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Hydrology and Water Resources
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Hydrology and Water Resources

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Earth Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 9062

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
Interests: water and life; anthropogenic changes in the hydrological cycle; trends in hydrological variables; hydrological modeling; drinking water; health; food and energy nexus; water-related disasters; water-related conflicts
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Water is a resource essential for all forms of life. Although there is plenty of water to meet the demand for the present population and even for a projected population of about 9 billion, there is significant spatial and temporal variation in the global distribution of this resource. The main use of water is for drinking. Secondly, water is also required for growing and processing food for the human population and other biotic populations. In addition to these two basic needs, there are other uses of water such as for energy, industry, transportation and recreation. However, too much water and/or too little water can lead to water-related disasters and conflicts. The main scientific input to manage the available water resources optimally comes from hydrology and there are signs that the natural hydrological cycle has changed, mainly as a result of anthropogenic factors.  The objective of this Special Issue on “Hydrology and Water Resources” is to disseminate the latest findings on the optimal management of water without causing negative effects on the environment.

Dr. Amithirigala Widhanelage Jayawardena
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 4607 KiB  
Article
Novel Algorithm to Detect, Classify, and Count Mussel Larvae in Seawater Samples Using Computer Vision
by Pedro Orgeira-Crespo, Carlos Gabín-Sánchez, Fernando Aguado-Agelet and Guillermo Rey-González
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5113; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125113 - 12 Jun 2024
Viewed by 702
Abstract
The European Union’s mussel production industry is dependent on obtaining mussel larvae as seed for cultivation, a process traditionally monitored through labor-intensive manual sampling and microscopic counting prone to human error and time-consuming procedures. To address these challenges, our research presents a computer [...] Read more.
The European Union’s mussel production industry is dependent on obtaining mussel larvae as seed for cultivation, a process traditionally monitored through labor-intensive manual sampling and microscopic counting prone to human error and time-consuming procedures. To address these challenges, our research presents a computer vision-based methodology for accurately identifying, classifying, and quantifying mussel larvae individuals across various developmental stages from microscopic images of water samples. Utilizing a neural network architecture derived from the YOLO method, our approach integrates convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers to automate detection, classification, and accounting tasks. Through training with manually labeled samples and employing data augmentation techniques, we established a robust framework capable of processing diverse larval specimens effectively. Our research not only streamlines mussel larvae monitoring processes but also underscores the potential of computer vision techniques to enhance efficiency and accuracy in aquaculture industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology and Water Resources)
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25 pages, 10013 KiB  
Article
Assessing Extreme Drought Events and Their Temporal Impact: Before and after the Operation of a Hydropower Plant
by Andrés F. Villalba-Barrios, Oscar E. Coronado Hernández, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel, Alfonso Arrieta-Pastrana and Helena M. Ramos
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1692; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051692 - 20 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 908
Abstract
The probabilistic analysis of streamflow and drought event durations plays a crucial role in the efficient and sustainable management of existing water resources in the region. This approach involves the collection of historical hydrological data from river gauging stations, the use of statistical [...] Read more.
The probabilistic analysis of streamflow and drought event durations plays a crucial role in the efficient and sustainable management of existing water resources in the region. This approach involves the collection of historical hydrological data from river gauging stations, the use of statistical and probabilistic models, and the assessment of hydrological projections at different return periods to provide valuable information for society to understand the potential impacts of extreme events. The analysis is carried out on the Sinú River in Colombia, with consideration given to both the presence and absence of the Hydropower Plant Urrá I. The results reveal that, under natural conditions, a higher number of return periods correspond to less extreme drought flows and longer temporal durations. However, when the hydropower plant is operational, the occurrence and duration of drought are influenced by the regulations implemented during energy generation. The results of this analysis can guide water resource management policies, considering the operation of the hydroelectric plant, thereby enabling decisions that enhance the resilience and sustainability of the river’s hydrological conditions and communities that depend on it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology and Water Resources)
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28 pages, 3092 KiB  
Article
Energy–Water Management System Based on MPC for a Greenhouse in a Mapuche Indigenous Community
by Alvaro Endo, Sebastian Parra, Oscar Cartagena, Doris Sáez, Carlos Muñoz and Juan Ignacio Huircan
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(8), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084734 - 9 Apr 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1667
Abstract
Rural communities usually settle in territories where crop self-consumption is the main source of sustenance. In this context, climate change has made these environments of crop control susceptible to water shortages, impacting crop yields. The implementation of greenhouses has been proposed to address [...] Read more.
Rural communities usually settle in territories where crop self-consumption is the main source of sustenance. In this context, climate change has made these environments of crop control susceptible to water shortages, impacting crop yields. The implementation of greenhouses has been proposed to address these problems, together with strategies to optimize water and energy consumption. In this study, an energy–water management system based on a model predictive control strategy is proposed. This control strategy consists of a fuzzy optimizer used to determine the optimal consumption from isolated microgrids considering the local resources available. The proposed controller is implemented on two timescales. First, medium-term optimization over one month is used to estimate the necessary water demand required to support crop growth and a high yield. Second, short-term optimization is used to determine the optimal climate conditions inside the greenhouse for managing crop irrigation, refilling the reserve water tank, and providing ventilation. Experiments were conducted to test this approach using a case study of an isolated community. For such a case, energy consumption was reduced, and the irrigation process was optimized. The results indicated that the proposed controller is a viable alternative for implementing intelligent management systems for greenhouses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology and Water Resources)
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Graphical abstract

34 pages, 6208 KiB  
Article
Hydrological Drought Frequency Analysis in Water Management Using Univariate Distributions
by Cristian Gabriel Anghel and Cornel Ilinca
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 3055; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13053055 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2336
Abstract
The study of extreme phenomena in hydrology generally involves frequency analysis and a time series analysis. In this article we provide enough mathematics to enable hydrology researchers to apply a wide range of probability distributions in frequency analyses of hydrological drought. The article [...] Read more.
The study of extreme phenomena in hydrology generally involves frequency analysis and a time series analysis. In this article we provide enough mathematics to enable hydrology researchers to apply a wide range of probability distributions in frequency analyses of hydrological drought. The article presents a hydrological drought frequency analysis methodology for the determination of minimum annual flows, annual drought durations and annual deficit volumes for exceedance probabilities common in water management. Eight statistical distributions from different families and with different numbers of parameters are used for the frequency analysis. The method of ordinary moments and the method of linear moments are used to estimate the parameters of the distributions. All the mathematical characteristics necessary for the application of the eight analyzed distributions, for the method of ordinary moments and the method of linear moments, are presented. The performance of the analyzed distributions is evaluated using relative mean error and relative absolute error. For the frequency analysis of the annual minimum flows, only distributions that have a lower bound close to the annual minimum value should be used, a defining characteristic having the asymptotic distributions at this value. A case study of hydrological drought frequency analysis is presented for the Prigor River. We believe that the use of software without the knowledge of the mathematics behind it is not beneficial for researchers in the field of technical hydrology; thus, the dissemination of mathematical methods and models is necessary. All the research was conducted within the Faculty of Hydrotechnics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology and Water Resources)
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17 pages, 5853 KiB  
Article
Water Softener Regeneration Effects on the Operation of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Preliminary Study
by Maciej Pawlak, Agnieszka A. Pilarska, Katarzyna Zimnicka, Sebastian Kujawiak and Radosław Matz
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(5), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052853 - 23 Feb 2023
Viewed by 2579
Abstract
There has been a large amount of scientific research carried out to date on the impact of salty backwash brine from domestic water softeners (WS) on domestic wastewater treatment plants (DWTPs). Experts and practitioners agree that the impact is harmful and there is [...] Read more.
There has been a large amount of scientific research carried out to date on the impact of salty backwash brine from domestic water softeners (WS) on domestic wastewater treatment plants (DWTPs). Experts and practitioners agree that the impact is harmful and there is still a need to look for new technologies. The study of the effect of an increased sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration after softener regeneration is important from the point of view of the operation of DWTPs and soil properties. This paper presents the results of a field study of the concentration of NaCl at the septic tank (ST) drainage point, into which the grey water from the regeneration of the water softener flowed. During the six-month measurements (recorded every 1 min), an increase in NaCl concentration was observed in the septic tank outflow, from an average NaCl concentration of 1.5 g·L−1—between regenerations—to an average concentration of 4.5 g·L−1—after water softener regeneration. The increased NaCl concentration decreased significantly up to 2 days after the water softener regeneration. Temperature changes in the treated wastewater were also measured—during the winter period, temperature differences of up to 10 °C per day were recorded. In the second part of the study, conducted on a semi-technical scale, the effect of brine from the regeneration of the water softener on the hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of the soil from the infiltration drain of the DWTPs studied was assessed. The Ks was determined by analysing the time it took the water to soak into the soil, using the Van Hoorn equation. The results and statistical analysis indicate an increased salt content in the soil absorbing the brine, which may have been influenced by the reduced absorption and capacity of the drain due to adverse physico-chemical changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrology and Water Resources)
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