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Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine
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Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2024) | Viewed by 7781

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Serena Fiocchi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (IEIIT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: electromagnetic modeling and characterization of innovative strategies in medical applications of EMF interaction between EMF and biological systems; deterministic and stochastic computational dosimetry; neurostimulation and neuromodulation by EMF
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Emma Chiaramello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (IEIIT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133, Milan, Italy
Interests: - Computational modeling and characterization of innovative techniques based on EMF for medical applications; - Bioelectromagnetism; - EMF-based neurostimulation.
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Paolo Ravazzani
*
E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Institute of Electronics, Information Engineering and Telecommunications (IEIIT), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 20133 Milan, Italy
Interests: applications of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in medicine and health; EMF characterization for biomedical systems and devices; methods for the LF and MW EMF exposure assessment; study the possible health impact of exposure to electromagnetic fields
* Honorary Guest Editor

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims at collecting results of cutting-edge research on the use of Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) in medicine and health. The interaction between EMF and biological tissues opens the path to a broad range of applications. Those span from low-frequency (LF) applications, such as neurostimulation and neuromodulation of the central and peripheral nervous systems, LF imaging, cancer treatment and EMF-assisted drug and cell delivery, pulsed EF and EMF, to high-frequency (HF) and Radio Frequency (RF) applications.

We are interested in both experimental in vitro and in vivo studies as well as in computational studies for the design, optimization and evaluation of innovative EMF-based techniques, systems and materials.

The Special Issue aims to cover the most urgent gaps in knowledge with a multi-disciplinary and multi-scale approach. Therefore, contributions are invited in the form of research articles, reports, and reviews from all science and engineering disciplines focused on EMF applications

Research related to the following topics, but not limited to, are invited for this Special Issue:

  • Innovative strategies in Neuromodulation and Neurostimulation;
  • EMF-based imaging techniques;
  • EMF-assisted drug delivery through magnetic or magnetoelectric nanoparticles, electroporation;
  • EMF-based innovative systems and materials in medicine;
  • Pulsed EMF applications;
  • RF ablation, Hyperthermia;
  • EMF applications’ safety.

Dr. Serena Fiocchi
Dr. Emma Chiaramello
Prof. Dr. Paolo Ravazzani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • LF EMF applications in medicine
  • RF EMF applications in medicine
  • in vitro studies
  • in vivo studies
  • computational studies
  • dosimetry
  • EMF applications safety

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1582 KiB  
Article
Delayed Growth in Immature Male Rats Exposed to 900 MHz Radiofrequency
by Raphaël Bodin, Franck Robidel, Stéphanie Rodrigues, Anthony Lecomte and Anne-Sophie Villégier
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6978; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166978 - 9 Aug 2024
Viewed by 776
Abstract
People have been exposed to the 900 MHz mobile phone electromagnetic field for approximately 30 years. There is still no conclusion from immature rodent experiments regarding the potential effects of nonthermal radiofrequency (RF) 900 MHz continuous wave exposure during biological development. Here, we [...] Read more.
People have been exposed to the 900 MHz mobile phone electromagnetic field for approximately 30 years. There is still no conclusion from immature rodent experiments regarding the potential effects of nonthermal radiofrequency (RF) 900 MHz continuous wave exposure during biological development. Here, we test the hypothesis that mother rats exposed at a whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR) occupational (Oc) limit of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection for humans (0.4 W/kg) will show impairments in development, with less effect at the public (Pu) limit (0.08 W/kg). The wbSAR was estimated at 0.4 W/kg to mimic working mothers (OcM exposure) and 0.08 W/kg for non-working mothers, i.e., public (PuM exposure). This pre- and postnatal study is the first to compare public and occupational exposure limits on rat pup physical development. Litter endpoints and the descendants’ body weights and lengths were recorded regularly from birth concomitantly with the age of developmental landmarks. Male neonates showed earlier pinna ear detachment and earlier eye opening in both the OcM and PuM groups, but earlier incisor eruption only in the PuM group. The OcM-exposed males showed lower body weight as juveniles until adolescence. The OcM- and PuM-exposed descendant females showed earlier pinna ear detachment and eye opening with similar body weight. These data suggest variations in the development time of descendant rats when the mother rats received daily 900 MHz continuous waves at human limits for workers and non-workers (public). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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14 pages, 2620 KiB  
Article
Magnetoelectric Nanoparticles for Wireless Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: A Computational Study
by Valentina Galletta, Emma Chiaramello, Serena Fiocchi, Marta Parazzini and Paolo Ravazzani
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5372; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135372 - 21 Jun 2024
Viewed by 799
Abstract
This study aims to precisely characterize the use of magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) for stimulating peripheral nerves. Numerical methods were employed to quantify the interaction between MENPs and nervous tissue. The influence of MENPs’ orientation, concentration and distance was assessed in terms of the [...] Read more.
This study aims to precisely characterize the use of magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENPs) for stimulating peripheral nerves. Numerical methods were employed to quantify the interaction between MENPs and nervous tissue. The influence of MENPs’ orientation, concentration and distance was assessed in terms of the external potential distribution exerted by the MENPs, the amplification of the exerted MENPs’ stimulation required to excite the neural fibers and the current injected into the intracellular space. The results highlight the significance of MENPs’ concentration for stimulation accuracy and efficiency, the impact of MENPs’ orientation on the electric potential distribution sensed by the nervous tissue, as well as the importance of the MENPs’ distance over the fibers’ recruitment. Given the considerable variability in the interaction between MENPs and nerves, our research provides a crucial step towards understanding this interaction, offering quantitative support for the application of MENPs in nervous tissue stimulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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11 pages, 2876 KiB  
Article
The Calculation of Maximum Electric Field Intensity in Brain Tissue Stimulated by a Current Pulse through a Microcoil via Capacitive Coupling
by Mohammed Alzahrani and Bradley J. Roth
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2994; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072994 - 2 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 997
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to calculate the maximum electric field in the brain tissue surrounding a microcoil. The microcoil is represented as a wire coupled capacitively to the surrounding tissue. For a 1 mA, 3 kHz current in the wire, the [...] Read more.
The purpose of this paper is to calculate the maximum electric field in the brain tissue surrounding a microcoil. The microcoil is represented as a wire coupled capacitively to the surrounding tissue. For a 1 mA, 3 kHz current in the wire, the value of the electric field intensity in the tissue is approximately 4 mV/m. The intensity of the electric field is proportional to the frequency, the capacitance per unit area, and the square of the wire length. The electric field produced by this coil by electromagnetic induction is in the order of 0.002 mV/m. Therefore, the electric field produced by capacitive coupling is much greater than the electric field produced by induction. Methods to distinguish between capacitive and magnetic stimulation are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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18 pages, 3377 KiB  
Article
Computational Investigation of the Factors That Affect Tangential Electric Fields along Cardiac Lead Paths inside MRI Birdcage Coils
by George Tsanidis and Theodoros Samaras
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020786 - 17 Jan 2024
Viewed by 874
Abstract
The medical imaging of a patient with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner carries the risk of tissue heating at the tip of the implant lead. In this work, we numerically assessed the impact of various [...] Read more.
The medical imaging of a patient with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) inside a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner carries the risk of tissue heating at the tip of the implant lead. In this work, we numerically assessed the impact of various factors, namely the resonant frequency, the imaging position, the implant position inside the human body and the coil configuration, on the induced tangential electric field along 10,080 cardiac lead paths at 1140 different scanning scenarios. During this comparative process, a function was considered based on the induced electrical potential at the tip of the lead. The input power of each coil was adjusted to generate constant B1+RMS at the iso-center or to limit the global SAR to the values provided in the safety guidelines IEC 60601-33. The values of the function were higher for higher static field and longer coil lengths when assessing the cases of a constrained B1+RMS, and the trend was reversed considering the limiting SAR values. Moreover, the electric field was higher as the imaging landmark approached the thorax and the neck. It was also shown that both the choice regarding the insertion vein of the lead and the positioning of the implantable pulse generator (IPG) affected the induced tangential electric field along the paths. In particular, when the CIED lead was inserted into the left axillary vein instead of entering into the right subclavian vein, the electrical potential at the tip could be on average lower by 1.6 dB and 2.1 dB at 1.5 T and 3 T, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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16 pages, 3413 KiB  
Article
Computational Assessment of the Deposited Power and the Temperature Increase around Two Coupled Implanted Leads Inside a 1.5 T MRI Scanner
by George Tsanidis and Theodoros Samaras
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020629 - 11 Jan 2024
Viewed by 864
Abstract
A specific method for the estimation of the induced power at the tip by an active implantable medical device (AIMD) during an MRI scan is not defined in ISO/TS 10974:2018 for the cases of devices with multiple leads or the presence of abandoned [...] Read more.
A specific method for the estimation of the induced power at the tip by an active implantable medical device (AIMD) during an MRI scan is not defined in ISO/TS 10974:2018 for the cases of devices with multiple leads or the presence of abandoned and retained leads, where coupling between two leads could take place. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate a numerical method, similar to Tier 3 of ISO/TS 10974:2018, for the estimation of the deposited power at the tips of two coupled implanted leads. Specifically, the proposed methodology applies the same parameters as the standard Tier 3 process. However, these parameters are calculated for each implant in the presence of its neighbors in order to include the coupling between them. Numerical electromagnetic simulations were performed, in which a pair of generic implant leads was excited and placed at various positions relative to each other. The deposited power at the tips of the pair was analyzed based on the standard Tier 3 approach, and the results show that this could overestimate the induced power by more than 6 dB. Therefore, a modified Tier 3 numerical method for the estimation of the deposited power at their tips is proposed, which can produce a reliable calculation. This method was confirmed by evaluating various configurations of the two leads excited by orthogonal electrical fields, and also its uncertainty budget was developed. Finally, the method was repeated for different properties of the generic implants and the surrounding tissue, as well as for a pair of realistic implants and in vivo implantation trajectories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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12 pages, 2279 KiB  
Article
Estimation of SAR Average in Rats during 5G NR Chronic Exposure
by Ramdas Makhmanazarov, Ilya Tseplyaev, Sergey Shipilov and Natalya Krivova
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010208 - 26 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440
Abstract
To study physiological reactions in the brain and skin of higher mammals exposed to chronic radiofrequency radiation, specific absorption ratio (SAR) determination is required and time-consuming numerical methods are used. The paper deals with the estimation of the whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) [...] Read more.
To study physiological reactions in the brain and skin of higher mammals exposed to chronic radiofrequency radiation, specific absorption ratio (SAR) determination is required and time-consuming numerical methods are used. The paper deals with the estimation of the whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) in rats chronically exposed to external electromagnetic fields, as well as the development of a laboratory setup simulating the operation of a fifth-generation 5G New Radio base station (with a signal bandwidth of 15 MHz and a carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz). The paper presents a modified method for theoretical SAR estimation for one-sided irradiation and distributed absorption. Mean whole-body SAR values were estimated by the proposed method and numerically modeled with the CST Microwave Studio simulation software 2020package using primitive rat models. Dielectric parameters in the numerical simulation were used from the software library. The IEEE/IEC 62704-1 algorithm was used to investigate SAR in numerical simulations. The theoretical estimates and numerical simulations were compared for different SAR distributions and were found to be qualitatively comparable. The differences between approximate theoretical estimates and numerical simulations are 7% and 10% for distributed and non-distributed absorptions, respectively. The proposed method, which takes into account the decreasing power flux density, can be used to estimate the approximate whole-body SAR during chronic electromagnetic field exposure in rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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12 pages, 1979 KiB  
Article
Direct Temperature Measurements of Cardiac Stent during MRI Examinations
by Giuseppe Acri, Francesco Campanella, Giuseppe Vermiglio, Carmelo Anfuso, Barbara Testagrossa, Daniela Cavallaro, Domenica Urzì, Antonio Sanzo, Maria Antonietta D’Avanzo and Valentina Hartwig
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11414; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011414 - 18 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1161
Abstract
Nowadays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard for imaging the brain, spinal cord, musculoskeletal system, head and neck, and complex congenital heart malformations; consequentially, the number of MRI scans in patients with implantable electronic devices has simultaneously increased. During the [...] Read more.
Nowadays, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is considered the gold standard for imaging the brain, spinal cord, musculoskeletal system, head and neck, and complex congenital heart malformations; consequentially, the number of MRI scans in patients with implantable electronic devices has simultaneously increased. During the entire length of the MRI exam, patients are exposed to electromagnetic fields with different characteristics (static, low frequency, radiofrequency fields), which are related to different risks. The scarce available literature about MRI-induced heating on cardiac stents suggests that excessive temperature rise occurs only in unfavorable cases. Ideally, RF safety assessment could be performed during the anamnestic process, but this simulation process’s results are too slow to be performed before patient MRI examination. In this context, we developed a dedicated measurement set-up by focusing our target on the measurement of the heating of a cardiac stent during an MRI examination. Results for the temperature rise trend along the entire stent length during a clinical MRI protocol are shown together with the local Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) values and cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43°C), in order to ensure the safety of patients with MR-conditional devices, also with a view to not inappropriately preclude their access to MRI scans. The obtained results show that the maximum temperature rise (4.12 °C) is within the limit of 5 °C stated in the stent manual for 15 min of continued scanning with the specific conditions. The maximum temperature rise was in correspondence with the stent tips and calculated SAR confirms the fact that two hotspots are present near the tips of the stent. Finally, the calculated CEM43°C remained well below the proposed threshold for muscle tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Applications in Medicine)
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