strains that reflect the clonal lineages circulating both in companion animals and humans in Portugal, reinforcing the need for a One Health approach when studying staphylococci causing infections in companion animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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15 pages, 356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ESBL/pAmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Non-Related Companion Animals and Humans

by Adriana Belas, Cátia Marques, Juliana Menezes, Luís Telo da Gama, Patrícia Cavaco-Silva and Constança Pomba

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050559 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli are frequently diagnosed in humans and companion animals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and cephalosporinase (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are worldwide-disseminated and frequently multidrug-resistant, hence leading to treatment failure and public health concerns. This study aimed to characterize and compare ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli strains causing community-acquired UTI in companion animals and non-related humans. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant E. coli (companion animals n = 35; humans n = 85) isolated from patients with UTI were tested against 14 antimicrobials following CLSI guidelines. PCR-based assays were used to detect the major E. coli phylogenetic groups, pathogenicity associated-islands (PAIs), virulence genes, and ESBLs/pAmpC resistance genes. ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates were typed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR. E. coli strains from companion animals and humans shared two MDR high-risk clonal lineages: ST131 and ST648. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first description of E. coli ST131 clade C1-M27 and the clonal lineage ST131 clade A in humans with community-acquired UTI in Portugal. Considering that companion animals with UTI are generally treated at home by the owners, measures should be implemented to avoid the spread of multidrug-resistant high-risk clones to humans and their household environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

15 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Shedding of Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in Dogs Fed with Raw Meat-Based Diets in Brazil

by Carolina Pantuzza Ramos, Carolina Yumi Iceri Kamei, Flávia Mello Viegas, Jonata de Melo Barbieri, João Luís Reis Cunha, Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou, Fernanda Morcatti Coura, Jordana Almeida Santana, Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato, Anders Miki Bojesen and Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva

Antibiotics 2022, 11(4), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040534 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4570

Abstract

The practice of feeding dogs raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) is growing in several countries, and the risks associated with the ingestion of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in dogs fed these diets are largely unknown. We characterized E. coli strains isolated from dogs fed either an RMBD or a conventional dry feed, according to the phylogroup, virulence genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the bacteria. Two hundred and sixteen E. coli strains were isolated. Dogs fed RMBDs shed E. coli strains from the phylogroup E more frequently and were positive for the E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1-encoding gene. Isolates from RMBD-fed dogs were also frequently positive for multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Whole-genome sequencing of seven ESBL-producing E. coli strains revealed that they predominantly harbored blaCTX-M-55, and two strains were also positive for the colistin-resistant gene mcr-1. These results suggest that feeding an RMBD can affect the dog’s microbiota, change the frequency of certain phylogroups, and increase the shedding of diarrheagenic E. coli. Also, feeding an RMBD seemed to be linked with the fecal shedding of multidrug-resistant E. coli, including the spread of strains harboring mobilizable colistin resistance and ESBL genes. This finding is of concern for both animal and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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25 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance among Canine and Feline Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Diagnostic Submissions

by Andrea T. Feßler, Anissa D. Scholtzek, Angela R. Schug, Barbara Kohn, Christiane Weingart, Dennis Hanke, Anne-Kathrin Schink, Astrid Bethe, Antina Lübke-Becker and Stefan Schwarz

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020152 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5159

Abstract

A total of 215 isolates from infections of dogs and cats, including 49 Enterococcus faecalis, 37 Enterococcus faecium, 59 Escherichia coli, 56 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 14 Acinetobacter baumannii, were investigated for their susceptibility to 27 (Gram-positive bacteria) or 20 (Gram-negative bacteria) antimicrobial agents/combinations of antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Moreover, all isolates were analysed for their susceptibility to the biocides benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, polyhexanide, and octenidine by a recently published broth microdilution biocide susceptibility testing method. While the E. faecalis isolates did not show expanded resistances, considerable numbers of the E. faecium isolates were resistant to penicillins, macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones. Even a single vancomycin-resistant isolate that carried the vanA gene cluster was detected. Expanded multiresistance phenotypes were also detected among the E. coli isolates, including a single carbapenem-resistant, bla_OXA-48-positive isolate. In addition, multiresistant A. baumannii isolates were detected. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the biocides showed unimodal distributions but differed with respect to the biocide and the bacterial species investigated. Although there were no indications of a development of biocide resistance, some P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited benzalkonium MICs higher than the highest test concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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20 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance among Feline and Canine Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Diagnostic Submissions

by Andrea T. Feßler, Anissa D. Scholtzek, Angela R. Schug, Barbara Kohn, Christiane Weingart, Anne-Kathrin Schink, Astrid Bethe, Antina Lübke-Becker and Stefan Schwarz

Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020127 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3648

Abstract

A total of 114 Staphylococcus isolates from various infections of companion animals, including 43 feline Staphylococcus aureus, 19 canine S. aureus, 11 feline Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 41 canine S. pseudintermedius were investigated for (i) their susceptibility to 24 antimicrobial agents and three combinations of antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution following CLSI recommendations and (ii) the corresponding resistance genes. In addition, the isolates were tested for their susceptibility to the four biocides benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, polyhexanide and octenidine by a recently developed biocide susceptibility testing protocol. Penicillin resistance via blaZ was the dominant resistance property in all four groups of isolates ranging between 76.7 and 90.9%. About one quarter of the isolates (25.4%) proved to be methicillin-resistant and carried the genes mecA or mecC. Macrolide resistance was the second most prevalent resistance property (27.2%) and all isolates harbored the resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(T) or msr(A), alone or in combinations. Fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in 21.1% of all isolates tested, whereas tetracycline resistance via tet(K) and/or tet(M) occurred in 19.3% of the isolates. Resistance to last resort antimicrobial agents in human medicine was seen only in single isolates, if at all. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the four biocides showed unimodal distributions and were very similar for the four groups of staphylococci. Because of the large number of (multi)resistant isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of feline and canine S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates is highly recommended before the start of an antimicrobial chemotherapy. Moreover, no hints towards the development of biocide resistance were detected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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19 pages, 1151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A VetCompass Australia Study of Antimicrobial Use in Dog-to-Dog Bite Wounds (1998–2018)

by Nicole Jacqueline Kalnins, Catriona Croton, Mark Haworth, Justine Gibson, Sarah Leonie Purcell and Allison Jean Stewart

Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010055 - 2 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2353

Abstract

Although dog-to-dog bite wounds (DBW) are a common presentation to veterinary clinics, antimicrobial prescribing habits of Australian clinics have not been reported. This study determined the frequency and results of DBW cultures; antimicrobial selection; and importance class of antimicrobials prescribed relative to wound severity, geographic location, or year. A systematic sample of 72,507 patient records was retrieved from the VetCompass Australia database. Records for 1713 dog bite events involving 1655 dogs were reviewed for presenting signs, results of culture and susceptibility testing (C&S), antimicrobial treatment, geographical location, and outcome. A crossed random effects multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine if antimicrobial importance was associated with wound severity, year, and location, and to assess the differences in antimicrobial prescription between geographical locations, clinics, and veterinarians. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 86.1% of DBW. Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was prescribed in 70% (1202/1713) with underdosing in 15.8% (191/1202). High-importance antimicrobial use was associated with wound severity (p < 0.001), year category (p = 0.007), and surgery (p = 0.03). C&S testing was recorded as having been performed in only one case. Differences in individual veterinarian prescribing habits were stronger than the clinic culture, suggesting that education utilizing clinic-wide antimicrobial guidelines may aid in improving antimicrobial stewardship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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11 pages, 854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Presence of the Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase and Plasmid-Mediated AmpC-Encoding Genes in Escherichia coli from Companion Animals—A Study from a University-Based Veterinary Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan

by Fang-Ling Liu, Nan-Ling Kuan and Kuang-Sheng Yeh

Antibiotics 2021, 10(12), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121536 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase are two enzymes commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae that confer resistance to major antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins that are widely prescribed for both human and animals. We screened for Escherichia coli producing ESBL and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) from dogs and cats brought to National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 29 June 2020, to 31 December 2020. The genotypes and phylogenetic relatedness of these E. coli were also analyzed. Fifty samples of E. coli obtained from 249 bacterial isolates were included in this study. Among them, eight isolates had ESBL, seven had pAmpC, and one had both. Thirty-two percent (16/50) of E. coli isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The detected ESBL genes included the bla_CTX-M-1 and bla_CTX-M-9 groups, and the bla_CMY-2 group was the only gene type found in pAmpC. ESBL-producing E. coli belonged to the pathogenic phylogroup B2, and the sequence types (STs) were ST131 and ST1193. Three isolates were determined to be ST131-O25b, a highly virulent epidemic clone. The pAmpC-producing E. coli were distributed in multiple phylogroups, primarily the commensal phylogroup B1. The STs of the pAmpC-producing E. coli included ST155, ST315, ST617, ST457, ST767, ST372, and ST93; all of these have been reported in humans and animals. Imipenem was active against all the ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli; however, since in humans it is a last-resort antimicrobial, its use in companion animals should be restricted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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13 pages, 841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multiple and High-Risk Clones of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant and bla_NDM-5-Harbouring Uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Cats and Dogs in Thailand

by Naiyaphat Nittayasut, Jitrapa Yindee, Pongthai Boonkham, Teerapong Yata, Nipattra Suanpairintr and Pattrarat Chanchaithong

Antibiotics 2021, 10(11), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111374 - 10 Nov 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2796

Abstract

Resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and carbapenems in Escherichia coli (E. coli), increasingly identified in small animals, indicates a crisis of an antimicrobial resistance situation in veterinary medicine and public health. This study aimed to characterise the genetic features of ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from cats and dogs with urinary tract infections in Thailand. Of 72 ESC-resistant E. coli isolated from diagnostic samples (2016–2018), bla_CTX-M including group 1 (CTX-M-55, -15 and -173) and group 9 (CTX-M-14, -27, -65 and -90) variants were detected in 47 isolates (65.28%) using PCR and DNA sequencing. Additional antimicrobial resistance genes, including plasmid-mediated AmpC (CIT and DHA), bla_NDM-5, mcr-3, mph(A) and aac(6′)-Ib-cr, were detected in these isolates. Using a broth microdilution assay, all the strains exhibited multidrug-resistant phenotypes. The phylogroups were F (36.11%), A (20.83%), B1 (19.44%), B2 (19.44%) and D (4.17%), with several virulence genes, plasmid replicons and an integrase gene. The DNA fingerprinting using a repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-PCR presented clonal relationships within phylogroups. Multiple human-associated, high-risk ExPEC clones associated with multidrug resistance, including sequence type (ST) 38, ST131, ST224, ST167, ST354, ST410, ST617 and ST648, were identified, suggesting clonal dissemination. Dogs and cats are a potential reservoir of ESC-resistant E. coli and significant antimicrobial resistance genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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12 pages, 549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Canine Isolates from a Multicentric Study in Romania

by János Dégi, Oana-Alexandra Moțco, Diana Maria Dégi, Tiana Suici, Mihai Mareș, Kalman Imre and Romeo Teodor Cristina

Antibiotics 2021, 10(7), 846; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070846 - 12 Jul 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6396

Abstract

Treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is increasingly difficult due to high antibiotic resistance, materialized through the presence of multiple resistance strains, as well as due to rapid development of resistance throughout treatment. The present survey was conducted to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogens in two University Veterinary hospitals from different geographical regions of Romania (i.e., Southwest Timișoara county and Northeast Iași county) involved in superficial canine infections. A total of 142 swab specimens were collected from dogs with superficial infections (superficial skin infections, otitis externa, and perianal abscess) to assess the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, based on phenotypic and molecular characterization. According to their confirmed morphological and molecular features, 58 samples (40.84%; 58/142) were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (according to their confirmed morphological and molecular features). Antibiotic susceptibility testing for 12 antibiotics was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Drug resistance was observed in the case of all tested antibiotics. The susceptibility rate of P. aeruginosa strains that were tested in this study was in the following order: ceftazidime (53.44%; 31/58), followed by aztreonam (51.72%; 30/58), amikacin (44.82%; 26/58), azithromycin (41.37%; 24/58), gentamicin (37.93%; 22/58), cefepime (36.20%; 21/58), meropenem (25.86%; 13/58), piperacillin-tazobactam (25.86%; 13/58), imipenem (22.41%; 13/158), ciprofloxacin (17.24%; 10/58), tobramycin (8.62; 5/58), and polymyxin B (1.72; 1/58). The results highlight the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dogs with superficial infections to use an adequate treatment plan to manage the skin condition and other pathologies (otitis externa and perianal abscesses). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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Review

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40 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety Data of Antibiotics in Avian Species

by Hui Yun Soh, Prisca Xin Yi Tan, Tao Tao Magdeline Ng, Hui Ting Chng and Shangzhe Xie

Antibiotics 2022, 11(6), 741; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11060741 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5972

Abstract

In avian medicine, the use of antibiotic dosing regimens based on species-specific pharmacological studies is ideal. However, due to a lack of such studies, dose extrapolation, which may cause inefficacy and toxicity, is common practice. Multiple searches were performed using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to extract relevant pharmacological studies performed in exotic avian species. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety data of the selected antibiotics (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, and amoxicillin/clavulanate) from these studies were reviewed. This review aimed to identify trends amenable for safe inter-species dose extrapolation and provide updated findings on dosing regimens that are safe and efficacious for various exotic avian species. We observed that the half-life of antibiotics appears to be shorter in the common ostrich and that amikacin may be amenable to inter-species dose extrapolation as it is safe and shows little inter-species PK and PD variation. Species-specific enrofloxacin dosing regimens that were not listed in the Exotic Animal Formulary (5th ed.) were found for Caribbean flamingos, African penguins, southern crested caracaras, common ostriches, and greater rheas. Specific dosing regimens recommended for psittacine birds (doxycycline 130 mg/kg medicated water) and ratites (PO doxycycline 2–3.5 mg/kg q12 h, PO enrofloxacin 1.5–2.5 mg/kg q12 h and IM enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg q12 h) in the formulary may not be effective in budgerigars and common ostriches, respectively. Apart from the lack of species-specific pharmacological studies, a lack of multiple dose studies was also noted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

18 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Companion Animals—An Overlooked and Misdiagnosed Reservoir of Carbapenem Resistance

by Joana Moreira da Silva, Juliana Menezes, Cátia Marques and Constança Ferreira Pomba

Antibiotics 2022, 11(4), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040533 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5245

Abstract

The dissemination of antimicrobial-resistance is a major global threat affecting both human and animal health. Carbapenems are human use β-lactams of last resort; thus. the dissemination of carbapenemase-producing (CP) bacteria creates severe limitations for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria in hospitalized patients. Even though carbapenems are not routinely used in veterinary medicine, reports of infection or colonization by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales in companion animals are being reported. NDM-5 and OXA-48-like carbapenemases are among the most frequently reported in companion animals. Like in humans, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most represented CP Enterobacterales found in companion animals, alongside with Acinetobacter baumannii. Considering that the detection of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales presents several difficulties, misdiagnosis of CP bacteria in companion animals may lead to important animal and public-health consequences. It is of the upmost importance to ensure an adequate monitoring and detection of CP bacteria in veterinary microbiology in order to safeguard animal health and minimise its dissemination to humans and the environment. This review encompasses an overview of the carbapenemase detection methods currently available, aiming to guide veterinary microbiologists on the best practices to improve its detection for clinical or research purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Use in Companion Animals)

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