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Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science
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Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Applied Industrial Technologies".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 18 November 2024 | Viewed by 7585

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wei Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Shanghai Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of MEM, Shanghai 200032, China
Interests: fire dynamic; subatmospheric combustion; fire extinguishing theory
Dr. Zhenxiang Tao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Interests: fire dynamic; pool fire; subatmospheric fire behavior
Dr. Tao Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, No. 1550, Haigang Avenue, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China
Interests: combustion; thermodynamics; fire dynamic

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The significance of a fire protection science in the field of engineering cannot be underestimated. Within this scope, research efforts are focused on understanding and investigating fire spread and thermal response through a combination of experimental, theoretical, and computational methods, with goals of uncovering the fundamental characteristics of fire behavior and developing effective fire protection strategies. This Special Issue aims to explore and promote the application of fire protection science in various engineering processes, providing readers with the latest research findings and innovative developments.

Dr. Wei Wang
Dr. Zhenxiang Tao
Dr. Tao Xu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • fire safety science
  • fire performance
  • assessment of fire risk
  • fire suppression technology
  • numerical simulation of fire
  • thermal damage
  • heat transfer

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 2697 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on the Factors Affecting Pedestrian Exit Selection on the Basis of the Mixed Reality Evacuation LVC Simulation System
by Zhenxiang Tao, Ying Li, Xubo Huang, Yisen Wang, Minze Chen and Rui Yang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5741; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135741 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 583
Abstract
Evacuation rules for pedestrians in emergencies are of great significance for the design of building exits, exit management, and evacuation facilities. Based on the mixed reality evacuation LVC simulation system we developed, in this paper, three kinds of pedestrian exit selection experiments were [...] Read more.
Evacuation rules for pedestrians in emergencies are of great significance for the design of building exits, exit management, and evacuation facilities. Based on the mixed reality evacuation LVC simulation system we developed, in this paper, three kinds of pedestrian exit selection experiments were carried out, in which the influence of distance and exit selection on pedestrian exit selection was studied. In line with common sense, during the single-factor control tests, the participants preferred the exit with fewer people and at a closer distance. The two-factor combined effect of the above two factors was also studied. It can be found that the participants preferred to choose the least crowded exit with a closer distance for evacuation. Among these two factors, the participants would give priority to the number of people at the exit. In addition, participants show different trajectories for the difference in the number of people at the two exits. Their walking trajectory was close to an arc line in the case of an equal number of people at two exits. The results of this paper provide a theoretical basis for research on designing evacuation facilities and guiding evacuees, and allows us to explore a new approach for mixed reality evacuation research by conducting virtual crowd experiments in a real environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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18 pages, 11673 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Inlet Structure on Stratification Performance in Thermal Storage Tanks: A Study through Simulation and Experimental Analysis
by Yongjie Xing, Xiaofen Zhang, Zilong Zhang and Fang Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5248; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125248 - 17 Jun 2024
Viewed by 585
Abstract
Thermal storage tanks are the most widely used devices for thermodynamic storage. Their stratification performance is a key factor in determining their effectiveness. In this study, a structure was proposed to improve the thermal stratification of an elbow-type thermal storage tank. An experimental [...] Read more.
Thermal storage tanks are the most widely used devices for thermodynamic storage. Their stratification performance is a key factor in determining their effectiveness. In this study, a structure was proposed to improve the thermal stratification of an elbow-type thermal storage tank. An experimental study was conducted on its exothermic properties for applications in hot water storage tanks. An experimental analysis was performed to investigate the exothermic properties of the proposed structure, and the results were compared with those obtained from simulations using CFD (ANSYS 19.1) software. To investigate the effect of thermal stratification on the water inlet structure, the Richardson number, hot water output rate, and MIX number of the elbow inlet structure were compared with those of the water distributor inlet structure. The results show that the MIX numbers corresponding to the inlet structures of the two types of tanks, the elbow and water distributor types, are not very different. These values were almost identical to the Richardson numbers. Under the same working conditions, the hot water output rate was 84.90% for the elbow inlet structure and 76.39% for the water distributor inlet structure. In conclusion, elbow-type water inlet structures are easy to install, and the manufacturing process is simplified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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12 pages, 4659 KiB  
Article
Research on Chinese Fire Station Optimal Location Model Based on Fire Risk Statistics: Case Study in Shanghai
by Qize He, Lin Xue, Yun Yang, Pengfei Ding and Min Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14052052 - 29 Feb 2024
Viewed by 893
Abstract
With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the gap between urban and rural areas is decreasing. The traditional approach of constructing fire stations based on urban built-up areas is no longer suitable for the needs of modern fire rescue. Therefore, a comprehensive [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the gap between urban and rural areas is decreasing. The traditional approach of constructing fire stations based on urban built-up areas is no longer suitable for the needs of modern fire rescue. Therefore, a comprehensive fire station location model is proposed based on fire risk assessment. This method divides the protected area units based on the urban road network. By evaluating different regions based on spatial position, land attributes, population density, floor area ratio, and fire incident indicators, the fire rescue risk levels and categorize regions into four risk levels are assessed. Corresponding response times were determined, and an objective model was developed to maximize the coverage area for fire response. The Baidu API was utilized to accurately calculate driving distances and times, and Gurobi optimization software was used to solve the model. Taking Shanghai as an example, the fire station location and layout from two perspectives—re-planning based on overall station placement and re-planning based on existing stations—were analyzed. The results suggest that constructing around 150 fire stations in Shanghai would effectively meet the fire rescue needs, which aligns with the actual situation in Shanghai and demonstrates the strong applicability of this model. This approach enables the meeting of new demand for fire station construction due to the significant increase in the coverage area while effectively utilizing firefighting resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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15 pages, 3147 KiB  
Article
A Two-Stage Registration Strategy for Thermal–Visible Images in Substations
by Wanfeng Sun, Haibo Gao and Cheng Li
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(3), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031158 - 30 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 884
Abstract
The analysis of infrared video images is becoming one of the methods used to detect thermal hazards in many large-scale engineering sites. The fusion of infrared thermal imaging and visible image data in the target area can help people to identify and locate [...] Read more.
The analysis of infrared video images is becoming one of the methods used to detect thermal hazards in many large-scale engineering sites. The fusion of infrared thermal imaging and visible image data in the target area can help people to identify and locate the fault points of thermal hazards. Among them, a very important step is the registration of thermally visible images. However, the direct registration of images with large-scale differences may lead to large registration errors or even failure. This paper presents a novel two-stage thermal–visible-image registration strategy specifically designed for exceptional scenes, such as a substation. Firstly, the original image pairs that occur after binarization are quickly and roughly registered. Secondly, the adaptive downsampling unit partial-intensity invariant feature descriptor (ADU-PIIFD) algorithm is proposed to correct the small-scale differences in details and achieve finer registration. Experiments are conducted on 30 data sets containing complex power station scenes and compared with several other methods. The results show that the proposed method exhibits an excellent and stable performance in thermal–visible-image registration, and the registration error on the entire data set is within five pixels. Especially for multimodal images with poor image quality and many detailed features, the robustness of the proposed method is far better than that of other methods, which provides a more reliable image registration scheme for the field of fire safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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22 pages, 9165 KiB  
Article
Predictive Modeling of Forest Fires in Yunnan Province: An Integration of ARIMA and Stepwise Regression Analysis
by Yan Shi, Changping Feng and Shipeng Yang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010256 - 27 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1129
Abstract
As global warming progresses, forest fires have become more frequent, leading to the destruction of forest biodiversity and consequently affecting Earth’s ecosystems and human living conditions. The ability to predict the long-term trend of forest fires holds significant value for fire prevention and [...] Read more.
As global warming progresses, forest fires have become more frequent, leading to the destruction of forest biodiversity and consequently affecting Earth’s ecosystems and human living conditions. The ability to predict the long-term trend of forest fires holds significant value for fire prevention and management. In Yunnan Province, China, a region rich in forest resources, this study utilized temperature, average annual rainfall, relative humidity, and wind speed data from 1991 to 2021. We forecasted forest fires using the stepwise regression and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model, incorporating the collected forest fire data. The findings reveal a negative correlation between rainfall and forest fire incidence, whereas wind speed exhibited a positive correlation. The ARIMA model forecasts a cyclical trend in fires from 2022 to 2033, with considerable fluctuations in the number of fires, notably in 2027 and 2033. The projected affected area is anticipated to show a marked increase from 2028 onwards. This research not only provides a novel methodology for forecasting forest fires but also lays a scientific foundation for the development of future fire prevention and mitigation strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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24 pages, 9109 KiB  
Article
Multi-Scale Flame Situation Detection Based on Pixel-Level Segmentation of Visual Images
by Xinzhi Wang, Mengyue Li, Quanyi Liu, Yudong Chang and Hui Zhang
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(19), 11088; https://doi.org/10.3390/app131911088 - 9 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1386
Abstract
The accurate analysis of multi-scale flame development plays a crucial role in improving firefighting decisions and facilitating smart city establishment. However, flames’ non-rigid nature and blurred edges present challenges in achieving accurate segmentation. Consequently, little attention is paid to extracting further flame situation [...] Read more.
The accurate analysis of multi-scale flame development plays a crucial role in improving firefighting decisions and facilitating smart city establishment. However, flames’ non-rigid nature and blurred edges present challenges in achieving accurate segmentation. Consequently, little attention is paid to extracting further flame situation information through fire segmentation. To address this issue, we propose Flame-SeaFormer, a multi-scale flame situation detection model based on the pixel-level segmentation of visual images. Flame-SeaFormer comprises three key steps. Firstly, in the context branch, squeeze-enhanced axial attention (SEA attention) is applied to squeeze fire feature maps, capturing dependencies among flame pixels while reducing the computational complexity. Secondly, the fusion block in the spatial branch integrates high-level semantic information from the contextual branch with low-level spatial details, ensuring a global representation of flame features. Lastly, the light segmentation head conducts pixel-level segmentation on the flame features. Based on the flame segmentation results, static flame parameters (flame height, width, and area) and dynamic flame parameters (change rates of flame height, width, and area) are gained, thereby enabling the real-time perception of flame evolution behavior. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate that Flame-SeaFormer achieves the best trade-off between segmentation accuracy and speed, surpassing existing fire segmentation methods. Flame-SeaFormer enables precise flame state acquisition and evolution exploration, supporting intelligent fire protection systems in urban environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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14 pages, 8103 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Performance of a Gabion Building Envelope in Cold Regions with a Mountainous Climate
by Fang Liu, Yafei Li, Yushi Wang, Qunli Zhang, Wei Gao and Ying Cao
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 8809; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13158809 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281
Abstract
Applying rock-filled gabion to buildings in cold regions with mountainous climates has multiple potentials, such as utilizing rock resources, improving building sustainability and saving building energy. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the thermal performance of gabion buildings. Based on the CFD method, [...] Read more.
Applying rock-filled gabion to buildings in cold regions with mountainous climates has multiple potentials, such as utilizing rock resources, improving building sustainability and saving building energy. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the thermal performance of gabion buildings. Based on the CFD method, this paper establishes a numerical model of buildings with gabion enclosure structures, analyzes the influence of the gabion structure on the external convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC), wind pressure, air infiltration, room temperature and building load, and further uses the building energy consumption simulation method to analyze the heat load of gabion buildings. The results showed that the adverse impact of climate on the building thermal performance is significantly diminished by the gabion. Under different weather conditions, the CHTC, the maximum wind pressure difference on the exterior surface, and the air infiltration rate are reduced by different rates. Further, the room base temperature increases throughout the heating season, and the maximum heat load and the cumulative heat load of the building are, respectively, reduced by 10.6% and 24.8%. This work revealed that the gabion is an eco-friendly and adaptive measure to improve thermal performance and indoor thermal comfort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methodology and Analysis in Fire Protection Science)
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