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15 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altmetric Behaviour over a Two-Year Observation Period: A Longitudinal Cohort Study in Orthodontic Research

by Daniele Garcovich, Angel Zhou Wu, Carolina Soledad Romero García, Alfonso Alvarado Lorenzo, Riccardo Aiuto and Milagros Adobes Martin

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8404; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148404 - 20 Jul 2023

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Abstract

Background: Alternative metrics have been proposed to estimate the impact of research on the academic and social environment. The objective of the current study was to analyze the longitudinal behavior of Altmetric resources related to online engagement in orthodontic research and to explore [...] Read more.

Background: Alternative metrics have been proposed to estimate the impact of research on the academic and social environment. The objective of the current study was to analyze the longitudinal behavior of Altmetric resources related to online engagement in orthodontic research and to explore their correlation with citations over time. Methods: The Dimensions App was searched in December 2019 and December 2021 for published items belonging to orthodontic journals listed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) from 2014 to 2018. Items with an AAS (Altmetric Attention Score) equal to or greater than one were selected and screened for data related to authorship and publication. The breakdown of the different Altmeric resources was collected in 2019 and updated in 2021. Citations were retrieved from Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus at the same time interval. Results: The best performing journals were Progress in Orthodontics and the European Journal of Orthodontics at both time points, with a mean AAS per published item of 1.74 and 1.63, respectively, in 2021. The topics with the highest online engagement display a change over time, while the study design remained randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in both observations. Tweets, Facebook posts, and blogs showed a very slight increase over time, while News Outlets, patent data, and policy sources longitudinally showed a significant increase. No or poor correlation was found between altmetrics and citation except for Mendeley reader count. Conclusions: Tweets, Facebook, and Blog mentions can be considered attention trackers. News Outlets, patents, and policy sources are time dependent data. Mendeley reader count, can help to identify the article with a future citation potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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14 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Photobiomodulation Therapy Using an 810-nm Diode Laser Increase the Secondary Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Screws? A Split-Mouth Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

by Melissa El Khoury, Roula Akl, Rita El Feghali, Stephanie Ghoubril, Joseph Ghoubril, Elie Khoury, Marco Migliorati and Stefano Benedicenti

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8167; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148167 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1438

Abstract

Background: In orthodontic treatment, mini-screws can provide maximum anchorage conditions. If the miniscrew stability is compromised, this could jeopardize the outcomes of the orthodontic treatment or biomechanics. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) is beneficial for biological tissues since it promotes wound healing with its anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.

Background: In orthodontic treatment, mini-screws can provide maximum anchorage conditions. If the miniscrew stability is compromised, this could jeopardize the outcomes of the orthodontic treatment or biomechanics. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) is beneficial for biological tissues since it promotes wound healing with its anti-inflammatory and osteo-stimulatory properties. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 810-nm Diode PBMt on the stability of orthodontic mini-screws for three months. Trial Design: Parallel, allocation ratio 1:1. Methods: Using a split-mouth technique, a total of 40 mini-screws were randomly allocated (1:1) to either a placebo laser application (P group) or a laser PBMt (L group). An 810-nm diode laser irradiation of 1 W output power, operating in continuous wave mode for 50 s, was applied in a sweeping movement at a 22 mm distance from the mini-screws. The allocated mini-screws first received PBMt at baseline, then every other day for five days, and then at each orthodontic visit (every three weeks) for a period of three months. At each visit, the stability of the mini-screws was measured by the Osstell Implant Stability Quotient (Osstell ISQ) at three points: lower, upper, and distal to the mini-screw. Results: The lower, upper, and distal ISQ values of irradiated and non-irradiated mini-screws significantly decreased at each point over time (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the global ISQ values between the laser and the placebo group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: PBM did not significantly increase the stability of orthodontic mini-screws over a period of three months. Trial Registration: Protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dental Medicine of Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon University (#USJ/2019/161). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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12 pages, 2739 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Three-Year Prospective Study Comparing Stereolithography Printed Models to Classical Impression and Plaster Cast Models in Orthodontic Therapy: A 3D Objectification Approach

by Adam Nocar, Aleš Procházka, Magdaléna Kloubcová, Pavel Hyšpler, Martin Schatz and Tatjana Dostálová

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7542; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137542 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2244

Abstract

The integration of computational intelligence and augmented reality has become increasingly prevalent in dental practices. Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have now become routine in orthodontics, prosthetics, and maxillofacial surgery. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of stereolithography (SLA) printed [...] Read more.

The integration of computational intelligence and augmented reality has become increasingly prevalent in dental practices. Three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques have now become routine in orthodontics, prosthetics, and maxillofacial surgery. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of stereolithography (SLA) printed models compared to traditional plaster casts over a three-year period. The experimental dataset consisted of 36 orthodontic patients, each with SLA printed models and plaster casts for both the upper and lower jaws, resulting in a total of 72 scans in the form of Standard Template Library (STL) files and 72 traditional impressions. The upper dental arch models were constructed using an SLA 3D printer, employing a blue 405 nm laser beam to solidify a liquid polymer. The classical plaster casts were prepared in a dental laboratory. The models were retained for long-term orthodontic therapy control. To evaluate the differences between the dental models, a laboratory scanner was used to generate virtual casts. The meshes obtained were adjusted and pre-aligned using the best-fit algorithm. Subsequently, registration of the models was performed using the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm. Distances between the point clouds and meshes for each point of the printed model were calculated by determining the nearest triangle on the reference mesh (cast). Additionally, the model surfaces were assessed using a scanning electron microscope and a stereomicroscope. The results from 22 experimental datasets indicated a high level of agreement between the plaster casts and virtual surfaces, with a mean absolute difference of 0.018 mm and a standard deviation of 0.17 mm. These values were obtained by averaging 231,178 data points for each comparison. Overall, this study demonstrates the comparability and accuracy of SLA printed models in relation to traditional plaster casts, supporting their potential as reliable alternatives in dental practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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13 pages, 2436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision and Accuracy Assessment of Cephalometric Analyses Performed by Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence with and without Human Augmentation

by Sumer Panesar, Alyssa Zhao, Eric Hollensbe, Ariel Wong, Surya Sruthi Bhamidipalli, George Eckert, Vinicius Dutra and Hakan Turkkahraman

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 6921; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13126921 - 8 Jun 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

The aim was to assess the precision and accuracy of cephalometric analyses performed by artificial intelligence (AI) with and without human augmentation. Four dental professionals with varying experience levels identified 31 landmarks on 30 cephalometric radiographs twice. These landmarks were re-identified by all [...] Read more.

The aim was to assess the precision and accuracy of cephalometric analyses performed by artificial intelligence (AI) with and without human augmentation. Four dental professionals with varying experience levels identified 31 landmarks on 30 cephalometric radiographs twice. These landmarks were re-identified by all examiners with the aid of AI. Precision and accuracy were assessed by using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and mean absolute errors (MAEs). AI revealed the highest precision, with a mean ICC of 0.97, while the dental student had the lowest (mean ICC: 0.77). The AI/human augmentation method significantly improved the precision of the orthodontist, resident, dentist, and dental student by 3.26%, 2.17%, 19.75%, and 23.38%, respectively. The orthodontist demonstrated the highest accuracy with an MAE of 1.57 mm/°. The AI/human augmentation method improved the accuracy of the orthodontist, resident, dentist, and dental student by 12.74%, 19.10%, 35.69%, and 33.96%, respectively. AI demonstrated excellent precision and good accuracy in automated cephalometric analysis. The precision and accuracy of the examiners with the aid of AI improved by 10.47% and 27.27%, respectively. The AI/human augmentation method significantly improved the precision and accuracy of less experienced dental professionals to the level of an experienced orthodontist. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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12 pages, 1699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological Evaluation of Cranium Facial Asymmetry in Class III Malocclusion Patients

by Sayumi Ono, Chie Tachiki, Taiki Morikawa, Yasuo Aihara, Satoru Matsunaga, Keisuke Sugahara, Akira Watanabe, Takakazu Kawamata and Yasushi Nishii

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6533; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116533 - 27 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372

Abstract

The maxillofacial region of patients with facial asymmetry is deformed not only in the mandible but also in the maxilla, suggesting that the head region may also be deformed. Therefore, in this study, skeletally originated mandibular prognathism with facial asymmetry was evaluated in [...] Read more.

The maxillofacial region of patients with facial asymmetry is deformed not only in the mandible but also in the maxilla, suggesting that the head region may also be deformed. Therefore, in this study, skeletally originated mandibular prognathism with facial asymmetry was evaluated in relation to cranial morphology. The cranial morphology of patients who visited the Chiba Dental Center of Tokyo Dental College and were diagnosed with skeletal mandibular prognathism with facial asymmetry (asymmetry group: ANB 0° or less; Menton deviation 4 mm or more; 30 subjects) and without facial asymmetry (symmetry group: ANB less than 0°; Menton deviation less than 3 mm) was measured and evaluated. As a method, the length and area of the cranium were measured using axial cephalometric radiographs. In the asymmetry group, there was a significant difference in the left–right difference in the long diameter of the posterior part of the cranium compared to the symmetry group (p = 0.009). The asymmetry group also had significant differences in the central and occipital areas of the cranium on the left and right sides compared to the symmetry group (p < 0.001). In the asymmetry group, the direction of Menton deviation and the direction of head region deviation coincided in about 70% of the cases. There was also a positive correlation between head deviation and the amount of Menton deviation. The results of this study suggested that patients with facial asymmetry had greater head deformity than patients without facial asymmetry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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17 pages, 4430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Efficient Spring Model for an Integrated Orthodontic Tooth Movement: A Verified Mathematical Model

by Shai Yona, Oded Medina, Rachel Sarig and Nir Shvalb

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 5013; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13085013 - 17 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1534

Abstract

Orthodontic tooth movement is of interest to both the medical and the engineering communities. Recent studies focused their attention mainly on the stress distribution within the periodontal ligament and the surrounding alveolar bone prior to the remodeling stage. Yet, although motion is indeed [...] Read more.

Orthodontic tooth movement is of interest to both the medical and the engineering communities. Recent studies focused their attention mainly on the stress distribution within the periodontal ligament and the surrounding alveolar bone prior to the remodeling stage. Yet, although motion is indeed triggered by the exerted stress distribution, these remodeling processes are the main driver for significant (and permanent) tooth movements. Other studies attempted to provide such a holistic mechanical model for both the stress distribution and the remodeling processes to describe the movement of the tooth along an orthodontic treatment. Nevertheless, these methods are cumbersome and slow to run, and therefore, are unlikely to provide a clinical decision support platform. This paper aims to bridge this gap by providing a relaxed, simplified numerical model. The scheme is described, and its limitations and main assumptions are stated. The model is then optimized to accommodate clinical accuracy needs. Lastly, validation is provided by comparing the model to a recent study, which demonstrates the good agreement between the model and actual real-world clinical cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Distribution of Dental Anomalies among Arab Orthodontic Patients in Israel: Is There a Correlation to Consanguinity Marriage?

by Rana Kadry, Rojee Atalla, Tatiana Sella Tunis, Tamar Finkelstein, Shirley Schonberger, Johnny Kharouba and Yehoshua Shapira

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010197 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1693

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies and whethera significant association exists between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriage among Arabic orthodontic patients in Israel. Pretreatment panoramic radiographs of 513 patients (38% males and 62% females) were examined [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies and whethera significant association exists between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriage among Arabic orthodontic patients in Israel. Pretreatment panoramic radiographs of 513 patients (38% males and 62% females) were examined to detect dental anomalies related to number, size, shape, and eruption. A chi-square test was carried out to determine the associations between dental anomalies, gender, and consanguinity marriage. The results indicated that 29% of the subjects manifested at least one dental anomaly. Impacted tooth was found to be the most frequent dental anomaly, with a prevalence of 13.5%, whereas fusion and transmigration were found to be the least common, with a prevalence of 0.2% each. The prevalence of dental anomalies was significantly greater in males (p < 0.001) than in females. In our sample a significant association was found between dental anomalies and consanguinity marriage, and it was found to be greater in subjects with a family history of consanguinity marriage. This association can be attributed to the negative effects of consanguinity marriage, which was also reported in many studies in other fields. This study suggests that consanguinity marriage can be one of the factors involved in the development of dental anomalies in certain at-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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9 pages, 792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Adhesive Systems and Orthodontic Bracket Material on Enamel Surface Discoloration: An In Vitro Study

by Ali Alqerban, Doaa R. M. Ahmed, Ali S. Aljhani, Dalal Almadhi, Amjad AlShahrani, Hussah AlAdwene and Abdulaziz Samran

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412885 - 15 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1858

Abstract

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of the type of orthodontic brackets and adhesive systems on enamel discoloration. The baseline color of the buccal surfaces of 50 extracted human premolars was recorded using a spectrophotometer according to [...] Read more.

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of the type of orthodontic brackets and adhesive systems on enamel discoloration. The baseline color of the buccal surfaces of 50 extracted human premolars was recorded using a spectrophotometer according to the CIE Lab system. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups according to the bracket type and adhesive system used: Group A: metal brackets + a Three-step etch and rinse adhesive (E&R); Group B: metal brackets + a two-step self-adhesive adhesive (SE); Group C: ceramic brackets + (E&R); Group D: ceramic brackets + (SE); Group E: no bracket bonding, serving as a control. All teeth were thermocycled, the brackets were debonded, and the enamel surfaces were finished and polished. The tooth color was then re-assessed, and the change in color (∆E*) was calculated. Pairwise comparisons revealed significant differences in favor of ceramic brackets (ΔE = 3.77 ± 3.60; p = 0.009) and (E&R) (ΔE= 3.52 ± 2.45; p = 0.008). A significant difference was found among the different groups, with group C having the least change in color (ΔE = 2.00 ± 0.89) and group B having the highest (ΔE = 8.42 ± 5.66). Both the type of orthodontic bracket and adhesive system influenced tooth color change. The teeth bonded with ceramic and E&R had the least effect on color changes, whereas teeth bonded with metal and SE showed the highest color changes after debonding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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15 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of Convolutional Neural Network Cephalometric Landmark Identification

by Moshe Davidovitch, Tatiana Sella-Tunis, Liat Abramovicz, Shoshana Reiter, Shlomo Matalon and Nir Shpack

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(24), 12784; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122412784 - 13 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3478

Abstract

Introduction: The mass-harvesting of digitized medical data has prompted their use as a clinical and research tool. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of artificial intelligence derived cephalometric landmark identification with that of human observers. Methods [...] Read more.

Introduction: The mass-harvesting of digitized medical data has prompted their use as a clinical and research tool. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and reliability of artificial intelligence derived cephalometric landmark identification with that of human observers. Methods: Ten pre-treatment digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were randomly selected from a university post-graduate clinic. The x- and y-coordinates of 21 (i.e., 42 points) hard and soft tissue landmarks were identified by 6 specialists, 19 residents, 4 imaging technicians, and a commercially available convolutional neural network artificial intelligence platform (CephX, Orca Dental, Hertzylia, Israel). Wilcoxon, Spearman and Bartlett tests were performed to compare agreement of human and AI landmark identification. Results: Six x- or y-coordinates (14.28%) were found to be statistically different, with only one being outside the 2 mm range of acceptable error, and with 97.6% of coordinates found to be within this range. Conclusions: The use of convolutional neural network artificial intelligence as a tool for cephalometric landmark identification was found to be highly accurate and can serve as an aid in orthodontic diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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11 pages, 3649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Patterns of Permanent Tooth Agenesis among Orthodontic Patients—Treatment Options and Outcome

by Shirley Schonberger, Yehoshua Shapira, Aikaterini Maria Pavlidi and Tamar Finkelstein

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12252; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312252 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3556

Abstract

(1) Background: tooth agenesis is a very common dental anomaly of the human dentition most often affecting the maxillary anterior region, mandibular and maxillary premolar regions. (2) Purpose: the present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and patterns between bilateral and unilateral [...] Read more.

(1) Background: tooth agenesis is a very common dental anomaly of the human dentition most often affecting the maxillary anterior region, mandibular and maxillary premolar regions. (2) Purpose: the present study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence and patterns between bilateral and unilateral tooth agenesis among orthodontic individuals and to illustrate the treatment options for missing teeth and the outcome. (3) Materials and methods: Pre-treatment records, photographs and radiographs, of 3000 consecutively treated orthodontic individuals from the post-graduate clinic of Tel Aviv University were surveyed to detect permanent tooth agenesis in either dental arch. The data was recorded according to gender, and location and quantified between unilateral and bilateral agenesis. Descriptive and comparative statistical analysis were performed with t-test and Chi-square test (p < 0.05). (4) Results: permanent teeth agenesis, excluding third molars, was found in 326 individuals (11%), 139 males (43%) and 187 females (57%). Of them, 59% were missing in the maxilla and (41%) were missing in the mandible. A higher prevalence rate of bilateral missing lateral incisors in the maxilla (62 cases), followed by bilateral missing second premolars in the mandible (44 cases) compared with unilateral missing teeth. (5) Conclusions: this study found an overall prevalence of missing permanent teeth in orthodontic patients to be 11%. The female: male prevalence ratio was roughly 3:2, with a greater tendency in the maxilla than in the mandible. A higher prevalence of bilateral missing maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular second premolar than unilateral missing teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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9 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact and Stability of Mandibular Setback after Intraoral Vertical Ramus Osteotomy

by Alex Dobriyan, Eyal Akerman, Tal Yoffe, Daneilla Blinder, Idit Tessler, Nir Abraham Gecel, Mor Mesika and Ran Yahalom

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12234; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312234 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1271

Abstract

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate stability and complications following mandibular setback using intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and provide an assessment of IMF (Inter-maxillary Fixation) compliance. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. It included a total [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate stability and complications following mandibular setback using intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) and provide an assessment of IMF (Inter-maxillary Fixation) compliance. (2) Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. It included a total of 39 patients who underwent 78 IVRO for the treatment of mandibular prognathism between 2005 and 2021 at Sheba Medical Center. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed preoperatively (T0), 3 days post-surgery (T1) and 8 months post-surgery (T2). Measurements of dental and skeletal stability, as well as neurosensory disturbances and TMJ dysfunctions, were statistically analyzed. (3) Results: The mean mandibular setback was 5.6 mm. A relapse of less than 2 mm was observed at T2. A short-term neurological disturbance was reported in 38.46% of the 39 patients, and 17.94% of them showed full recovery by T2. In 21 patients who underwent IVRO without genioplasty, only 14.28% reported long-term sensory disturbance. In addition, when a vertical osteotomy was performed, neurological damage was 174% higher as compared to oblique osteotomy. The IMF compliance rate for the 6 weeks postoperatively was 100%. (4) Conclusions: IVRO is still a relevant and valid technique for the treatment of mandibular prognathism that provides stable results with minimal complications rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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11 pages, 2466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curve of Spee and Second Mandibular Premolar Agenesis—Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives

by Lisa Schieffer, Tiziana Klawitter, Hanno Ulmer, Michael Nemec, Natalie Schenz-Spisic and Adriano G. Crismani

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11747; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211747 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2115

Abstract

Background: We investigated the relationship between the mandibular Curve of Spee (COS) and a persisting primary second mandibular molar (ppM2) due to an agenesis of the second mandibular premolar, using a digital software technique. Methods: Digital dental casts were obtained from 200 patients [...] Read more.

Background: We investigated the relationship between the mandibular Curve of Spee (COS) and a persisting primary second mandibular molar (ppM2) due to an agenesis of the second mandibular premolar, using a digital software technique. Methods: Digital dental casts were obtained from 200 patients at the Department of Orthodontics in Innsbruck and Vienna, Austria. Patients (age-, gender-, and malocclusion-matched) were equally divided into two groups (n = 100) according to the existence of a ppM2. COS depth, overjet, overbite, and angle-classification were measured digitally using the OnyxCeph3^TM (version 3.2.147) software. ANOVA and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to analyze relationships. For statistical analyses, p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant, p < 0.01 as highly significant. Results were visualized with box plots and bar charts. Results: The deepest COS was present in patients with a ppM2. Furthermore, a positive correlation was shown between COS depth and angle-class II, between COS depth and age, as well as between COS depth and overbite. No gender differences could be observed. Conclusions: In our study population the COS depth was dependent on whether there is a ppM2 due to an agenesis of a second mandibular premolar or not, as well as on the malocclusion in sagittal direction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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10 pages, 5033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mandibular Second Molar Impaction-Part II: Etiology and Role of the Third Molar

by Yehoshua Shapira, Yon Lai, Shirley Schonberger, Nir Shpack and Tamar Finkelstein

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(22), 11520; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122211520 - 13 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3116

Abstract

(1) Introduction: Mandibular second molar (MM2) impaction is a relatively rare dental anomaly, but its early detection is imperative for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment. This study evaluates early radiographic characteristics of MM2 in the process of its impaction and the role of the [...] Read more.

(1) Introduction: Mandibular second molar (MM2) impaction is a relatively rare dental anomaly, but its early detection is imperative for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment. This study evaluates early radiographic characteristics of MM2 in the process of its impaction and the role of the third molar (MM3) in this process. (2) Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of orthodontic patients of Chinese-American origin (n = 5575), age 9–15 years (mean 13.13) were examined for MM2 impactions and the presence of MM3. (3) Results: A total of 151 patients with 212 impacted MM2s were detected in the Chinese-American study group. Unilateral impactions were found more than bilateral and were distributed equally between the left and right sides. Mesial angulation of the impacted teeth was present in 92.7% of the cases, and MM3s were found adjacent to the impacted MM2s in 97.4% of the cases. (4) Conclusions: MM2 differential root developments with deficient mesial root lengths appeared to be the primary cause for MM2 impaction. Posterior crowding and arch length deficiency were contributing factors causing MM2 impaction. This impaction occurred early, before the third molar bud was developed. It sometimes occurred even when the third molar was congenitally missing. Nevertheless, the possible involvement of the third molar in MM2 impaction needs further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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7 pages, 220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Presence of Impacted Teeth (Except for Wisdom Teeth) in Orthodontic Patients in Israel

by Nir Shpack, Chaya Afarsemon Kisoss and Amir Laviv

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 10924; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122110924 - 28 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1524

Abstract

The research objectives were to determine the prevalence of impacted teeth in orthodontic patients in Israel, examining the epidemiological and genetic linkage. Methods: Data was collected from the cohort of patients treated in Tel-Aviv University between 2010–2017. Forty-five patients treated for impacted teeth [...] Read more.

The research objectives were to determine the prevalence of impacted teeth in orthodontic patients in Israel, examining the epidemiological and genetic linkage. Methods: Data was collected from the cohort of patients treated in Tel-Aviv University between 2010–2017. Forty-five patients treated for impacted teeth were randomly selected, compared to 45 control patients, paired by age and sex. Collected data included: week of birth, type of birth, medical history, dental anomalies, treatment referee, chief complaint, treatment modalities and treatment duration. Results: The periodic prevalence of impacted teeth was 11.9%. There was a statistical tendency in the week of birth and type of birth (earlier birth week and more caesarean sections in the study group). Statistical significance was found for systemic disease, chief complaint, referee for treatment and treatment duration. Dental anomalies for the patient or first-degree relatives found odds ratio for the presence of an impacted tooth up to 6 times higher. Conclusions: There is epidemiological data related to impacted teeth, such as preterm births and caesarean sections, with the need for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

9 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soft Tissue Movement in Orthognathic Surgery: Does Pre-Operative Soft Tissue Thickness Affect Movement Change?

by Michael V. Joachim, Yair Brosh, Fadi Daoud, Murad Abdelraziq, Imad Abu El-Naaj and Amir Laviv

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(16), 8170; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12168170 - 16 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to examine whether the thickness of the preoperative soft tissue affects the degree of soft tissue movement relative to the hard tissue movement after orthognathic surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective examination of lateral cephalometric X-rays [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to examine whether the thickness of the preoperative soft tissue affects the degree of soft tissue movement relative to the hard tissue movement after orthognathic surgery. Methods: This is a retrospective examination of lateral cephalometric X-rays of patients who underwent orthognathic surgery in single medical center, during a 5-year period. Demographic and operative data were collected. Soft tissue thickness was measured in preoperative cephalometric X-ray, followed by superimposition of postoperative (>6 months) cephalometric X-rays by overlapping fixed bony points. Results: In the upper jaw, there was a decrease in the relative movement of soft tissue with an increase in the initial thickness in surgeries performing advancements up to 5 mm (r = −0.288). In mandibular advancements, there was a clear decrease in soft tissue movement ratio with an increase in the initial soft tissue thickness (r = −0.418), while there was no correlation in mandibular setback cases (r = 0.062). The same correlation between the decrease in relative soft tissue movement and the increase in initial soft tissue thickness was found in advancement genioplasty (r = −0.411). Conclusion: This research shows a general pattern of decrease in relative movement of soft tissue in orthognathic surgery correlated to an increase in its initial thickness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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9 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Assessment of Perception about Angle Inclination of Mandibular and Maxillary Incisors on the Cephalometric Analysis between Skeletal Class 3 and Orthognathic Cases

by Ahmad Hija and Dror Michael Allon

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 6228; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126228 - 19 Jun 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4365

Abstract

Before orthognathic surgery, a thorough diagnosis of the maxillofacial structure is performed for combined orthodontic–surgical treatment planning. One of the tools that are used for this collaboration is the cephalometric radiograph. Cephalometric analysis is a method for measuring the location of specific anatomical [...] Read more.

Before orthognathic surgery, a thorough diagnosis of the maxillofacial structure is performed for combined orthodontic–surgical treatment planning. One of the tools that are used for this collaboration is the cephalometric radiograph. Cephalometric analysis is a method for measuring the location of specific anatomical landmarks upon a cephalogram. Some of these parameters are more difficult to define accurately in cases of dentofacial deformities. Therefore, the data obtained from different examiners are characterized by high variability. The present study aimed to examine whether there is a significant variation in the physicians’ measurements between orthognathic Class I (normal) cases and the cases of skeletal deformity Class III. The study involved ten physicians with a mean age of 27. All physicians underwent appropriate instruction for reading and analyzing cephalometric radiographs, and all physicians were instructed about their role in the study. Each participant received 100 cephalometric radiographs, consisting of 50 radiographs of patients with a regular facial structure (Class-I = orthognathic) and 50 photographs of patients with a specific skeletal deformity (Class-III = prognathic). According to the Frankfort Horizontal plane, each physician marked the upper incisor (U1) longitudinal axis on the radiograph and the lower incisor (L1) longitudinal axis according to the mandibular plane. Then, we measured the angle degree with the Cephninja^® application. Afterward, we performed a statistical analysis of the t-test with Bonferroni correction to check whether there is a significantly large standard deviation between the indices in the orthognathic cases compared to the prognathic cases. In the group of physicians who participated in this sample of these cephalometric radiographs, we found that in prognathic patients, the upper incisor angle measurements showed significantly more t variance relative to those physicians’ corresponding measurements radiographs of orthognathic patients. Variability increases as skeletal deformity become more severe (p = 0.026) in U1 TO FH and (p = 0.014) L1 TO MP. Cephalometric measurements, which are essential for the correct diagnosis and planning of combined orthodontic treatment, suffer from a significant examiner-based bias that is greater as deformity becomes more severe. This conclusion has implications for the accuracy of the model on which the entire plan process of the combined treatment of facial and jaw deformities is based. The surgeon should use CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography) for its three-dimensional superiority over cephalometric imaging, which will result in a more accurate evaluation of surgery planning and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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10 pages, 3748 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Digital Design of Laser-Sintered Metal-Printed Dento-Alveolar Anchorage Supporting Orthodontic Treatment

by Greta Yordanova, Milen Chalyovski, Gergana Gurgurova and Mirela Georgieva

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(13), 7353; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137353 - 21 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1138

Abstract

In interceptive treatments in which impacted teeth (incisor or first permanent molar) should be included into the dental arch, the main clinical problem is the provision of an anchorage area and a suitable appliance. The use of a laser-sintered metal orthodontic printed dento-alveolar [...] Read more.

In interceptive treatments in which impacted teeth (incisor or first permanent molar) should be included into the dental arch, the main clinical problem is the provision of an anchorage area and a suitable appliance. The use of a laser-sintered metal orthodontic printed dento-alveolar anchorage (PDaA), designed and printed digitally, has expanded the boundaries of orthodontic treatment, especially in its interceptive phase. Our aim is to describe a laser-sintered metal appliance to provide anchorage during orthodontic surgical traction of impacted teeth in the mixed dentition period. The presented clinical cases were treated with digitally projected and printed metal PDaA. In the described clinical cases, individually designed anchorage systems were used. They were created through design software and, after that, the metal appliances were printed. The devices were placed in the oral area and did not disturb the aesthetics of the patient. The advantages of individual designed metal PDaA allow the accommodation of the morphology of the hard palate and alveolar bone. This makes the PDaA comfortable for the patient and rigid enough to perform orthodontic traction at the same time. The PDaA is applicable in mixed dentition and, in complicated clinical cases, in permanent dentition. Their individuality allows for segmental treatments or treatments in cases requiring additional anchorage further away from the active force. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Present and Future of Orthodontics)

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