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Antioxidants
Special Issues
Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance
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Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance

A special issue of Antioxidants (ISSN 2076-3921). This special issue belongs to the section "Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 18912

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ivan Dimauro

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Guest Editor
Unit of Biology and Genetics of Movement, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome Foro Italico, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
Interests: redox homeostasis; antioxidant systems; redox signaling; oxidative stress response proteins; skeletal/cardiac muscle; muscle adaptation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Parisi Attilio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Sport Medicine, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
Interests: cardiac and circulatory responses to exercise and training; epidemiological, prophylactic and therapeutic aspects of sports activities; sports medicine nutrition; doping; physical activity for the prevention and treatment of the main pathologies
Dr. Guglielmo Duranti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome FORO ITALICO, Piazza Lauro de Bosis 6, 00135 Rome, Italy
Interests: oxidative stress; skeletal muscle; physical activity; antioxidants; nutrition; aging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A regular physical activity can induce deep effects on all physiological systems improving the performance and the health status through specific sub-cellular changes. In recent years, significant advances have been achieved to further the understanding of the cellular and molecular benefits of exercise. However, to date, a complete picture of the processes behind these changes/adaptation needs to be elucidated.  

Emerging evidence indicates that a large part of the positive effects of physical activity is driven by reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus modulating the expression level of various genes associated with physiological and pathological conditions.

ROS are a normal by-product of metabolism and necessary components of both cell signaling and homoeostasis; however, their presence in excess amounts can lead to a redox-unbalance with negative health effects. In particular, excessive production of ROS, particularly from oxygen radicals, can induce damage to macromolecules, including DNA, leading to genetic mutations and genomic instability, characteristics of numerous diseases and disorders.

This Special Issue invites submissions of manuscripts, either original research or reviews, with an emphasis on describing the interplay between redox balance and physical activity in physiological or pathological conditions.

The main focus is on human studies, but work on animal models will also be considered.

Prof. Ivan Dimauro
Prof. Parisi Attilio
Dr. Duranti Guglielmo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antioxidants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Exercise
  • Physical activity
  • Antioxidants
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • Redox balance

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 2344 KiB  
Article
Protective Effect of a Cocoa-Enriched Diet on Oxidative Stress Induced by Intensive Acute Exercise in Rats
by Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias, Malén Massot-Cladera, Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas, Àngels Franch, Mariona Camps-Bossacoma, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Margarida Castell
Antioxidants 2022, 11(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040753 - 10 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2418
Abstract
Intensive acute exercise can induce oxidative stress, leading to muscle damage and immune function impairment. Cocoa diet could prevent this oxidative stress and its consequences on immunity. Our aim was to assess the effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on the reactive oxygen species [...] Read more.
Intensive acute exercise can induce oxidative stress, leading to muscle damage and immune function impairment. Cocoa diet could prevent this oxidative stress and its consequences on immunity. Our aim was to assess the effect of a cocoa-enriched diet on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by peritoneal macrophages, blood immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, leukocyte counts, and the physical performance of rats submitted to an intensive acute exercise, as well as to elucidate the involvement of cocoa fiber in such effects. For this purpose, Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet, i.e., a diet containing 10% cocoa (C10), or a diet containing 5% cocoa fiber (CF) for 25 days. Then, half of the rats of each diet ran on a treadmill until exhaustion, and 16 h later, the samples were obtained. Both C10 and CF diets significantly prevented the increase in ROS production. However, neither the cocoa diet or the cocoa fiber-enriched diet prevented the decrease in serum IgG induced by acute exercise. Therefore, although the cocoa-enriched diet was able to prevent the excessive oxidative stress induced by intensive exercise, this was not enough to avoid the immune function impairment due to exercise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance)
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16 pages, 1689 KiB  
Article
Interaction between the Effects of Sustained Swimming Activity and Dietary Macronutrient Proportions on the Redox Status of Gilthead Sea Bream Juveniles (Sparus aurata L.)
by Albert Sánchez-Moya, Miquel Perelló-Amorós, Emilio J. Vélez, Julia Viñuales, Isabel García-Pérez, Josefina Blasco, Joaquim Gutiérrez and Jaume Fernández-Borràs
Antioxidants 2022, 11(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11020319 - 6 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2604
Abstract
The combination of physical exercise and a balanced diet presents substantial health benefits and could improve fish production. However, the redox balance can be affected by training regimen, dietary macronutrient ratio and their interaction. In this study, we conjointly evaluated the effects of [...] Read more.
The combination of physical exercise and a balanced diet presents substantial health benefits and could improve fish production. However, the redox balance can be affected by training regimen, dietary macronutrient ratio and their interaction. In this study, we conjointly evaluated the effects of physical activity (by voluntary swimming (VS) or sustained swimming as exercise (Ex)) and diet composition (by high-protein (HP) or high-lipid (HE) commercial diets) after 6 weeks on oxidative stress status in liver, white muscle and red muscle of gilthead sea bream juveniles. The HE diet increased the biochemical redox markers’ thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and reduced thiols (-SH) in the different tissues. Exercise increased AOPP and -SH levels in liver but reduced TBARS levels in white muscle. Regarding the expression of oxidative stress, chaperones and apoptosis-related genes, the VSHE group showed the highest values and the VSHP the lowest, whereas the application of sustained swimming partially equalized those differences. Diet composition modulated the enzyme activity, prioritizing the superoxide dismutase and catalase in the HE-fed groups and the glutathione-related enzymes in the HP groups. Exercise also altered enzyme activity, but in a tissue-dependent manner. Overall, the redox balance in gilthead sea bream juveniles can be affected by diet composition and sustained swimming. However, the response will partly depend on the interaction between these factors and the tissue studied. Therefore, the combination of an adequate diet and sustained exercise could be used in fish production to improve the physiological redox status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance)
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19 pages, 2076 KiB  
Article
Exercise Training Induces a Shift in Extracellular Redox Status with Alterations in the Pulmonary and Systemic Redox Landscape in Asthma
by Anna Freeman, Doriana Cellura, Magdalena Minnion, Bernadette O. Fernandez, Cosma Mirella Spalluto, Denny Levett, Andrew Bates, Timothy Wallis, Alastair Watson, Sandy Jack, Karl J. Staples, Michael P. W. Grocott, Martin Feelisch and Tom M. A. Wilkinson
Antioxidants 2021, 10(12), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121926 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3408
Abstract
Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Exercise interventions improve symptoms and reduce inflammation in asthma patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that a personalised exercise intervention would improve asthma control by reducing lung inflammation through [...] Read more.
Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Exercise interventions improve symptoms and reduce inflammation in asthma patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that a personalised exercise intervention would improve asthma control by reducing lung inflammation through modulation of local and systemic reactive species interactions, thereby increasing antioxidant capacity. We combined deep redox metabolomic profiling with clinical assessment in an exploratory cohort of six female patients with symptomatic asthma and studied their responses to a metabolically targeted exercise intervention over 12 weeks. Plasma antioxidant capacity and circulating nitrite levels increased following the intervention (p = 0.028) and lowered the ratio of reduced to oxidised glutathione (p = 0.029); this was accompanied by improvements in physical fitness (p = 0.046), symptoms scores (p = 0.020), quality of life (p = 0.046), lung function (p = 0.028), airway hyperreactivity (p = 0.043), and eosinophilic inflammation (p = 0.007). Increased physical fitness correlated with improved plasma antioxidant capacity (p = 0.019), peak oxygen uptake and nitrite changes (p = 0.005), the latter also associated with reductions in peripheral blood eosinophil counts (p = 0.038). Thus, increases in “redox resilience” may underpin the clinical benefits of exercise in asthma. An improved understanding of exercise-induced alterations in redox regulation offers opportunities for greater treatment personalisation and identification of new treatment targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance)
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Review

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14 pages, 1970 KiB  
Review
Exercise Cuts Both Ways with ROS in Remodifying Innate and Adaptive Responses: Rewiring the Redox Mechanism of the Immune System during Exercise
by Anand Thirupathi, Yaodong Gu and Ricardo Aurino Pinho
Antioxidants 2021, 10(11), 1846; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111846 - 21 Nov 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3105
Abstract
Nearly all cellular functions depend on redox reactions, including those of immune cells. However, how redox reactions are rearranged to induce an immune response to the entry of pathogens into the host is a complex process. Understanding this scenario will facilitate identification of [...] Read more.
Nearly all cellular functions depend on redox reactions, including those of immune cells. However, how redox reactions are rearranged to induce an immune response to the entry of pathogens into the host is a complex process. Understanding this scenario will facilitate identification of the roles of specific types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the immune system. Although the detrimental effect of ROS could support the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system also requires a low level of ROS in order to stimulate various molecular functions. The requirements and functions of ROS vary in different cells, including immune cells. Thus, it is difficult to understand the specific ROS types and their targeting functions. Incomplete transfer of electrons to a specific target, along with failure of the antioxidant response, could result in oxidative-damage-related diseases, and oxidative damage is a common phenomenon in most immune disorders. Exercise is a noninvasive means of regulating ROS levels and antioxidant responses. Several studies have shown that exercise alone boosts immune functions independent of redox reactions. Here, we summarize how ROS target various signaling pathways of the immune system and its functions, along with the possible role of exercise in interfering with immune system signaling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance)
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18 pages, 1199 KiB  
Review
Biophysical Modulation of the Mitochondrial Metabolism and Redox in Bone Homeostasis and Osteoporosis: How Biophysics Converts into Bioenergetics
by Feng-Sheng Wang, Re-Wen Wu, Yu-Shan Chen, Jih-Yang Ko, Holger Jahr and Wei-Shiung Lian
Antioxidants 2021, 10(9), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091394 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6139
Abstract
Bone-forming cells build mineralized microstructure and couple with bone-resorbing cells, harmonizing bone mineral acquisition, and remodeling to maintain bone mass homeostasis. Mitochondrial glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways together with ROS generation meet the energy requirement for bone-forming cell growth and differentiation, respectively. Moderate [...] Read more.
Bone-forming cells build mineralized microstructure and couple with bone-resorbing cells, harmonizing bone mineral acquisition, and remodeling to maintain bone mass homeostasis. Mitochondrial glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways together with ROS generation meet the energy requirement for bone-forming cell growth and differentiation, respectively. Moderate mechanical stimulations, such as weight loading, physical activity, ultrasound, vibration, and electromagnetic field stimulation, etc., are advantageous to bone-forming cell activity, promoting bone anabolism to compromise osteoporosis development. A plethora of molecules, including ion channels, integrins, focal adhesion kinases, and myokines, are mechanosensitive and transduce mechanical stimuli into intercellular signaling, regulating growth, mineralized extracellular matrix biosynthesis, and resorption. Mechanical stimulation changes mitochondrial respiration, biogenesis, dynamics, calcium influx, and redox, whereas mechanical disuse induces mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which aggravates bone-forming cell apoptosis, senescence, and dysfunction. The control of the mitochondrial biogenesis activator PGC-1α by NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins or myokine FNDC/irisin or repression of oxidative stress by mitochondrial antioxidant Nrf2 modulates the biophysical stimulation for the promotion of bone integrity. This review sheds light onto the roles of mechanosensitive signaling, mitochondrial dynamics, and antioxidants in mediating the anabolic effects of biophysical stimulation to bone tissue and highlights the remedial potential of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators for osteoporosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise-Induced Redox Balance)
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