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Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications
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Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 8720

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tze Chuen Yap

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia
Interests: additive manufacturing; tribology; nontraditional manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mohd Rizal Alkahari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
Interests: 3D printing; additive manufacturing; design and manufacturing
Dr. Kean How Cheah

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Aerospace, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199, Taikang East Road, Yinzhou, Ningbo 315100, China
Interests: additive manufacturing; space micropropulsion; polymer derived ceramics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Various AM techniques, such as extrusion (fused deposition modeling/fused filament fabrication), photopolymerization (stereolithography (SLA)/digital light processing (DLP)) and beam deposition (selective laser sintering (SLS)), can be used to 3D print polymeric components. Research in additive manufacturing (AM) and 3D printing of polymeric materials is receiving growing attention due to a wider selection of materials, reasonable print performance and more affordable costs, in addition to the common advantages of additive manufacturing. However, in order to extend the uses of 3D printed components their mechanical performance must be improved. New polymeric materials or new polymer composite materials are needed to widen the application of 3D printed polymers. This Special Issue welcomes research or review papers on a wide variety of topics covering advanced materials in polymeric 3D printing applications, as well as unique applications of 3D printing technologies.

Dr. Tze Chuen Yap
Dr. Mohd Rizal Alkahari
Dr. Kean How Cheah
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • advanced materials
  • additive manufacturing
  • 3D printing
  • fused deposition modeling
  • stereolithography
  • selective laser sintering
  • polymer composite
  • application of additive manufacturing

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4500 KiB  
Article
Effect of Different Finishing Systems on Surface Roughness and Gloss of a 3D-Printed Material for Permanent Dental Use
by Alessandro Vichi, Dario Balestra and Chris Louca
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 7289; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167289 - 19 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1033
Abstract
The object of the study was to assess the effect of different finishing and polishing systems on the roughness and gloss of a 3D-printed permanent restorative material. One 3D printable Permanent material was selected for the study. Squared-shaped specimens (14 mm2; [...] Read more.
The object of the study was to assess the effect of different finishing and polishing systems on the roughness and gloss of a 3D-printed permanent restorative material. One 3D printable Permanent material was selected for the study. Squared-shaped specimens (14 mm2; 5 mm thickness) were obtained by designing and printing. Eighty specimens were produced and randomly assigned (n = 10) to 8 finishing and polishing methods: Sof-Lex™ Spiral Wheels (SW), Sof-Lex™ XT Pop-on Disc (SD), Identoflex Lucent no paste (Ln), Identoflex Lucent + paste (Lp), Resin Nitrogen polymerized (NG), Optiglaze (OG), Opti1Step (OS), and HiLusterPLUS (HL). Surface roughness and gloss were then measured by a roughness meter and a glossmeter, respectively. For roughness, statistically significant differences were found (p < 0.001), with NG(a) > SD(b) = OG(b) = Lp(b); Lp(b) = Ln(bc); Ln(bc) = OS(cd); OS(cd) = SW(de); and SW(de) = HL(e). For gloss, statistically significant differences were also identified (p < 0.001) with NG(a) > SD(b) > Lp(c) = OS(c) = OG(cd); OG(cd) = Ln(d) > HL(e) = SW(e). The nitrogen chamber polymerization showed better results for both roughness and gloss. Multi-step finishing/polishing systems were able to produce smoother surfaces than 1-step and 2-step systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications)
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22 pages, 3712 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Parameters of FDM- and SLA-Printed ABS Materials
by Elvis Hozdić
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(2), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14020649 - 12 Jan 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2567
Abstract
This research paper provides an in-depth examination of the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed specimens made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and resins akin to ABS, with a focus on two widely used 3D printing methodologies: fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA). The [...] Read more.
This research paper provides an in-depth examination of the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed specimens made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and resins akin to ABS, with a focus on two widely used 3D printing methodologies: fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA). The study investigates how variations in 3D printing technology and infill density impact mechanical parameters such as Young’s modulus, tensile strength, strain, nominal strain at break, maximum displacement, and maximum force at break. Tensile testing was conducted to assess these critical parameters. The results indicate distinct differences in mechanical performance between FDM- and SLA-printed specimens, with SLA consistently showing superior mechanical parameters, especially in terms of tensile strength, displacement, and Young’s modulus. SLA-printed specimens at 30% infill density exhibited a 38.11% increase in average tensile strength compared to FDM counterparts and at 100% infill density, a 39.57% increase was observed. The average maximum displacement for SLA specimens at 30% infill density showed a 14.96% increase and at 100% infill density, a 30.32% increase was observed compared to FDM specimens. Additionally, the average Young’s modulus for SLA specimens at 30% infill density increased by 17.89% and at 100% infill density, a 13.48% increase was observed, highlighting the superior mechanical properties of SLA-printed ABS-like resin materials. In tensile testing, FDM-printed specimens with 30% infill density showed an average strain of 2.16% and at 100% infill density, a slightly higher deformation of 3.1% was recorded. Conversely, SLA-printed specimens at 30% infill density exhibited a strain of 2.24% and at 100% infill density, a higher strain value of 4.15% was observed. The comparison suggests that increasing the infill density in FDM does not significantly improve deformation resistance, while in SLA, it leads to a substantial increase in deformation, raising questions about the practicality of higher infill densities. The testing data underscore the impact of infill density on the average nominal strain at break, revealing improved performance in FDM and significant strain endurance in SLA. The study concludes that SLA technology offers clear advantages, making it a promising option for producing ABS and ABS-like resin materials with enhanced mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications)
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13 pages, 5313 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Temperature on FDM 3D Printing Polymers: ABS, PETG, and PLA
by Ryan Mendenhall and Babak Eslami
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11503; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011503 - 20 Oct 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
Four-dimensional printing is a process in which a 3D-printed object is intentionally transformed in response to an external stimulus such as temperature, which is useful when the final geometry of a 3D-printed part is not easily manufacturable. One method to demonstrate this is [...] Read more.
Four-dimensional printing is a process in which a 3D-printed object is intentionally transformed in response to an external stimulus such as temperature, which is useful when the final geometry of a 3D-printed part is not easily manufacturable. One method to demonstrate this is to print a part made of thin strips of material on a sheet of paper, heat the part, and allow it to cool. This causes the part to curl due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients of the paper and plastic. In an attempt to quantify the effect of different temperatures on various materials, samples of three common 3D printing filaments, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and polylactic acid (PLA), were heated at different temperatures (85 °C, 105 °C, and 125 °C) for intervals of 15 min and then allowed to cool until curling stopped. This heating and cooling cycle was repeated three times for each sample to determine if repeated heating and cooling influenced the curling. Each sample was filmed as it was cooling, which allowed the radius of curvature to be measured by tracking the uppermost point of the part, knowing the arc length, and calibrating the video based on a known linear length. After three cycles, all three materials showed a decrease in the radius of curvature (tighter curl) as heating temperature increased, with PLA showing the trend much more predominantly than ABS and PETG. Furthermore, for PETG and PLA, the radius of curvature decreased with each cycle at all temperatures, with the decrease being more significant from cycle 1 to 2 than cycle 2 to 3. Conversely, ABS only shared this trend at 125 °C. The findings of this work can provide guidelines to users on the temperature dosage for the mass manufacturing of complex geometries such as packaging, self-assembly robots, and drug delivery applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications)
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13 pages, 3410 KiB  
Article
Aging of PA12 Powder in Powder Bed Fusion
by Achille Gazzerro, Wilma Polini, Luca Sorrentino and Gillo Giuliano
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5599; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095599 - 1 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is a popular additive manufacturing technology due to its high build resolution and ability to produce microscale geometries without the use of additional support. Despite the many benefits of PBF, there are still some limitations associated with the materials [...] Read more.
Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is a popular additive manufacturing technology due to its high build resolution and ability to produce microscale geometries without the use of additional support. Despite the many benefits of PBF, there are still some limitations associated with the materials to be built. A critical industrial limit is the aging of PA12 powder, which is the degradation of its physical and chemical properties due to high temperatures and long building cycles of the powder that is not directly fused into the final part but supports the part under construction. This powder is now being used to make another part in order to reduce manufacturing costs. The mechanical properties of the built parts are reduced due to the reused powder. The current study aims to characterize powder aging using experimental tests such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, and Thermogravimetric Analysis to define the physical and chemical parameters of the powder that will be used inside a simulation software to optimize the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Polymeric 3D Printing Applications)
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