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Architectural Structure

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 69567

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Beira Interior, Calçada Fonte do Lameiro, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
Interests: structural analysis and design; numerical modelling and optimization; concrete structures; structural materials; building systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

An architectural structure can be defined as a human-made construction simultaneously driven by aesthetic and engineering considerations. In many cases, such a construction can be viewed as ‘structural art’.

Many ancient constructions can be considered real architectural structures and, for a long time, demonstrated the ability of human beings to use rationally natural materials, dominate construction techniques, understand and optimize the path of forces along the construction components. However, until the end of renaissance, the work of the master builder was mainly based on empirical rules. As a result, structural components were generally oversized, and large volumes of material were used.

In the 17th century, the development of modern calculus and experimental techniques allowed developing rational design criteria based on the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the materials. This enabled optimizing the cross-sections and volumes of materials to be used in the constructions.

Since the 20th century, the development of more refined design criteria, computational tools, new structural materials, and new structural typologies has made it possible to further optimize the volume of materials and also to rationalize their use even more. Today, the masters of architecture and engineering are able to design and build slender and more elegant structures fulfilling all architectural and engineering requirements.

The aim of the Special Issue ‘Architectural Structure’ is to gather advances in architectural structures and inspire researchers and practitioners to share their knowledge and experience in the field, and also explore new directions for the future. In this Special Issue, we welcome both original research studies and review papers based on diverse topics, with architectural structures as a reference point, such as:

  • New typologies;
  • Innovative structural systems;
  • Innovative structural materials;
  • Experimental and/or numerical studies;
  • Construction techniques;
  • Case studies, including design projects.

Researchers, architects, and engineers, among others, working on this field are invited to present and share their work.

Assistant Professor with Aggregation Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • architectural structure
  • typology
  • structural system
  • structural material
  • experimental and numerical modeling
  • design project
  • construction techniques
  • case study

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 175 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on “Architectural Structure”
by Luís Filipe Almeida Bernardo
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5297; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155297 - 31 Jul 2020
Viewed by 1501
Abstract
This Special Issue on “Architectural Structure” aims to gather general advances in human-made constructions which simultaneously are driven by aesthetic and structural engineering considerations [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

17 pages, 3157 KiB  
Article
Axial and Bending Bearing Capacity of Double-Steel-Concrete Composite Shear Walls
by Peiyao Zhang, Quanquan Guo, Fei Ke, Weiyi Zhao and Yinghua Ye
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4935; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144935 - 17 Jul 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2837
Abstract
Double steel-concrete composite shear wall is a novel composite structure. Due to its good mechanical properties, it has been considered as a substitute for reinforced concrete walls in nuclear facilities, marine environmental structures, and high-rise buildings. However, the design method of the double-steel [...] Read more.
Double steel-concrete composite shear wall is a novel composite structure. Due to its good mechanical properties, it has been considered as a substitute for reinforced concrete walls in nuclear facilities, marine environmental structures, and high-rise buildings. However, the design method of the double-steel concrete composite shear wall is lacking. The purpose of this paper is to propose the bending capacity formula under large and small eccentric loads. By summarizing the test results of 49 steel-concrete composite double shear walls under cyclic loading from different studies, it was found that the bending failure of double-steel-concrete composite shear walls was featured by the concrete crushing at the bottom. A finite element model was established and it could simulate the axial and bending performance of double steel-concrete composite shear walls reasonably well. According to the experimental results and FE analysis, the primary assumptions for calculating the axial and bending bearing capacity of the double steel-concrete composite shear walls were proposed. Based on these assumptions, the bearing capacity formulas were derived according to the equilibrium theory of the cross section. The calculation results obtained by the bearing capacity formulas were in good agreement with the test results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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10 pages, 1207 KiB  
Article
Metamorphosis of the Architectural Space of Goetheanum
by Romana Kiuntsli, Andriy Stepanyuk, Iryna Besaha and Justyna Sobczak-Piąstka
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(14), 4700; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10144700 - 8 Jul 2020
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5467
Abstract
In the beginning of the XX century, political, economic, and demographic revolutions contributed to the emergence of extraordinary people. In architecture, they were Frank Lloyd Wright, Antonio Gaudí, Frank Owen Gary, Le Corbusier, Hugo Hering, Alvar Aalto, Hans Sharun, Walter Burley Griffin, and [...] Read more.
In the beginning of the XX century, political, economic, and demographic revolutions contributed to the emergence of extraordinary people. In architecture, they were Frank Lloyd Wright, Antonio Gaudí, Frank Owen Gary, Le Corbusier, Hugo Hering, Alvar Aalto, Hans Sharun, Walter Burley Griffin, and Marion Mahony Griffin. Each of them was given a lot of attention in the media resources and their creativity was researched in different fields of knowledge. However, Rudolf Steiner’s work remains controversial to this day. Although many of the architects mentioned above enthusiastically commented on Steiner’s architectural works, there was always ambiguity in the perception of this mystic architect. Such a careful attitude to the work of the architect is due primarily to his worldview, his extraordinary approach to art and architecture in particular, because it is in architecture that Steiner was able to implement the basic tenets of anthroposophy, which he founded. The purpose of this study is to determine the content of the spatial structure of Steiner’s architecture, which makes it unique in the history of architectural heritage. The authors offer the scientific community the first article in a series of articles on the anthroposophical architecture of Rudolf Steiner and the philosophical concept that influenced the formation of this architecture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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25 pages, 5860 KiB  
Article
Local Buckling and Resistance of Continuous Steel Beams with Thin-Walled I-Shaped Cross-Sections
by Andrzej Szychowski and Karolina Brzezińska
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4461; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134461 - 28 Jun 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 13394
Abstract
In modern steel construction, thin-walled elements with Class 4 cross-sections are commonly used. For the sake of the computation of such elements according to European Eurocode 3 (EC3), simplified computational models are applied. These models do not account for important parameters that affect [...] Read more.
In modern steel construction, thin-walled elements with Class 4 cross-sections are commonly used. For the sake of the computation of such elements according to European Eurocode 3 (EC3), simplified computational models are applied. These models do not account for important parameters that affect the behavior of a structure susceptible to local stability loss. This study discussed the effect of local buckling on the design ultimate resistance of a continuous beam with a thin-walled Class 4 I-shaped cross-section. In the investigations, a more accurate computational model was employed. A new calculation model was proposed, based on the analysis of local buckling separately for the span segment and the support segment of the first span, which are characterized by different distributions of bending moments. Critical stress was determined using the critical plate method (CPM), taking into account the effect of the mutual elastic restraint of the cross-section walls. The stability analysis also accounted for the effect of longitudinal stress variation resulting from the varied distribution of bending moments along the continuous beam length. The results of the calculations were compared with the numerical simulations using the finite element method. The obtained results showed very good congruence. The phenomena mentioned above are not taken into consideration in the computational model provided in EC3. Based on the critical stress calculated as above, “local” critical moments were determined. These constitute a limit on the validity of the Vlasov theory of thin-walled bars. Design ultimate resistance of the I-shaped cross-section was determined from the plastic yield condition of the most compressed edge under the assumptions specified in the study. Detailed calculations were performed for I-sections welded from thin metal sheets, and for sections made from two cold-formed channels (2C). The impact of the following factors on the critical resistance and design ultimate resistance of the midspan and support cross-sections was analyzed: (1) longitudinal stress variation, (2) relative plate slenderness of the flange, and (3) span length of the continuous beam. The results were compared with the outcomes obtained for box sections with the same contour dimensions, and also with those produced acc. EC3. It was shown that compared with calculations acc. EC3, those performed in accordance with the CPM described much more accurately the behavior of the uniformly loaded continuous beam with a thin-walled section. This could lead to a more effective design of structures of this class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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16 pages, 2487 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Flexural Behavior of Alkali Activated Fly Ash Mortar Beams
by Adelino V. Lopes, Sergio M. R. Lopes and Isabel Pinto
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4379; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124379 - 25 Jun 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2021
Abstract
This work aims to study the possibility of using alkaline activated fly ash in structural members. The work, of an experimental nature, focuses on the evaluation of the behavior of simply supported beams under two symmetrical loads (four-point tests). For such study, 10 [...] Read more.
This work aims to study the possibility of using alkaline activated fly ash in structural members. The work, of an experimental nature, focuses on the evaluation of the behavior of simply supported beams under two symmetrical loads (four-point tests). For such study, 10 beams were built, of which, five using fly ash and the remaining five using traditional Portland cement. The test results are compared. Conclusions on the practical application of fly ash in structures were explained and, as mention later in this document, there is room for improvement. This is one of very few works on fly ash alkali activated structures and further studies are necessary in the future. Some aspects, such as shrinkage and deformability are presented as some of the negative points concerning the potential use of fly ash. These are two aspects that need more attention in future investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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15 pages, 2626 KiB  
Article
Influence of the Composition of the Activator on Mechanical Characteristics of a Geopolymer
by Adelino V. Lopes, Sergio M.R. Lopes and Isabel Pinto
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(10), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103349 - 12 May 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2511
Abstract
Geopolymer materials are characterized by their high durability and low carbon dioxide emissions, when compared with more traditional materials, like concrete made from ordinary Portland cement. These are interesting advantages and might lead to a more sustainable construction industry. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Geopolymer materials are characterized by their high durability and low carbon dioxide emissions, when compared with more traditional materials, like concrete made from ordinary Portland cement. These are interesting advantages and might lead to a more sustainable construction industry. The aim of this study is the characterization of the mechanical behavior of the materials obtained by the activation of metakaolin. The activator is a mixture of sodium hydroxide with sodium silicate in different proportions. The influence of the composition of activator is studied. For the analysis of the mechanical properties of the different mixtures two different types of tests were performed, bending tensile strength tests and compressive strength tests. The results show that an activator with not less than 300 g of sodium hydroxide and not exceeding 600 g of sodium silicate per 750 g of metakaolin gives the best results, for both tensile strength and compressive strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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18 pages, 5831 KiB  
Article
FlexFlax Stool: Validation of Moldless Fabrication of Complex Spatial Forms of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (NFRP) Structures through an Integrative Approach of Tailored Fiber Placement and Coreless Filament Winding Techniques
by Vanessa Costalonga Martins, Sacha Cutajar, Christo van der Hoven, Piotr Baszyński and Hanaa Dahy
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3278; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093278 - 8 May 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5450
Abstract
It has become clear over the last decade that the building industry must rapidly change to meet globally pressing requirements. The strong links between climate change and the environmental impact of architecture mean an urgent necessity for alternative design solutions. In order to [...] Read more.
It has become clear over the last decade that the building industry must rapidly change to meet globally pressing requirements. The strong links between climate change and the environmental impact of architecture mean an urgent necessity for alternative design solutions. In order to propose them in this project, two emergent fabrication techniques were deployed with natural fiber-reinforced polymers (NFRPs), namely tailored fiber placement (TFP) and coreless filament winding (CFW). The approach is explored through the design and prototyping of a stool, as an analogue of the functional and structural performance requirements of an architectural system. TFP and CFW technologies are leveraged for their abilities of strategic material placement to create high-performance differentiated structure and geometry. Flax fibers, in this case, provide a renewable alternative for high-performance yarns, such as carbon, glass, or basalt. The novel contribution of this project is exploring the use of a TFP preform as an embedded fabrication frame for CFW. This eliminates the complex, expensive, and rigid molds that are traditionally associated with composites. Through a bottom-up iterative method, material and structure are explored in an integrative design process. This culminates in a lightweight FlexFlax Stool design (ca. 1 kg), which can carry approximately 80 times its weight, articulated in a new material-based design tectonic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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14 pages, 3864 KiB  
Article
Real Cyclic Load-Bearing Test of a Ceramic-Reinforced Slab
by Albert Albareda-Valls, Alicia Rivera-Rogel, Ignacio Costales-Calvo and David García-Carrera
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051763 - 4 Mar 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2563
Abstract
Ceramic-reinforced slabs were widely used in Spain during the second half of the 20th century, especially for industrial buildings. This solution was popular due to the lack of materials at that time, as it requires almost no concrete and low ratios of reinforcement. [...] Read more.
Ceramic-reinforced slabs were widely used in Spain during the second half of the 20th century, especially for industrial buildings. This solution was popular due to the lack of materials at that time, as it requires almost no concrete and low ratios of reinforcement. In this study, we present and discuss the results of a real load-bearing test of a real ceramic-reinforced slab, which was loaded and reloaded cyclically for a duration of one week in order to describe any damage under a high-demand loading series. Due to the design of these slabs, the structural response is based more on shear than on bending due to the low levels of concrete and the geometry and location of re-bars. The low ratio of concrete makes these slabs ideal for short-span structures, mainly combined with steel or RC frames. The slab which was analyzed in this study covers a span of 4.88 m between two steel I-beams (IPN400), and corresponds to a building from the mid-1960s in the city of Igualada (Barcelona, Spain). A load-bearing test was carried out up to 7.50 kN/m2 by using two-story sacks full of sand. The supporting steel beams were propped up in order to avoid any interference in the results of the test; without the shoring of the steel structure, deflections would come from the combination of the ceramic slab together with the steel profiles. A process of loading and unloading was repeated for a duration of six days in order to describe the cyclic response of the slab under high levels of loading. Finally, vibration analysis of the slab was also done; the higher the load applied, the higher the fundamental frequency of the cross section, which is more comfortable in terms of serviceability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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14 pages, 8656 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Torsional Behaviour of Prestressed HSC Hollow Beams
by Luís Bernardo, Sérgio Lopes and Mafalda Teixeira
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(2), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020642 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3020
Abstract
This article describes an experimental program developed to study the influence of longitudinal prestress on the behaviour of high-strength concrete hollow beams under pure torsion. The pre-cracking, the post-cracking and the ultimate behaviour are analysed. Three tests were carried out on large hollow [...] Read more.
This article describes an experimental program developed to study the influence of longitudinal prestress on the behaviour of high-strength concrete hollow beams under pure torsion. The pre-cracking, the post-cracking and the ultimate behaviour are analysed. Three tests were carried out on large hollow high-strength concrete beams with similar concrete strength. The variable studied was the level of longitudinal uniform prestress. Some important conclusions on different aspects of the beams’ behaviour are presented. These conclusions, considered important for the design of box bridges, include the influence of the level of prestress in the cracking and ultimate behaviour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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18 pages, 6204 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Self-Compacting Concrete Strength with Non-Destructive Tests for Concrete Structures
by Miguel C. S. Nepomuceno and Luís F. A. Bernardo
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(23), 5109; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9235109 - 26 Nov 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5568
Abstract
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) shows to have some specificities when compared to normal vibrated concrete (NVC), namely higher cement paste dosage and smaller volume of coarse aggregates. In addition, the maximum size of coarse aggregates is also reduced in SCC to prevent blocking effect. [...] Read more.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) shows to have some specificities when compared to normal vibrated concrete (NVC), namely higher cement paste dosage and smaller volume of coarse aggregates. In addition, the maximum size of coarse aggregates is also reduced in SCC to prevent blocking effect. Such specificities are likely to affect the results of non-destructive tests when compared to those obtained in NVC with similar compressive strength and materials. This study evaluates the applicability of some non-destructive tests to estimate the compressive strength of SCC. Selected tests included the ultrasonic pulse velocity test (PUNDIT), the surface hardness test (Schmidt rebound hammer type N), the pull-out test (Lok-test), and the concrete maturity test (COMA-meter). Seven sets of SCC specimens were produced in the laboratory from a single mixture and subjected to standard curing. The tests were applied at different ages, namely: 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 94 days. The concrete compressive strength ranged from 45 MPa (at 24 h) to 97 MPa (at 94 days). Correlations were established between the non-destructive test results and the concrete compressive strength. A test variability analysis was performed and the 95% confidence limits for the obtained correlations were computed. The obtained results for SCC showed good correlations between the concrete compressive strength and the non-destructive tests results, although some differences exist when compared to the correlations obtained for NVC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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19 pages, 5957 KiB  
Article
Flexural and Shear Performance of Prestressed Composite Slabs with Inverted Multi-Ribs
by Sun-Jin Han, Jae-Hoon Jeong, Hyo-Eun Joo, Seung-Ho Choi, Seokdong Choi and Kang Su Kim
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4946; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224946 - 17 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4387
Abstract
Half precast concrete slabs with inverted multi-ribs (Joint Advanced Slab, JAS), which enhance composite performance between slabs by introducing shear keys at connections between the slabs and improve structural performance by placing prestressing tendons and truss-type shear reinforcements, have recently been developed and [...] Read more.
Half precast concrete slabs with inverted multi-ribs (Joint Advanced Slab, JAS), which enhance composite performance between slabs by introducing shear keys at connections between the slabs and improve structural performance by placing prestressing tendons and truss-type shear reinforcements, have recently been developed and applied in many construction fields. In this study, flexural and shear tests were performed to verify the structural performance of JAS members. Towards this end, two flexural specimens and four shear specimens were fabricated, and the presence of cast-in-place concrete and the location of the critical section were set as the main test variables. In addition, the flexural and shear performance of the JAS was quantitatively evaluated using a non-linear flexural analysis model and current structural design codes. Evaluation results confirmed that the flexural behavior of the JAS was almost similar to the behavior simulated through the non-linear flexural analysis model, and the shear performance of the JAS can also be estimated appropriately by using the shear strength equations presented in the current design codes. For the JAS with cast-in-place concrete, however, the shear strength estimation results differed significantly depending on the way that the shear contributions of the precast concrete unit and cast-in-place concrete were calculated. Based on the analysis results, this study proposed a design method that can reasonably estimate the shear strength of the composite JAS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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18 pages, 7095 KiB  
Article
Influence of Multiple Openings on Reinforced Concrete Outrigger Walls in a Tall Building
by Han-Soo Kim, Yi-Tao Huang and Hui-Jing Jin
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4913; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224913 - 15 Nov 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9222
Abstract
Outrigger systems have been used to control the lateral displacement of tall buildings. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) outrigger walls with openings can be used to replace conventional steel outrigger trusses. In this paper, a structural model for an R.C. outrigger wall with multiple openings [...] Read more.
Outrigger systems have been used to control the lateral displacement of tall buildings. Reinforced concrete (R.C.) outrigger walls with openings can be used to replace conventional steel outrigger trusses. In this paper, a structural model for an R.C. outrigger wall with multiple openings was proposed, and the effects of the multiple openings on the stiffness and strength of the outrigger walls were evaluated. The equivalent bending stiffness of the outrigger wall was derived to predict the lateral displacement at the top of tall buildings and internal shear force developed in the wall. The openings for the passageway in the wall were designed by the strut-and-tie model. The stiffness and strength of the outrigger wall with multiple openings was analyzed by the nonlinear finite element analysis. Taking into consideration the degradation in stiffness and strength, the ratio of the opening area to the outrigger wall area is recommended to be less than 20%. The degradation of stiffness due to openings does not affect the structural performance of the outrigger system when the outrigger has already large stiffness as the case of reinforced concrete outrigger walls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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15 pages, 4123 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Compressive Properties and Carbon Emission Assessment of Concrete Hollow Block Masonry Incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregates
by Chao Liu, Chao Zhu, Guoliang Bai, Zonggang Quan and Jian Wu
Appl. Sci. 2019, 9(22), 4870; https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224870 - 14 Nov 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5040
Abstract
In this paper, the compressive strength experiment for three groups of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) specimens with different replacement ratios of recycled aggregate (0%, 50%, 100%) was carried out. The mechanism of the block and mortar properties on the compressive strength of block [...] Read more.
In this paper, the compressive strength experiment for three groups of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) specimens with different replacement ratios of recycled aggregate (0%, 50%, 100%) was carried out. The mechanism of the block and mortar properties on the compressive strength of block masonry was investigated by means of a static loading test. The formula for calculating the compressive strength of a recycled concrete block was obtained based on experimental data. Moreover, the global warming potential (GWP) of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) block masonry was evaluated by life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The feasibility for application of RAC block masonry was discussed combined with environmental impact data analysis. The results show that the strength of RAC blocks is the principal element affecting the compressive strength of block masonry, and the strength of mortar also has a certain impact for the compressive of RAC block masonry; the sub-coefficient of material performance should be enhancive appropriately for ensuring the construction quality of RAC block masonry; the total GWP of RAC block is lower than that of natural aggregate concrete (NAC) block. The environmental benefits of the promotion and application of RAC block masonry are inspiring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Structure)
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