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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "ROS, RNS and RSS".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2026) | Viewed by 15864

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Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Chrzanowski

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Guest Editor

Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, 8B Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: proteomics; phenolic compounds; essential oils; secondary metabolites biosynthesis; toxicology; oxidative stress; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial and anticancer activity

Dr. Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek

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Guest Editor Assistant

Department of Crop Production, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Environment Management and Protection, Faculty of Technology and Life Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza Street, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
Interests: crop production; cereal grain quality; wheat; rye; triticale; plant nutrition; oxidative stress; plant biochemistry; plant physiology; biostimulants
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Dear Colleagues,

The first edition of the Special Issue “Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants” has collected publications on the impact of environmental stresses on the condition of crop plants. Existing knowledge on the antioxidant response in counteracting these stresses was also furthered, which is important for ensuring plants' proper response and survival. Unfavorable environmental conditions are the main cause of the decline in crop yields. Plants, being organisms unable to move, are constantly exposed to environmental stresses, which include both biotic stresses (water shortage, extreme temperatures, soil salinity, heavy metals, nutrient deficiency) and abiotic stresses (agrophage attack). Complex adaptive mechanisms that plants have developed help them tolerate and adapt to unfavorable conditions. The antioxidant system, composed of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, helps plants maintain redox balance, thus increasing their resistance to stress.

In the second edition of this Special Issue, we hope to expand the scope of defense mechanisms of crops exposed to environmental stresses to better understand how crops adapt to stress conditions. This new knowledge will help breeders to develop varieties with a greater tolerance to stress. In turn, this will increase food availability while reducing the cost of production.

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Chrzanowski
Guest Editor

Dr. Marta Jańczak-Pieniążek
Guest Editor Assistant

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Keywords

biotic and abiotic stress
oxidative stress
ROS
plant biostimulants
crop plants
antioxidant mechanisms
oxidative stress
antioxidant response
antioxidant enzymes

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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants in Antioxidants (11 articles)

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Research

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24 pages, 2977 KB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Salt and Heat Stress Aggravates Oxidative Stress and Photosynthetic Damage, Disrupting Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield in Rice

by Lin Li, Jie Xu, Jinqi Liu, Wenhao Bi, Yingjiang Li, Aibin He, Xiayu Guo and Zhiyong Ai

Antioxidants 2026, 15(3), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15030308 - 28 Feb 2026

Viewed by 594

Abstract

In the context of global climate change, the co-occurrence of salt and heat stress represents a major constraint to rice production, resulting in greater yield penalties than either stress alone. This study aimed to assess the effects of salt and heat stress on oxidative homeostasis, photosynthetic performance, carbon (C)–nitrogen (N) metabolism, and rice yield. The experiment comprised four treatments, i.e., control (CK), salt (irrigation with 3.9 dS m⁻¹ NaCl solution), heat (exposure to 36 °C/30 °C day/night for 5 days at panicle initiation), and combined salt + heat stress. Results showed that combined stress enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (i.e., H₂O₂ content and O₂⁻ contents were 1.3 and 1.5 times higher than CK), and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) were increased by 64.6%, 69.5%, and 74.8% higher than CK. At the molecular level, salt + heat stress upregulated antioxidant defense-related genes, i.e., OsAPX2, OsSODCC1, and OsAPX1, while significantly downregulated ion homeostasis-related genes, i.e., OsSOSs, OsHKT1;3, OsHKT1;5, and OsNHX4, and photosynthesis-related genes, i.e., Ospsbo, OsRbcS2, and OsRbcS3, compared with CK. Furthermore, salt + heat stress reduced the activities of C-metabolism enzymes (sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and starch synthase) and N-metabolism enzymes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate synthase), leading to 34.3% and 18.6% lower stem-sheath non-structural carbohydrate accumulation in stem sheath and its translocation rate, respectively, while total N accumulation decreased by 42.9%, as compared with CK. Ultimately, these cascading effects inhibited panicle development and reduced yield. The findings provide a theoretical basis for improving rice tolerance to combined abiotic stresses by targeting oxidative stress mitigation, photosynthetic protection, and key stress-responsive gene regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 6204 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptome and Hormone Analysis Revealed Jasmonic Acid-Mediated Immune Responses of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) to Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid Infection

by Iva Marković, Bernard Jarić, Jana Oklešťková, Jitka Široká, Kristina Majsec, Jasna Milanović, Snježana Kereša, Ivanka Habuš Jerčić, Ondřej Novák and Snježana Mihaljević

Antioxidants 2026, 15(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15010086 - 8 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 698

Abstract

Potato is a globally important non-cereal crop in which infection with potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) can cause stunted growth and significantly reduce tuber yield. We previously showed that PSTVd induces accumulation of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and alters antioxidant responses in potato plants. To clarify the role of JA in response to PSTVd, we analyzed disease development in transgenic JA-deficient opr3 and JA-insensitive coi1 lines compared to the wild-type. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Seq revealed that most genotype-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all comparisons were enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and MAPK signaling pathways, although the number of DEGs varied. These differences were confirmed by independent data from RT-qPCR, hormone, and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) analyses. After PSTVd infection, opr3 plants showed enhanced JA signaling and increased abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (AUX) content. In contrast, coi1 plants showed reduced ABA, AUX, and salicylic acid content. Both opr3 and coi1 plants showed reduced JA and H₂O₂ content and lower expression of defense-related genes, resulting in milder symptoms but increased viroid accumulation. In addition, treatment with methyl jasmonate alleviated symptoms in infected wild-type plants. Together, these results indicate a modulatory role for JA and JA signaling in basal immune responses and symptom development in the potato-PSTVd interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1666 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analyses of Antioxidative Response in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Grown with Biochar and PGPMs

by Silvia Carlo, Marta Trazza, Luca Pagano and Marta Marmiroli

Antioxidants 2025, 14(12), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121482 - 10 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 844

Abstract

Solanum lycopersicum plants were grown in pots amended with biochar and PGPMs (plant growth-promoting microorganisms: Pseudomonas fluorescens and Azotobacter chroococcum), applied singularly and in combination, for three months, after which plants and soils were collected, divided into treatment groups based on organs, and analyzed. The following biochemical markers were studied: cellular respiration, shoot fresh and dry weight, root fresh weight, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), membrane lipid peroxidation, proline content, total antioxidant capacity (DPPH and ABTS assay), hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, enzymatic activity (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX), total soluble sugar content, and total protein content. Also, soil parameters, such as pH, EC, total enzymatic activity, active carbon, and respiration, were measured. While biochar alone induced root H₂O₂ accumulation, its co-application with PGPMs turned this signal into a systemic trigger for defense, enhancing the antioxidant capacity and the production of proline, phenolics, and ascorbic acid without causing oxidative damage. At the soil level, microorganisms counteracted biochar’s inhibitory effects on enzymatic activity and intensified labile carbon use, indicating a more dynamic rhizosphere. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the combined treatment remodulated the plant–soil system, converting a stress factor into a resilience enhancer. This synergy underscores the role of biochar as an effective microbial carrier and PGPM consortia as bioactivators, together providing a powerful tool to prime crops against climate stress while preserving soil health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 8241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Maize Peroxidase ZmPrx25 Modulates Apoplastic ROS Homeostasis and Promotes Seed Germination and Growth Under Osmotic and Drought Stresses

by Feixue Zhang, Liangjie Niu, Yingxue Li, Xiaoli Zhou, Hui Zhang, Xiaolin Wu, Hui Liu and Wei Wang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(9), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14091067 - 30 Aug 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1587

Abstract

Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening maize production globally. Under drought stress, maize plants produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative damage. The apoplast, as the site of substance and signal exchange between plant cells and the external environment, is an important location for the production of ROS under drought stress. Elucidating the ROS scavenging mechanisms in the apoplast is crucial for understanding plant stress responses. However, there is still a lack of research on the ROS scavenging enzymes in maize apoplast and their mediated signaling pathways. We verified that maize peroxidase Prx25 (ZmPrx25) is localized in the apoplast, it scan scavenge hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and we systematically investigated the responses of the apoplastic ZmPrx25-ROS system to osmotic stress. ROS accumulate in the apoplast of maize mesocotyl in response to osmotic stress and transmit the external osmotic stress signals from the apoplast to the inner cellular compartments. The expression of ZmPrx25 is highly upregulated in the meristematic regions of maize seedlings under osmotic and oxidative stress. Overexpression of ZmPrx25 in Arabidopsis promoted seed germination and plant growth, significantly enhancing tolerance to osmotic and oxidative stress. This study provides a new perspective on the role of Prx25 in scavenging ROS under drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5537 KB

Open AccessArticle

Different Light Wavelengths Differentially Influence the Progression of the Hypersensitive Response Induced by Pathogen Infection in Tobacco

by Bao Quoc Tran, Anh Trung Nguyen and Sunyo Jung

Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 954; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080954 - 3 Aug 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1363

Abstract

Using light-emitting diodes (LEDs), we examined how different light wavelengths influence the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco plants infected with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Pst-infiltrated plants exhibited greater resistance to Pst infection under green and blue light compared to white and red light, as indicated by reduced HR-associated programmed cell death, lower H₂O₂ production, and up to 64% reduction in membrane damage. During the late stage of HR, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities peaked under green and blue LEDs, with 5- and 10-fold increases, respectively, while superoxide dismutase activity was higher under white and red LEDs. Defense-related genes CHS1, PALa, PR1, and PR2 were more strongly induced by white and red light. The plants treated with green or blue LEDs during Pst infection prompted faster degradation of phototoxic Mg-porphyrins and exhibited smaller declines in F_v/F_m, electron transport rate, chlorophyll content, and LHCB expression compared to those treated with white or red LEDs. By contrast, the induction of the chlorophyll catabolic gene SGR was 54% and 77% lower in green and blue LEDs, respectively, compared to white LEDs. This study demonstrates that light quality differentially affects Pst-mediated HR, with green and blue light more effectively suppressing HR progression, mainly by reducing oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidative capacity and mitigation of photosynthetic impairments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 5284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorus Supplementation Enhances Growth and Antioxidant Defense Against Cadmium Stress in Cotton

by Asif Iqbal, Huiping Gui, Cangsong Zheng, Xiangru Wang, Xiling Zhang, Meizhen Song and Xiaoyan Ma

Antioxidants 2025, 14(6), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14060686 - 5 Jun 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils is increasing due to anthropogenic activities, posing a significant threat to plant growth and productivity. Phosphorus (P) has been suggested as a potential mitigator of Cd toxicity, yet the role of cotton genotypes with contrasting low-P tolerance in contaminated soils remains largely unexplored. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to assess the effects of Cd stress (5 μM) on Jimian169 (strong-low-P tolerant) and DES926 (weak-low-P tolerant) cotton genotypes under low-P (0.01 mM KH₂PO₄) and normal P (1 mM KH₂PO₄) conditions. The results revealed that Cd stress, especially under low-P, significantly reduced plant growth, dry matter, photosynthetic rate, and P use efficiency (PUE), while increasing oxidative damage through increased malonaldehyde levels and reactive oxygen species accumulation. These adverse impacts were very much evident in DES926 compared to Jimian169. In contrast, Jimian169 demonstrated greater resilience to Cd stress by mitigating oxidative damage through enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, improved photosynthetic performance, and increased accumulation of osmoprotectants. These findings indicate that Jimian169 can better withstand Cd toxicity by enhancing photosynthesis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, and osmotic adjustment. This makes them a promising candidate for cultivation in Cd-contaminated, P-deficient soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 7200 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the Sulfate Transporter Gene Family Reveals That BolSULTR2;1 Regulates Plant Resistance to Alternaria brassicicola Through the Modulation of Glutathione Biosynthesis in Broccoli

by Guize Wu, Yunhua Ding, Ning Li, Hongji Zhang and Ning Liu

Antioxidants 2025, 14(4), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040496 - 20 Apr 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1679

Abstract

Sulfate transporters (SULTRs) are key players that regulate sulfur acquisition and distribution within plants, thereby influencing cellular redox hemostasis under pathogen attacks, such as Alternaria brassicicola (Ab). In this study, a total of 23 BolSULTR (Brassica oleracea SULTR) genes were identified from the Brassica genome. These BolSULTRs are distributed across nine chromosomes, with all collinear BolSULTR gene pairs undergoing purifying selections. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the SULTR family is evolutionarily conserved among plant kingdoms. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the expression of BolSULTRs varies across different plant organs and is modulated by hormonal signals. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis identified several BolSULTRs whose expression levels were depressed in Ab-challenged leaves in broccoli. Among them, the BolSULTR2;1 gene emerged as a key player in the plant’s response to Ab. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of BolSULTR2;1s resulted in elevated glutathione (GSH) levels and enhanced tolerance to Ab. Taken together, these findings underscore the role of BolSULTR2;1 in maintaining redox homeostasis and enhancing plant disease resistance, suggesting its potential as a target for genome editing to develop broccoli varieties with improved pathogen tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 3307 KB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Biomass Production Under Elevated CO₂ Is Attributed to Physiological Optimality, Trade-Offs in Nutrient Allocation, and Oxidative Defense in Drought-Stressed Mulberry

by Songmei Shi, Huakang Li, Xinju Wang, Ziran Wang, Junqiang Xu, Xinhua He and Zheng’an Yang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14040383 - 25 Mar 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1901

Abstract

Mulberry (Morus alba L.), a species of significant ecological and economic importance, is widely cultivated for sericulture, soil conservation, and environmental restoration. Despite its remarkable resilience to environmental stresses, the combined impact of elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) and drought stress on aboveground–root–soil interactions remains poorly understood, particularly in the context of global climate change. Here, we investigated the effects of eCO₂ and drought on physiological leaf and root indicators, nutrient absorption and allocation, and soil properties in mulberry seedlings. Mulberry seedlings were grown in environmentally auto-controlled growth chambers under ambient CO₂ (420/470 ppm, day/night) or eCO₂ (710/760 ppm) and well-watered (75–85% soil relative water content, RWC), moderate-drought (55–65% RWC), or severe-drought (35–45% RWC) conditions. Results showed that both above- and below-ground plant biomass production were significantly promoted by eCO₂, particularly by 36% and 15% under severe drought, respectively. This could be attributed to several factors. Firstly, eCO₂ improved leaf photosynthesis by 25–37% and water use efficiency by 104–163% under drought stresses while reducing negative effects of drought on the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry and the photochemical quenching coefficient. Secondly, eCO₂ significantly decreased proline accumulation while increasing soluble sugar contents, as well as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities, in both leaves and roots under drought stress. Lastly, eCO₂ promoted soil sucrase, urease, and phosphatase activities, as well as plant nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake while facilitating their allocation into roots under drought stress. These findings demonstrate that eCO₂ enhanced the drought tolerance of mulberry plants through improvements in photosystem II efficiency, water use efficiency, antioxidative defense capacity, and nutrient uptake and allocation, providing critical insights for sustainable mulberry plantation management under future climate change scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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Review

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54 pages, 7124 KB

Open AccessReview

Harnessing Antioxidants for Abiotic Stress Management: Mechanistic Insights and Prospects for Sustainable Agriculture

by Fasih Ullah Haider, Tianhao Liu, Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila, Babar Shahzad, Habiba, Peng Zhang and Xiangnan Li

Antioxidants 2026, 15(3), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15030337 - 7 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1609

Abstract

Abiotic stresses disrupt redox homeostasis and reduce crop productivity. Antioxidant networks support resilience by limiting excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintaining redox signalling for stress perception, gene expression, and metabolic reprogramming. We summarize advances (2000–2025) in ROS generation, detoxification mechanisms, and signalling across organelles, including chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and the apoplast. This includes compartmentalized enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR)—as well as the peroxiredoxin–thioredoxin system and non-enzymatic buffers like ascorbate, glutathione, tocopherols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. We uniquely synthesize these findings in a compartment-resolved “redox rheostat” model, linking ROS concentration–time windows (signaling vs. damage) to antioxidant network design (kinetic tiers, compartmentation, and trade-offs) and identifying intervention points for breeding, genome editing, and field-scale priming. We emphasize constraints, such as NADPH supply and antioxidant recycling capacity, that lead to context-dependent outcomes. We evaluate omics, transgenic strategies, genome editing (CRISPR and Cas systems), exogenous applications, and plant–microbe associations. This synthesis clarifies how antioxidant systems protect photosynthetic and respiratory machinery while supporting signalling, thus outlining routes to climate-resilient, yield-stable crops across varied environments and stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 830 KB

Open AccessReview

Geochemical Speciation, Uptake, and Transportation Mechanisms of Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Soil–Rice Systems: Additional Aspects and Challenges

by Chaw Su Lwin, Ha-il Jung, Myung-Sook Kim, Eun-Jin Lee and Tae-Gu Lee

Antioxidants 2025, 14(5), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050607 - 18 May 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3206

Abstract

Potentially toxic elements (PTE), such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As), threaten rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop productivity and pose significant risks to human health when they are present in soil. This review summarizes the current understanding of soil and rice contamination with As, Cd, and Pb to provide an in-depth understanding of the dynamics of these contaminants and the mechanisms regulating their flow from soil to plants. It focuses on the following aspects: (1) these metals’ geochemical distribution and speciation in soil–rice systems; (2) factors influencing the transformation, bioavailability, and uptake of these metals in paddy soils; (3) metal uptake, transport, translocation, and accumulation mechanisms in rice grains; and (4) the roles of transporters involved in metal uptake, transport, and accumulation in rice plants. Moreover, this review contributes to a clearer understanding of the environmental risks associated with these toxic metals in soil–rice ecosystems. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges in simultaneously managing the risks of As, Cd, and Pb contamination in rice. The study findings may help inspire innovative methods, biotechnological applications, and sustainable management strategies to mitigate the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in rice grains while effectively addressing multi-metal contamination in paddy soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense in Crop Plants, 2nd Edition)

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