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Antibiotics
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Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals
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Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics in Animal Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 18030

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Haihong Hao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; PKPD; clinical breakpoint; antibiotic alternatives

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial agents play an important role in the treatment of infectious disease. Rational use of antimicrobial agents (AMU) in food animals is key for animal health and public health. However, the inappropriate use of antimicrobials in food animals may be a driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The AMU and AMR in food animals is a complex and global issue. The WHO, OIE, and FAO work together to establish the guidelines for the monitoring and surveillance of foodborne AMU and AMR. The CODEX is developing the code of practice to minimize and contain foodborne AMR. This Special Issue will focus on antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in food animals, including but not limited to the following areas:

  1. Rational use of antimicrobial agents;
  2. Antimicrobial resistance and molecular mechanism;
  3. Relationship between AMU and AMR in food animals;
  4. New antimicrobial agents and alternatives.

Dr. Haihong Hao
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 819 KiB  
Article
Recent Trends of Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus Causing Clinical Mastitis in Dairy Herds in Abruzzo and Molise Regions, Italy
by Franca Rossi, Ilaria Del Matto, Maria Antonietta Saletti, Luciano Ricchiuti, Patrizia Tucci and Lucio Marino
Antibiotics 2023, 12(3), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12030430 - 21 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1744
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the recent trends of antibiotic resistance (AR) prevalence in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milk of animals with clinical mastitis in areas of the Abruzzo and Molise regions in Central Italy. Fifty-four S. aureus isolates were obtained from [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the recent trends of antibiotic resistance (AR) prevalence in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the milk of animals with clinical mastitis in areas of the Abruzzo and Molise regions in Central Italy. Fifty-four S. aureus isolates were obtained from routine testing for clinical mastitis agents carried out in the author institution in the years 2021 and 2022 and were analyzed for phenotypic resistance to eight antibiotics recommended for testing by European norms and belonging to the antibiotic classes used for mastitis treatment in milk-producing animals. Moreover, the presence of 14 transferable genetic determinants encoding resistance to the same antibiotics was analyzed using qPCR tests developed in this study. Phenotypic resistance to non-β-lactams was infrequent, with only one 2022 isolate resistant to clindamycin. However, resistance to the β-lactam cefoxitin at concentrations just above the threshold of 4 µg/mL was observed in 59.2% of isolates in both years, making these isolates classifiable as methicillin-resistant. The AR genotypes detected were the blaZ gene (50% of 2021 isolates and 44.4% of 2022 isolates), aphA3-blaZ- ermC/T (one 2021 isolate), aphA3-ant6-blaZ-ermC/T (one 2021 isolate), blaZ-ermB (one 2022 isolate) and mecA-mph (one 2022 isolate). An inquiry into the veterinarians who provided the samples, regarding the antimicrobials prescribed for mastitis treatment and criteria of usage, indicated a possible causal relation with the AR test results. The occurrence of AR genotypes did not increase in time, most probably reflecting how mastitis was treated and prevented in farms. However, the frequently observed cefoxitin resistance needs to be explained genotypically, further monitored and limited by modifying antibiotic usage practices. The identification of a mecA-positive isolate in 2022 suggests further investigation if this genotype is emerging locally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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8 pages, 2133 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of tet(X4)−Producing Escherichia coli in Chicken and Pig Farms in Hunan Province, China
by Jie Yang, Gang Xiao, Ning Xiao, Zonghan Jiang, Chao Jiang, Yujuan Li, Wenxin Chen, Hongguang Lin, Zhiliang Sun and Jiyun Li
Antibiotics 2023, 12(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12010147 - 11 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1793
Abstract
Background: The plasmid−mediated tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) confers a high level of resistance to tigecycline. The experiment aims to investigate the prevalence and characterization of tet(X4) in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken and pig farms in Hunan province, China. Methods: A [...] Read more.
Background: The plasmid−mediated tigecycline resistance gene tet(X4) confers a high level of resistance to tigecycline. The experiment aims to investigate the prevalence and characterization of tet(X4) in Escherichia coli isolates from chicken and pig farms in Hunan province, China. Methods: A total of six tet(X4) positive strains were identified in 257 E. coli derived from chicken samples in Xiangtan city (n = 2), pig samples in Xiangxiang city (n = 1), Chenzhou city (n = 2), and Zhuzhou city (n = 1). The presence of tet(X4) was directly detected by PCR assay, and then the broth dilution method determined the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the tet(X4)−positive isolates. Genomic locations were identified by whole−genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics. Results: Almost all tet(X4)−positive strains showed high resistance to multidrug, including tigecycline. Resistome analysis revealed many antibiotic resistance genes, including those with resistance to tetracyclines, β−lactams, phenicols, quinolones, lincosamides chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides and sulfamids. These tet(X4)−bearing strains exhibited six distract STs, such as ST10, 202, ST218, ST362, ST2077, ST7068. The plasmid replicon types carrying tet(X4) were the hybrid plasmid IncFIA(HI1)/IncHIA/IncHIB(R27) (5/6) and IncX1 (1/6). Conclusions: The presence of similar genetic environments in E. coli from different cities suggests there may be horizontal transmission pathways promoting the broad spread of drug−resistant genes in Hunan Province, putting great pressure on multidrug resistance monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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9 pages, 563 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Mutations in DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV in Field Strains and In Vitro Selected Quinolone-Resistant Mycoplasma hyorhinis Mutants
by Jun Li, Yanna Wei, Jia Wang, Yao Li, Guoqing Shao, Zhixin Feng and Qiyan Xiong
Antibiotics 2022, 11(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11040494 - 7 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1934
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is ubiquitous in swine, and it is a common pathogen of swine that causes polyserositis, arthritis, and maybe pneumonia. Fluoroquinolones are effective antimicrobials used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infection. However, a decrease in fluoroquinolones susceptibility in mycoplasma was observed. The [...] Read more.
Mycoplasma hyorhinis is ubiquitous in swine, and it is a common pathogen of swine that causes polyserositis, arthritis, and maybe pneumonia. Fluoroquinolones are effective antimicrobials used for the treatment of mycoplasmal infection. However, a decrease in fluoroquinolones susceptibility in mycoplasma was observed. The molecular mechanisms have been studied in many mycoplasma species, while the mechanism in M. hyorhinis is still unknown. This study aimed to illustrate the in vitro development of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis and unveil the resistance mechanisms in both in vitro selected mutants and field strains. Seven ciprofloxacin-sensitive M. hyorhinis isolates were chosen to induce the fluoroquinolone resistance in vitro, and the point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) were characterized. The substitutions first occurred in ParC, resulting in a 2- to 8-fold increase in resistance, followed by additional mutations in GyrA and/or ParE to achieve a 32-fold increase. The mutations occurred in hot spots of QRDRs, and they were diverse and variable, including five in ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser80Tyr, Phe80Tyr, Glu84Gly, and Glu84Lys), four in GyrA (Ala83Val, Ser84Pro, Asp87Tyr, and Asp87Asn) and one in ParE (Glu470Lys). Target mutations in field strains were observed in the ParC (Ser80Phe, Ser81Pro, and Glu84Gln) of isolates with MICCIP = 2 μg/mL. This study characterized the point mutations in the QRDRs of M. hyorhinis and could be useful for the rapid detection of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. hyorhinis field isolates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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23 pages, 1706 KiB  
Article
Rational Use of Danofloxacin for Treatment of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Chickens Based on the Clinical Breakpoint and Lung Microbiota Shift
by Shuge Wang, Anxiong Huang, Yufeng Gu, Jun Li, Lingli Huang, Xu Wang, Yanfei Tao, Zhenli Liu, Congming Wu, Zonghui Yuan and Haihong Hao
Antibiotics 2022, 11(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11030403 - 17 Mar 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3151
Abstract
The study was to explore the rational use of danofloxacin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and the effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established according to epidemiological cutoff value (ECV/COWT), pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) cutoff [...] Read more.
The study was to explore the rational use of danofloxacin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) based on its clinical breakpoint (CBP) and the effect on lung microbiota. The CBP was established according to epidemiological cutoff value (ECV/COWT), pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) cutoff value (COPD) and clinical cutoff value (COCL). The ECV was determined by the micro-broth dilution method and analyzed by ECOFFinder software. The COPD was determined according to PK–PD modeling of danofloxacin in infected lung tissue with Monte Carlo analysis. The COCL was performed based on the relationship between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the possibility of cure (POC) from clinical trials. The CBP in infected lung tissue was 1 μg/mL according to CLSI M37-A3 decision tree. The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing results showed that the lung microbiota, especially the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria had changed significantly along with the process of cure regimen (the 24 h dosing interval of 16.60 mg/kg b.w for three consecutive days). Our study suggested that the rational use of danofloxacin for the treatment of MG infections should consider the MIC and effect of antibiotics on the respiratory microbiota. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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13 pages, 1283 KiB  
Article
PK-PD Modeling and Optimal Dosing Regimen of Acetylkitasamycin against Streptococcus suis in Piglets
by Anxiong Huang, Feng Mao, Lingli Huang, Shuyu Xie, Yuanhu Pan, Wei Qu, Guyue Cheng, Zhenli Liu, Zonghui Yuan, Dapeng Peng and Haihong Hao
Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020283 - 21 Feb 2022
Viewed by 2538
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes severe respiratory diseases in pigs and is also an important pathogen causing hidden dangers to public health and safety. Acetylkitasamycin is a new macrolide agent that has shown good activity to Gram-positive cocci such as Streptococcus. [...] Read more.
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) causes severe respiratory diseases in pigs and is also an important pathogen causing hidden dangers to public health and safety. Acetylkitasamycin is a new macrolide agent that has shown good activity to Gram-positive cocci such as Streptococcus. The purpose of this study was to perform pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling to formulate a dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for treatment of S. suis and to decrease the emergence of acetylkitasamycin-resistant S. suis. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 110 S. suis isolates was determined by broth micro dilution method. The MIC50 of the 55 sensitive S. suis isolates was 1.21 μg/mL. The strain HB1607 with MIC close to MIC50 and high pathogenicity was used for the PK-PD experiments. The MIC and MBC of HB1607 in both MH broth and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) was 1 and 2 μg/mL, respectively. The liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to determine the concentration change of acetylkitasamycin in piglet plasma and PELF after intragastric administration of a single dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. acetylkitasamycin. The PK parameters were calculated by WinNolin software. The PK data showed that the maximum concentration (Cmax), peak time (Tmax), and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) were 9.84 ± 0.39 μg/mL, 4.27 ± 0.19 h and 248.58 ± 21.17 h·μg/mL, respectively. Integration of the in vivo PK data and ex vivo PD data, an inhibition sigmoid Emax equation was established. The dosing regimen of acetylkitasamycin for the treatment S. suis infection established as 33.12 mg/kg b.w. every 12 h for 3 days. This study provided a reasonable dosing regimen for a new drug used in clinical treatment, which can effectively be used to treat S. suis infection and slow down the generation of drug resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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18 pages, 2901 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2018–2021
by Phouth Inthavong, Somphaivanh Chanthavong, Phounsavanh Nammanininh, Phouvong Phommachanh, Watthana Theppangna, Agnes Agunos, Jaap A. Wagenaar, Bounlom Douangngeun and Leo Loth
Antibiotics 2022, 11(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020177 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3743
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in the livestock sector has been identified as a driver for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and AMR has become a growing public health and economic threat in the Lao PDR. We conducted surveillance for AMR in five [...] Read more.
The use of antimicrobials in the livestock sector has been identified as a driver for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and AMR has become a growing public health and economic threat in the Lao PDR. We conducted surveillance for AMR in five provinces of the Lao PDR, in order to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from caecal samples from slaughtered pigs at slaughterhouses and from slaughtered chickens at markets during two different time periods: 2018/2019 and 2020/2021. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using a panel of 14 antimicrobials using the broth microdilution technique. E. coli and Salmonella from chickens (62% and 33%, respectively) and pigs (88% and 81%, respectively) exhibited resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials. Of important public health concern was the detection of Salmonella resistant to cefotaxime/ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and colistin, deemed as critically important antimicrobials in human medicine. This study aimed to evaluate a national sampling strategy at slaughterhouses and wet markets, and to pilot the laboratory methodologies for bacterial recovery and AMR testing. Experiences from this study will inform capacity development for a national AMR surveillance program, and these early data could serve as reference points for monitoring the impact of the Lao PDR’s national action plan to contain AMR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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14 pages, 1379 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Surveillance and Risk Assessment of Resistance in Escherichia coli to Enrofloxacin from A Large-Scale Chicken Farm in Hebei, China
by Kaixuan Guo, Yue Zhao, Luqing Cui, Zhengzheng Cao, Fan Zhang, Xiangru Wang, Zhong Peng, Jiawei Feng, Tianyu Hu and Menghong Dai
Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101222 - 8 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2092
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of resistance phenotype and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQRs) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) during enrofloxacin (ENR) administration in different breeding cycles. In 2020, 983 strains of E. coli were isolated [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of resistance phenotype and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (PMQRs) in Escherichia coli (E. coli) during enrofloxacin (ENR) administration in different breeding cycles. In 2020, 983 strains of E. coli were isolated from different samples in different cycles at the broiler farm with the largest single batch of slaughter capacity in Hebei Province, China. All samples were from chicken, environmental, and human sources. The sensitivity of the isolates to various antibiotics was determined by broth microdilution method. The findings of this study include: (1) the total isolation rate of E. coli in the four cycles was 63.83% (983/1540); (2) the average resistance rate of E. coli from 1-day-old chickens to enrofloxacin was as high as 75% in each cycle, and with the use of enrofloxacin, the resistance rate of E. coli from chickens gradually increased to 100%; (3) 107 strains of E. coli randomly selected from different cycles and sources demonstrated the multi-drug resistance phenotypes. The highest resistance rate was doxycycline (100%), and the lowest was erythromycin (54.21%); (4) the detection rate of PMQRs of E. coli from chickens in different cycles were always higher than that from environmental and human. In particular, the PMQRs pollution rate of chicken seedlings in each cycle were generally higher than that of other sources; (5) We used SPSS software to analyze the Kendall rank correlation of the experimental data. The resistance of E. coli isolated from this farm to ciprofloxacin (CIP) may increase along with the increase of resistance to enrofloxacin (Kendall’s tau-b = 0.190, p = 0.021). All these data highlight the serious problem of bacterial resistance in this farm. Therefore, it is urgent to provide guidance for the prevention and control of colibacillosis and drug resistance in this farm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals)
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