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11 pages, 617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Different Stretching Techniques Used in Warm-Up on the Triggering of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement in Soccer Players

by Kemal Kurak, İsmail İlbak, Stefan Stojanović, Ramazan Bayer, Tijana Purenović-Ivanović, Tomasz Pałka, Tadeusz Ambroży, Krzysztof Kasicki, Wojciech Czarny and Łukasz Rydzik

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4347; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114347 - 21 May 2024

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Abstract

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different stretching techniques used during warm-up exercises prior to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on the explosive lower extremity strength performance of soccer players. This cross-sectional study involved the participation of 13 male [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of different stretching techniques used during warm-up exercises prior to post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) on the explosive lower extremity strength performance of soccer players. This cross-sectional study involved the participation of 13 male soccer players with an average age of 22.38 ± 1.75, body height of 174.38 ± 3.94, and body mass of 72.30 ± 4.13. To determine the participants’ maximal strength performance, one repeated maximal strength (1-RM) squat exercise was applied. The PAPE protocol was then implemented with a squat exercise consisting of three repetitions at 80% of 1-RM. The warm-up protocols consisted of 5 min of cycling, followed by dynamic stretching, static stretching, or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises. These protocols were applied on four different days with a 72 h interval. A vertical jump test was conducted to measure the participants’ explosive strength performance. The research data were analyzed using IBM Statistics (SPSS version 26.0, Armonk, NY, USA) software. The findings of this study revealed statistically significant differences in vertical jump performance values after PAPE among participants based on the different stretching techniques used during warm-up (p = 0.00). In this context, the research concluded that dynamic stretching is the optimal stretching technique during warm-up exercises before PAPE to maximize its effects. On the other hand, static stretching was found to negatively affect performance by absorbing the PAPE effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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17 pages, 896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profile of Accelerations and Decelerations in Young Basketball Players

by Sergio José Ibáñez, Petrus Gantois, Markel Rico-González, Javier García-Rubio and José Pino Ortega

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4120; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104120 - 13 May 2024

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Abstract

Accelerometry is a crucial tool in basketball for quantifying the external load borne by players in response to the demands of intermittent high-intensity sports. To advance scientific knowledge in this field, it is imperative to study accelerometry across various populations, sexes, and competitive [...] Read more.

Accelerometry is a crucial tool in basketball for quantifying the external load borne by players in response to the demands of intermittent high-intensity sports. To advance scientific knowledge in this field, it is imperative to study accelerometry across various populations, sexes, and competitive levels. The primary objective of this research was to characterize the acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) profiles of male under-18 basketball players during official games, identifying differences in acceleration and deceleration thresholds during playing periods and specific positions. Additionally, the interaction between specific positions and playing periods in acceleration thresholds was examined. Acceleration and deceleration were characterized using four variables: maximum ACC and DEC, distance covered, initial velocity and final velocity. These parameters were analyzed to understand the response of players participating in the Euroleague Basketball based on playing position and game period. A one-way ANOVA, along with effect size, was employed for statistical analysis. Demands exceeding ACC and DEC > 4 m·s⁻² were found to differentiate player interventions. High-intensity ACC was greater in the first period compared to the third and fourth periods. Distinctions were observed between Guards and Forwards concerning high-intensity ACC being superior to the Centers, and Guards differed from Centers in moderate DEC (2–4 m·s⁻²), presenting higher values. For all playing positions, high-intensity accelerations were greater during the first period compared to subsequent periods. The four variables used for characterizing ACC and DEC were found to be interrelated. Distance covered depended on maximum ACC and DEC, initial velocity on covered distance, and final velocity on maximum ACC and DEC, distance, and initial velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 2229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Sprint Start Biomechanics of Men’s 100 m Athletes of Different Levels

by Zhao Li, Yan Peng and Qing Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4083; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104083 - 11 May 2024

Viewed by 576

Abstract

Background: This study sought to investigate the kinematic and kinetic differences in sprint start between high-level and medium-level sprinters. Methods: Twenty male sprinters were dichotomized according to their personal 100 m performance. Each sprinter performed three block starts. Six high-speed cameras were used [...] Read more.

Background: This study sought to investigate the kinematic and kinetic differences in sprint start between high-level and medium-level sprinters. Methods: Twenty male sprinters were dichotomized according to their personal 100 m performance. Each sprinter performed three block starts. Six high-speed cameras were used for 2D kinematic analysis, and kinematic and dynamic forces were determined by Kisprint. Results: There was no significant differences between high-level and medium-level athletes in the antero-posterior distance of two blocks, block inclination, reaction time, push time, and the joint angle of set position (p > 0.05). The ankle angle of the front leg and swinging leg at the time of front leg exit were significantly greater in high-level athletes than in medium-level athletes (p < 0.05). The vertical RFD (rate of force development) and RFD of high-level athletes were significantly lower than that of medium-level athletes (p < 0.05). The relative maximum horizontal force generated by the front leg of high-level athletes was significantly larger than that of medium-level athletes (p < 0.05), and the maximum vertical force of the rear leg was significantly lower than that of medium-level athletes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our finding shows that the start kinematics of high-level sprinters is characterized by a greater ankle angle of the swinging leg and front support leg at the front block exit. High-level sprinters generate greater maximum horizontal force in the front block and smaller maximum vertical force in the rear block. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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10 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of the Surface Type on the Sprint Force–Velocity–Power Profile of Female Beach Handball Top-Level Players

by Daniel Lara-Cobos, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Víctor Cuadrado-Peñafiel and Manuel Ortega-Becerra

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2952; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072952 - 31 Mar 2024

Viewed by 618

Abstract

Beach handball (BH) is characterized by high-intensity actions, such as accelerations and short rest times, in combination with long periods of low-intensity activity during a match. The purpose of this study was to establish a comparative analysis between the effect of a hard [...] Read more.

Beach handball (BH) is characterized by high-intensity actions, such as accelerations and short rest times, in combination with long periods of low-intensity activity during a match. The purpose of this study was to establish a comparative analysis between the effect of a hard surface vs. sandy surface on the properties of the sprint Force–Velocity–Power Profile (FVP) of female beach handball top-level players. Fourteen female BH players participated in this research. A cross-sectional investigation was performed in order to evaluate the determining variables of the FVP profile for different surfaces. After a specific warm-up, two maximal 20–30 m sprints (4 min resting between trials) were performed in two conditions (hard surface and sand) within 10 min. The female BH players showed higher mean values for all the FVP profile variables (p < 0.001) on the hard surface compared to sand, in addition to lower values for the 5 m (ES = 2.29 to 3.89) and 20 m sprinting times (ES = 2.39 to 3.99) (p < 0.001). However, the decrease in the ratio of force over acceleration was not discriminant between the surfaces. Positive correlations were found for the speed variables (0.691–0.807, p < 0.01), as well as the Pmax (0.520, p = 0.035), between the surfaces. A prior knowledge of the FVP profile for hard–sandy surfaces could offer an important reference value about the sprint properties of this population, and be useful for evaluating the efficiency, as well as the effect on the sprint and gaming performance, of specifically oriented training programs based on those reference values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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22 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variability in the Load of Professional Basketball Referees during Competition

by Sergio José Ibáñez, Alejandro Vaquera, David Mancha-Triguero and Adrián Escudero-Tena

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031177 - 30 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 728

Abstract

Monitoring the demands on basketball referees is essential for optimizing their performance and reducing the risk of injuries. This study aimed to analyze the workload experienced by elite basketball referees during official games. Using a quasi-experimental empirical methodology, inertial devices (WIMUPRO) were used [...] Read more.

Monitoring the demands on basketball referees is essential for optimizing their performance and reducing the risk of injuries. This study aimed to analyze the workload experienced by elite basketball referees during official games. Using a quasi-experimental empirical methodology, inertial devices (WIMUPRO) were used for four referees participating in the official tournament of the Spanish first-division basketball league. All the matches in the tournament were analyzed. Descriptive analysis and ANOVA were used to understand the referees’ demands. Moreover, a Mixed Linear Model was used to take into account the individuality of each referee in the analysis of the variables. The results indicate that the analyzed external and internal load variables are specific to each basketball referee. The variability in referees’ external and internal load demands was identified as low to moderate within performances, between matches, and between quarters. The external and internal load variables did not vary among the three analyzed games. The distance covered during the first quarter of the games was less than in the rest of the quarters, but it was performed at a higher intensity. Neuromuscular load (analyzed as Impacts, Player Load, and Power Metabolic) showed higher values in the first quarter of the games than in the rest. The referees’ response to competition is individual and can be influenced by situational variables such as the moment or type of game. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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18 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in the Anthropometric Measurements and Performance Tests of Qatari First Division Handball Players Depending on Position

by Abdulla Alneama, Souhail Hermassi, Lawrence D. Hayes, Thomas Bartels, Ferman Konukman, Georg Fieseler, René Schwesig and Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(23), 12644; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312644 - 24 Nov 2023

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Abstract

This study sought to investigate the anthropometric traits and physical capabilities of team handball players, categorized based on their playing positions. A total of 50 male players (age: 27.4 ± 4.2 years; body mass: 92.8 ± 14.2 kg; height: 1.87 ± 0.08 m; [...] Read more.

This study sought to investigate the anthropometric traits and physical capabilities of team handball players, categorized based on their playing positions. A total of 50 male players (age: 27.4 ± 4.2 years; body mass: 92.8 ± 14.2 kg; height: 1.87 ± 0.08 m; body mass index (BMI): 26.3 ± 3.3 kg/m²) were categorized as Backs (12), Wings (14), Pivots (14), and Goalkeepers (10). The measurements included squat jumps (SJs), countermovement jumps (CMJs), sprint timings over 15 and 30 m, upper and lower limb muscle volume, change-of-direction T-Half test performance, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance. Depending on the position, the largest differences were detected for 30 m sprint (η_p² = 0.72), 15 m sprint (η_p² = 0.71), T-Half test (η_p² = 0.41), half squat (η_p² = 0.35), and bicipital skinfold of a throwing arm (η_p² = 0.34). Bicipital skinfold showed the highest number (three) of relevant (r > 0.5) relationships, especially in sprinting (sprint 15 m: r = 0.528; sprint 30 m: r = 0.503) and change-of-direction ability (T-Half test: r = 0.518). Differences in physical performance and body type according to playing positions emphasize the value of goalkeeper-specific training and scouting for handball players, with a particular emphasis on both. This information might be helpful for optimizing position-specific training regimes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 972 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Training to Compete: Are Basketball Training Loads Similar to Competition Achieved?

by Sebastián Feu, Juan M. García-Ceberino, Pablo López-Sierra and Sergio J. Ibáñez

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12512; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212512 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 982

Abstract

Basketball players should train at intensities similar to those recorded in competition, but are the intensities really similar? This study aimed to quantify and compare the internal and external intensities assimilated by professional basketball players, both in training and in competition, according to [...] Read more.

Basketball players should train at intensities similar to those recorded in competition, but are the intensities really similar? This study aimed to quantify and compare the internal and external intensities assimilated by professional basketball players, both in training and in competition, according to context and the specific player position. Players from the same team in the Spanish ACB competition were monitored for three weeks. The sample recorded intensities in 5 vs. 5 game situations in both training (n = 221) and competition (n = 32). The intensities, as dependent variables, were classified into kinematic external workload demands (distances, high-intensity displacements, accelerations, decelerations, the acceleration:deceleration ratio, jumps, and landings), neuromuscular external workload demands (impacts and player load), and internal workload demands (heart rate). They were measured using inertial measurement devices and pulsometers. The playing positions, as independent variables, were grouped into guard, forward, and center. According to the context, the results reported a significant mismatch of all training intensities, except jumps, with respect to competition; these intensities were lower in training. According to the playing position, inside players recorded more jumps and landings per minute than point guards and outside players in training. In turn, inside players recorded a higher average heart rate per minute than outside players in this same context. There were no significant differences in intensity according to the playing position in the competition. Considering the context–position interaction, no differences were observed in the intensities. Adjusting and optimizing training intensities to those recorded in competition is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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17 pages, 1896 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Insights for Developing Evidence-Based Training Programs: Unveiling the Kinematic Secrets of the Overhead Forehand Smash in Badminton through Novice-Skilled Player Comparison

by Fulin Li, Shiming Li, Xiang Zhang and Gongbing Shan

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12488; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212488 - 19 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2545

Abstract

Badminton, a dynamic racquet sport demanding agility and power, features the overhead forehand smash as a pivotal offensive shot. Utilizing 3D motion analysis, this research delves into the intricate biomechanical facets underpinning this pivotal shot, with a dual focus on both novice and [...] Read more.

Badminton, a dynamic racquet sport demanding agility and power, features the overhead forehand smash as a pivotal offensive shot. Utilizing 3D motion analysis, this research delves into the intricate biomechanical facets underpinning this pivotal shot, with a dual focus on both novice and proficient players. Through a comparative analysis of these two player cohorts, the investigation aims to elucidate the fundamental factors influencing the quality of the forehand smash. Our findings reveal that skilled players exhibit significant improvements in smash quality, including a 60.2% increase in shuttlecock speed, reduced clearance height, and flight angle at release. These enhancements are associated with specific determinants, such as consistent positioning, racket angle at impact, and range of motion (ROM) in various joints. More crucially, full-body tension-arc formation and a four-segment whip-like smash contribute to these improvements. Unique to the whip-like smash is the rapid trunk and shoulder rotations in early whip-like control inducing passive elbow flexion and wrist over-extension, enhancing the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) effect of muscles for a more powerful smash. Emphasizing this uniqueness and the determinants simplify smash learning, potentially boosting training effectiveness. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of badminton’s biomechanics and offers practical implications for coaches and players to enhance their forehand smashes, especially among beginners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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10 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a 12-Week Low-Intensity Resistance Training Program on Force-Matching Task and Balance in Young Men

by Rafał Szafraniec, Dariusz Harmaciński and Michał Kuczyński

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(22), 12146; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212146 - 8 Nov 2023

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Abstract

Background: The effects of low-intensity resistance training on health and muscular performance have been widely reported, but its effects on motor skills such as balance and force matching have been overlooked. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of [...] Read more.

Background: The effects of low-intensity resistance training on health and muscular performance have been widely reported, but its effects on motor skills such as balance and force matching have been overlooked. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-intensity resistance training on a force-matching task and balance. Methods: The subjects from the intervention group (EXP; n = 20) participated in a 12-week low-intensity resistance training program. The measurements of balance and force-matching ability were conducted before and after the intervention. To determine the accuracy and steadiness (variability) in the force matching task, we calculated the values of three errors: (1) absolute error (AE), (2) constant error (CE), and (3) variable error (VE). Results: In the force-matching task performed after the training, the values of two errors decreased: (1) AE (right leg, p = 0.0008; left leg, p = 0.0008), and (2) CE (right leg, p = 0.0064; left leg, p = 0.0440). Resistance training did not significantly affect VE and the parameters characterizing COP sway in the balance test. Conclusions: The 12-week low-intensity resistance training improved the accuracy of the force-matching task but did not change postural stability or postural strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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11 pages, 2052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positional Movement Demands during NFL Football Games: A 3-Year Review

by Erin Sanchez, Leigh Weiss, Tyler Williams, Patrick Ward, Ben Peterson, Aaron Wellman and Jeff Crandall

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9278; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169278 - 15 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1990

Abstract

Understanding the in-game demands placed on athletes may allow practitioners to design improved training protocols to prepare athletes for competitive demands. This study aimed to quantify the competitive movement demands of professional American football athletes and to determine any inter-positional differences that may [...] Read more.

Understanding the in-game demands placed on athletes may allow practitioners to design improved training protocols to prepare athletes for competitive demands. This study aimed to quantify the competitive movement demands of professional American football athletes and to determine any inter-positional differences that may exist. Player tracking data were collected from 2018 to 2020 regular season games of the National Football League. Distance, maximum velocity, high-velocity efforts and distance, and acceleration and deceleration efforts and distance were used to evaluate competitive movement demands. To determine position-specific demands, each player was classified by their designated position, and velocity data from competitive games were used to develop position-specific velocity thresholds. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni statistical analysis were used to determine inter-positional difference. Significant (p < 0.05) positional differences were found for all load metrics with respect to competitive game demands. Generally, wide receivers and defensive backs had faster maximum velocities, higher distances, and more acceleration and deceleration efforts and distance than other positions. Linebackers accumulated the most high-velocity efforts and distance. Lineman had the lowest values for all assessed metrics. These findings may assist the performance staff in developing improved training and return-to-play protocols with the aim of improving player performance and mitigating injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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12 pages, 4064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inter-Segmental Coordination of the Swimming Start among Paralympic Swimmers: A Comparative Study between S9, S10, and S12 Swimmers

by Zhanyi Zhou, Shudong Li, Luqi Yang, Zixiang Gao, Yi Lin, Zsolt Radak and Yaodong Gu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9097; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169097 - 9 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1122

Abstract

The swimming start, which involves interactions with both water and air, has predominantly been studied primarily in terms of spatio-temporal parameters, while its motor control aspects have received limited attention. This study aims to investigate and compare the coordination patterns between the arm [...] Read more.

The swimming start, which involves interactions with both water and air, has predominantly been studied primarily in terms of spatio-temporal parameters, while its motor control aspects have received limited attention. This study aims to investigate and compare the coordination patterns between the arm and trunk, as well as the thigh and trunk, in S9, S10, and S12 Paralympic swimmers using the continuous relative phase. The study included twenty-one Paralympic swimmers, and the results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) from spm1d (ANOVA) in both arm-trunk and thigh-trunk CRP among the three classes of swimmers. Significant differences were observed in the arm-trunk CRP during the initial (0–8% of time) and end (30–41% of time) parts of the block phase. Both of these two differences are from the comparison of S10 and S12. The thigh-trunk CRP also showed significant differences at the end of the block phase (35–41% of time) and during the flight phase before entry (58–61% of time). Significant differences were observed in post hoc tests between S9 and S10 and between S12 and S10 for the first significant difference. The second significant difference was found between S12 and S10. The results indicate that Paralympic swimmers classified as S9, S10, and S12 tend to exhibit distinct inter-segmental coordination patterns during the dive start. By recognizing different patterns of motor coordination, coaches and trainers can develop individualized training methods to optimize the start performance for swimmers with different impairments (different classifications) and maximize their competitive potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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14 pages, 1164 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sonification of Motor Imagery in the Basketball Jump Shot: Effect on Muscle Activity Amplitude

by Hesam Ramezanzade, Georgian Badicu, Stefania Cataldi, Fateme Parimi, Sahar Mohammadzadeh, Mahya Mohamadtaghi, Seyed Hojjat Zamani Sani and Gianpiero Greco

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031495 - 23 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1917

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of AudioVisual pattern on the muscle activity amplitude during mental imagery. For this purpose, 25 female students (20.73 ± 1.56 years old) engaged in mental imagery (internal, external, and kinesthetic) in three conditions: [...] Read more.

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of AudioVisual pattern on the muscle activity amplitude during mental imagery. For this purpose, 25 female students (20.73 ± 1.56 years old) engaged in mental imagery (internal, external, and kinesthetic) in three conditions: No pattern, Visual pattern, and AudioVisual pattern. The angular velocity of the elbow joint in the basketball jump shot skill was sonified and presented to the subjects as an auditory pattern. The results showed that the muscle activity amplitude in AudioVisual–kinesthetic and AudioVisual–internal (and not external) conditions is higher than for other conditions. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between Visual–kinesthetic imagery ability and muscle activity amplitude in the AudioVisual pattern condition and in kinesthetic and internal imagery. In addition, the muscle activity amplitude of high and low Visual–kinesthetic imagery ability conditions were only different in the AudioVisual pattern. The superiority of the AudioVisual condition is most likely due to the auditory information presented in this research being closely related to the kinesthetic sense of movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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Review

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43 pages, 4005 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Emergent Technologies in the Dynamic and Kinematic Assessment of Human Movement in Sport and Clinical Applications

by Saeid Edriss, Cristian Romagnoli, Lucio Caprioli, Andrea Zanela, Emilio Panichi, Francesca Campoli, Elvira Padua, Giuseppe Annino and Vincenzo Bonaiuto

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031012 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2405

Abstract

Physical activity analysis assessment has been a concern throughout human history. The intersection of technological growth with sports has given rise to a burgeoning field known as sports engineering. In the 19th century, the advent of chrono-photography and pioneering marked the inception of [...] Read more.

Physical activity analysis assessment has been a concern throughout human history. The intersection of technological growth with sports has given rise to a burgeoning field known as sports engineering. In the 19th century, the advent of chrono-photography and pioneering marked the inception of sports performance analysis. In recent years, the noticeable developments achieved in wearable low-power electronics with wireless high interconnection capability, as a part of modern technologies, have aided us in studying sports parameters such as motor behavior, biomechanics, equipment design, and materials science, playing an essential role in the understanding of sports dynamics. This study aims to review over 250 published articles since 2018, focusing on utilizing and validating these emergent technologies in sports and clinical aspects. It is predicted that one of the next steps in sports technology and engineering development will be using algorithms based on artificial intelligence to analyze the measurements obtained by multi-sensor systems (sensor fusion) to monitor biometric and physiological parameters in performance analysis and health assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis in Sport and Exercise Ⅱ)

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