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Applied Sciences
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Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System
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Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Transportation and Future Mobility".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 7441

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hanfeng Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Engineering Research Center of High-Speed Railway Construction, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
Interests: bluff body aerodynamics; experimental fluid mechanics; flow control; flow-induced vibration
Prof. Dr. Xiaohui Xiong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Key Laboratory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education, School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
Interests: train aerodynamics; tunnel aerodynamics; fluid-structure coupling analysis; safety of rail transit

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the continuous development of subways, high-speed trains, and Maglev, associated aerodynamic issues have attracted extensive concern from both engineers and scientists. Aerodynamic drag is critical for the running efficiency of high-speed train/Maglev, while the unsteady lateral and lift forces directly threaten its running stability and safety. The slipstream around an operating train induces a significant impact loading on trackside structures and persons. Besides, the aeroacoustics caused by an operating train is also an environmental threat. All of these issues become extremely complex when the train runs through a tunnel. Recently, new experimental and numerical simulation techniques were successfully applied in train aerodynamics and produced valuable results.

The Special Issue of the journal Applied Sciences, entitled “Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System”, aims to attract novel contributions covering a wide range of research on train aerodynamics.

Our topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Drag reduction in high-speed trains and Maglev.
  • Cross-wind stability of trains and protection measures.
  • Aeroacoustics of high-speed trains and Maglev.
  • The slipstream and its effects on tract side structures.
  • Train-tunnel aerodynamics.
  • Aerodynamics in subway systems.
  • Experimental and numerical methods for train aerodynamics.
  • Ballast movement beneath trains.
  • Aerodynamic effects on pantographs and overhead wire systems.

Prof. Dr. Hanfeng Wang
Prof. Dr. Xiaohui Xiong
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • train aerodynamics
  • train-tunnel aerodynamics
  • crosswind stability
  • drag reduction
  • slipstream
  • train aeroacoustics
  • wind-train-bridge system

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 4938 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Analysis of the Opening Hood Structures at Exits of High-Speed Railway Tunnels
by Haocheng Sun, Yingxue Wang, Xianghai Jin, Hengyuan Liu and Yang Luo
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11365; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011365 - 16 Oct 2023
Viewed by 929
Abstract
As train operating speeds increase, the aerodynamic characteristics of the train within the tunnel become more pronounced, and effectively addressing the issue of micro-pressure wave (MPW) over-limits becomes especially crucial. This paper utilized the control volume method to investigate the key influencing parameters [...] Read more.
As train operating speeds increase, the aerodynamic characteristics of the train within the tunnel become more pronounced, and effectively addressing the issue of micro-pressure wave (MPW) over-limits becomes especially crucial. This paper utilized the control volume method to investigate the key influencing parameters of tunnel exit hoods on the mitigation effectiveness of MPWs. Additionally, numerical simulation methods were used to validate these crucial parameters. The analysis considered various opening ratios, different opening forms, and the influence of hoods at tunnel entrances and exits on the amplitude and spatial distribution patterns of MPWs. A design methodology that comprehensively takes into account the advantages of tunnel entrance and exit hoods was proposed. The results showed that a higher opening ratio of tunnel exit hoods led to lower MPW amplitudes. Compared to without opening in the hood, when the opening ratio of the exit hood reached 90%, the maximum amplitude of MPWs at a distance of 20 m from the hood outlet decreased by 48.7%. Various opening forms of exit hoods resulted in distinct spatial distribution patterns of MPW amplitudes, with amplitudes near the openings notably higher than in other areas. There were differences in the mitigation mechanisms between entrance and exit hoods. In comparison to entrance hoods, exit hoods exhibited higher mitigation efficiency within a specific range of MPW amplitudes. Additionally, when both entrance and exit hoods were installed, they achieved the most effective mitigation of MPWs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System)
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19 pages, 10824 KiB  
Article
Field Test and Numerical Investigation of Tunnel Aerodynamic Effect Induced by High-Speed Trains Running at Higher Speeds
by Yong Wang, Weibin Ma, Jiaqiang Han, Chen Wang, Aijun Cheng, Xu Yang and Hongjie Gao
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8197; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148197 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
After decades of research in the field of high-speed railway technique, technology of running high-speed trains at the velocity level of 350 km/h gradually become mature. It is of great importance to capture the variation regular of aerodynamic parameters in the situation that [...] Read more.
After decades of research in the field of high-speed railway technique, technology of running high-speed trains at the velocity level of 350 km/h gradually become mature. It is of great importance to capture the variation regular of aerodynamic parameters in the situation that the high-speed train runs at a higher speed level. The present paper is motivated by this knowledge gap, both field tests and numerical simulations were conducted to help illustrate the basic characteristic of transient pressure loads, micro-pressure wave, as well as the wave propagation inside the tunnel regrading train’s passage and intersection. Results present the major findings as: (1) Transient pressure loads acting at tunnel surface and train body unevenly distributes along the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical directions. Pressure peak along the longitudinal direction occurs nearly at tunnel center and fast decreases from the radiated center to the remote positions. (2) Variation of pressure peak near the tunnel portal in the situation of train’s passage and intersection is limited while its value becomes doubled at the intersection location. Field measurements suggest the maximum pressure load acting at tunnel sidewall at xtin = 200 m and tunnel center being 4.29 and 5.63 kPa, respectively; (3) The maximum value of micro-pressure wave (namely MPW) detected in the field test is approximately 36.73 Pa. Amplitude of MPW at tunnel portal is inversely proportional to its attenuated distance. Through data fitting, an empirical prediction model was established. Outcomes of this paper is anticipated to improve the understanding of tunnel aerodynamic effect regarding higher speed level and its associated problems. Besides, findings of this paper are useful for the future tunnel design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System)
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19 pages, 6345 KiB  
Article
Mitigation Effect of Helmholtz Resonator on the Micro-Pressure Wave Amplitude of a 600-km/h Maglev Train Tunnel
by Dian-Qian Li, Ming-Zhi Yang, Tong-Tong Lin, Sha Zhong and Peng Yang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3124; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053124 - 28 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1408
Abstract
A 600-km/h maglev train can effectively close the speed gap between civil aviation and rail-based trains, thereby alleviating the conflict between the existing demand and actual capacity. However, the hazards caused by the micro-pressure wave amplitude of the tunnel that occurs when the [...] Read more.
A 600-km/h maglev train can effectively close the speed gap between civil aviation and rail-based trains, thereby alleviating the conflict between the existing demand and actual capacity. However, the hazards caused by the micro-pressure wave amplitude of the tunnel that occurs when the train is running at higher speeds are also unacceptable. At this stage, mitigation measures to control the amplitude of micro-pressure waves generated by maglev trains at 600 km/h within reasonable limits are urgent to develop new mitigation measures. In this study, a three-dimensional, compressible, unsteady SST K–ω equation turbulence model, and an overlapping grid technique were used to investigate the mechanism and mitigation effect of Helmholtz resonators with different arrangement schemes on the micro-pressure wave amplitude at a tunnel exit in conjunction with a 600-km/h maglev train dynamic model test. The results of the study showed that a pressure wave forms when the train enters the tunnel and passes through the Helmholtz resonator. This in turn leads to resonance of air column at its neck, which causes pressure wave energy dissipation as the incident wave frequency is in the resonator band. This suppresses the rise of the initial compressional wave gradient, resulting in an effective reduction in the micro-pressure wave amplitude at the tunnel exit. Compared to conventional tunnels, the Helmholtz resonator scheme with a 94-cavity new tunnel resulted in a 31.87% reduction in the micro-pressure wave amplitude at 20 m from the tunnel exit but a 16.69% increase in the maximum pressure at the tunnel wall. After the Helmholtz resonators were arranged according to the 72-cavity optimization scheme, the maximum pressure at the tunnel wall decreased by 10.57% when compared with that before optimization. However, the micro-pressure wave mitigation effect at 20 m from the tunnel exit did not significantly differ from that before the optimization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System)
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15 pages, 3699 KiB  
Article
Effects of Tunnel and Its Ventilation Modes on the Aerodynamic Drag of a Subway Train
by Hanfeng Wang, Honglei Tian, Jian Du, Yu Zhou, Md. Mahbub Alam, Jiefeng Huang and Guibo Li
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12428; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312428 - 5 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1358
Abstract
This paper reports an in situ measurement on the effects of a tunnel and its ventilation modes on the aerodynamic drag of a subway train with eight carriages during its routine operation. The train speed (V) varied continually from 0 to [...] Read more.
This paper reports an in situ measurement on the effects of a tunnel and its ventilation modes on the aerodynamic drag of a subway train with eight carriages during its routine operation. The train speed (V) varied continually from 0 to 22 m/s. Two modes of tunnel ventilation were examined, i.e., recirculation and free-cooling modes. The former mode is associated with pumping cooled air into the tunnel to provide extra cooling, while the latter is not. The friction coefficient Cf of the train surface was estimated using two hotwire probes mounted on the roof of the first and last carriages, respectively. The front- and rear-stagnation pressures (Pf and Pl) were measured using two pressure taps located at the center of the forward surface of the first carriage and the backward surface of the last carriage, respectively. It has been found that the presence of a tunnel significantly increases both Cf and Pf. For example, at V = 20.5 m/s, Cf and Pf were 30.2% and 24.5% higher, respectively, in the tunnel than their counterparts in open air. The tunnel ventilation mode also has remarkable effects on Cf. The recirculation mode resulted in 23.5% higher Cf than the free-cooling mode. On the other hand, the tunnel ventilation mode does not seem to have an appreciable effect on Pf. The physics behind these observations is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System)
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22 pages, 13704 KiB  
Article
Simulation on Unsteady Crosswind Forces of a Moving Train in a Three-Dimensional Stochastic Wind Field
by Zhiyong Yao, Nan Zhang, Xiaoda Li and Zongchao Liu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12183; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312183 - 28 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1508
Abstract
Unsteady aerodynamic forces are significantly critical to the safety and stability of trains traveling in high winds. This paper describes a study into unsteady crosswind forces of a moving train subjected to a three-dimensional stochastic wind field with longitudinal, lateral, and vertical turbulences. [...] Read more.
Unsteady aerodynamic forces are significantly critical to the safety and stability of trains traveling in high winds. This paper describes a study into unsteady crosswind forces of a moving train subjected to a three-dimensional stochastic wind field with longitudinal, lateral, and vertical turbulences. Initially, a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is established to calculate the aerodynamic coefficient of a moving train, and then the wind velocity time histories at the position of the train are generated. Finally, the quasi-steady theory and weighting function method are used to model the unsteady crosswind forces of a moving train in a three-dimensional turbulence field. The results demonstrate that a generalized sine form is useful for predicting the aerodynamic coefficient that varies with the resultant wind yaw angle, and an adequate modeling of unsteady crosswind forces with complete wind turbulences can produce a greater force fluctuation and peak. Particularly when the flow direction of crosswind deviates from 90°, consideration of only a portion of the turbulence components may underestimate the dynamic response of trains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aerodynamics of Railway Train/Tunnel System)
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