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Applied Sciences
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Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application
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Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2024) | Viewed by 5789

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Žydrūnas Kavaliauskas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos Str. 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: materials engineering and synthesis and research of new materials; diagnostics of plasma and high-temperature flows and development of diagnostic tools; electronics and their research; plasma processes and their studies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Vitas Valincius

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos Str. 3, LT-44403 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: development and research of various purpose direct current plasma sources; study of processes and phenomena occurring in discharge channels, plasma flows, and currents; generation of water vapor plasma and its use for fuel conversion and neutralization of hazardous waste
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of the journal will publish articles relating to intelligent electronic systems. Electronic systems are widely used in various fields when it is necessary to monitor various parameters. Electronic systems can be designed and manufactured based on PCBs and microcontrollers. In order for the electronics monitoring system to work, it is necessary to create an original software code for its management. This field includes various disciplines such as programming, digital electronics, automatic control, physics, telecommunications, etc. The intended scope of the Special Issue covers areas such as computer science, data electronic monitoring systems, the application of digital electronics, the development of control applications, etc.

Dr. Žydrūnas Kavaliauskas
Dr. Vitas Valincius
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • electronics
  • monitoring systems
  • digital
  • electronics
  • program code
  • database
  • microcontrollers

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 4541 KiB  
Article
Monitoring the Sleep Respiratory Rate with Low-Cost Microcontroller Wi-Fi in a Controlled Environment
by Ratthamontree Burimas, Teerayut Horanont, Aakash Thapa and Badri Raj Lamichhane
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6458; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156458 - 24 Jul 2024
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Sleep apnea, characterized by breathing interruptions or slow breathing at night, can cause various health issues. Detecting respiratory rate (RR) using Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) can identify sleep disorders without physical contact avoiding sleep disruption. However, traditional methods using Network Interface Cards (NICs) like [...] Read more.
Sleep apnea, characterized by breathing interruptions or slow breathing at night, can cause various health issues. Detecting respiratory rate (RR) using Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) can identify sleep disorders without physical contact avoiding sleep disruption. However, traditional methods using Network Interface Cards (NICs) like the Intel Wi-Fi Link 5300 NIC are often costly and limited in channel state information (CSI) resolution. Our study introduces an effective strategy using the affordable ESP32 single-board computer for tracking RR through detailed analysis of Wi-Fi signal CSI. We developed a technique correlating Wi-Fi signal fluctuations with RR, employing signal processing methods—Hampel Filtering, Gaussian Filtering, Linear Interpolation, and Butterworth Low Pass Filtering—to accurately extract relevant signals. Additionally, noise from external movements is mitigated using a Z-Score for anomaly detection approach. We also implemented a local peak function to count peaks within an interval, scaling it to bpm for RR identification. RR measurements were conducted at different rates—Normal (12–16 bpm), Fast (>16 bpm), and Slow (<12 bpm)—to assess the effectiveness in both normal and sleep apnea conditions. Tested on data from 8 participants with distinct body types and genders, our approach demonstrated accuracy by comparing modeled sleep RR against actual RR measurements from the Vernier Respiration Monitor Belt. Optimal parameter settings yielded an overall average mean absolute deviation (MAD) of 2.60 bpm, providing the best result for normal breathing (MAD = 1.38). Different optimal settings were required for fast (MAD = 1.81) and slow breathing (MAD = 2.98). The results indicate that our method effectively detects RR using a low-cost approach under different parameter settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application)
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19 pages, 9149 KiB  
Article
Multi-Sensor Fusion Approach to Drinking Activity Identification for Improving Fluid Intake Monitoring
by Ju-Hsuan Li, Pei-Wei Yu, Hsuan-Chih Wang, Che-Yu Lin, Yen-Chen Lin, Chien-Pin Liu, Chia-Yeh Hsieh and Chia-Tai Chan
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4480; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114480 - 24 May 2024
Viewed by 496
Abstract
People nowadays often ignore the importance of proper hydration. Water is indispensable to the human body’s function, including maintaining normal temperature, getting rid of wastes and preventing kidney damage. Once the fluid intake is lower than the consumption, it is difficult to metabolize [...] Read more.
People nowadays often ignore the importance of proper hydration. Water is indispensable to the human body’s function, including maintaining normal temperature, getting rid of wastes and preventing kidney damage. Once the fluid intake is lower than the consumption, it is difficult to metabolize waste. Furthermore, insufficient fluid intake can also cause headaches, dizziness and fatigue. Fluid intake monitoring plays an important role in preventing dehydration. In this study, we propose a multimodal approach to drinking activity identification to improve fluid intake monitoring. The movement signals of the wrist and container, as well as acoustic signals of swallowing, are acquired. After pre-processing and feature extraction, typical machine learning algorithms are used to determine whether each sliding window is a drinking activity. Next, the recognition performance of the single-modal and multimodal methods is compared through the event-based and sample-based evaluation. In sample-based evaluation, the proposed multi-sensor fusion approach performs better on support vector machine and extreme gradient boosting and achieves 83.7% and 83.9% F1-score, respectively. Similarly, the proposed method in the event-based evaluation achieves the best F1-score of 96.5% on the support vector machine. The results demonstrate that the multimodal approach performs better than the single-modal in drinking activity identification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application)
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13 pages, 933 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Gait Kinematics in Older Adults: Free Walking vs. Nordic Walking with Classic and Mechatronic Poles
by Agnieszka Szpala, Sławomir Winiarski, Małgorzata Kołodziej, Bogdan Pietraszewski, Ryszard Jasiński, Tadeusz Niebudek, Andrzej Lejczak, Karolina Lorek, Jacek Bałchanowski, Sławomir Wudarczyk and Marek Woźniewski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 3057; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14073057 - 5 Apr 2024
Viewed by 692
Abstract
This investigation aimed to scrutinise the kinematic and spatio-temporal characteristics of free and Nordic walking (NW) in older adults, utilising both traditional and biosensor-integrated mechatronic poles. The hypothesis was that including biosensors for gait analysis in NW poles would not disrupt the walking [...] Read more.
This investigation aimed to scrutinise the kinematic and spatio-temporal characteristics of free and Nordic walking (NW) in older adults, utilising both traditional and biosensor-integrated mechatronic poles. The hypothesis was that including biosensors for gait analysis in NW poles would not disrupt the walking pattern of older adults compared to standard poles. The study involved seniors aged 65–74 who were amateur Nordic Walking (NW) practitioners. They were instructed to traverse a 100-m distance three times: without poles, with traditional NW poles, and with mechatronic poles. The MyoMOTION MR3 system was used to gather biomechanical data. The study revealed differences in eight kinematic parameters and stride time between free walking and walking with poles. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in any of the parameters, regardless of the pole type used. The findings suggest that older NW practitioners tend to employ free walking patterns even when using poles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application)
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15 pages, 1155 KiB  
Article
Motion Detectors as Additional Monitoring Devices in the Intensive Care Unit—A Proof-of-Concept Study
by Gülmisal Güder, Eva von Rein, Thomas Flohr, Dirk Weismann, Dominik Schmitt, Stefan Störk, Stefan Frantz, Vincent Kratzer and Christian Kendi
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(16), 9319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13169319 - 16 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
Background: Monitoring the vital signs of delirious patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as they might (un-)intentionally remove devices attached to their bodies. In mock-up scenarios, we systematically assessed whether a motion detector (MD) attached to the bed may help [...] Read more.
Background: Monitoring the vital signs of delirious patients in an intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as they might (un-)intentionally remove devices attached to their bodies. In mock-up scenarios, we systematically assessed whether a motion detector (MD) attached to the bed may help in identifying emergencies. Methods: We recruited 15 employees of the ICU and equipped an ICU bed with an MD (IRON Software GmbH, Grünwald, Germany). Participants were asked to replay 22 mock-up scenes of one-minute duration each: 12 scenes with movements and 10 without movements, of which 5 were emergency scenes (“lying dead-still, with no or very shallow breathing”). Blinded recordings were presented to an evaluation panel consisting of an experienced ICU nurse and a physician, who was asked to assess and rate the presence of motions. Results: Fifteen participants (nine women; 173 ± 7.0 cm; 78 ± 19 kg) joined the study. In total, 286 out of 330 scenes (86.7%) were rated correctly. Ratings were false negative (FN: “no movements detected, but recorded”) in 7 out of 180 motion scenes (3.9%). Ratings were false positive (FP: “movements detected, but not recorded”) in 37 out of 150 scenes (24.7%), more often in men than women (26 out of 60 vs. 11 out of 90, respectively; p < 0.001). Of note, in 16 of these 37 FP-rated scenes, a vibrating mobile phone was identified as a potential confounder. The emergency scenes were correctly rated in 64 of the 75 runs (85.3%); 10 of the 11 FP-rated scenes occurred in male subjects. Conclusions: The MD allowed for identifying motions of test subjects with high sensitivity (96%) and acceptable specificity (75%). Accuracy might increase further if activities are recorded continuously under real-world conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application)
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Review

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22 pages, 1363 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review and Analysis of Nanosensors for Structural Health Monitoring in Bridge Maintenance: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
by Daguang Han, Haidar Hosamo, Chunli Ying and Ruimin Nie
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11149; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011149 - 10 Oct 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2553
Abstract
This paper presents a thorough review and detailed analysis of nanosensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) in the context of bridge maintenance. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, nanosensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting and assessing the structural integrity of bridges. The [...] Read more.
This paper presents a thorough review and detailed analysis of nanosensors for structural health monitoring (SHM) in the context of bridge maintenance. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, nanosensors have emerged as promising tools for detecting and assessing the structural integrity of bridges. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various types of nanosensors utilized in bridge maintenance, their operating principles, fabrication techniques, and integration strategies. Furthermore, this paper explores the challenges associated with nanosensor deployment, such as signal processing, power supply, and data interpretation. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook on future developments in the field of nanosensors for SHM in bridge maintenance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electronic Monitoring Systems and Their Application)
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