Submit to Batteries Review for Batteries

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Batteries, Volume 10, Issue 9 (September 2024) – 5 articles

Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.

Order results

Result details

Section

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

18 pages, 2464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of a Non-Destructive AC Heating System for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules

by Qian Xu, Xueyuan Wang, Wenjun Fan, Xuezhe Wei and Haifeng Dai

Batteries 2024, 10(9), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090300 (registering DOI) - 24 Aug 2024

Abstract

The electrification of transportation is experiencing rapid development. Electric bicycles (e-bikes) are commonly employed as convenient modes of transportation. Thanks to the advantages of long life and high energy density, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in e-bikes. In certain business models, e-bikes can utilize rental LIBs, which are centrally managed at charging stations. The low-temperature charging and discharging performance of the LIB system poses a significant challenge during usage. Among various heating methods, alternating current (AC) heating has garnered attention due to its high efficiency and has been applied to quickly warm up the LIB system. To address this issue, an AC heating model was established to determine the appropriate frequency and magnitude of the current, and a prototype AC heating system for the LIB modules used in e-bikes was designed. A full-bridge topology system model was established, and an experimental platform was constructed to test the effectiveness of the proposed AC heating topology and thermoelectric model under different AC heating frequencies and currents. The results show that the proposed AC heating system can heat an 18650 battery module within 20 min. Under an ambient temperature of −20 °C, using a 10 A, a 100 Hz excitation current achieves a heating rate of 1.3 °C per minute, with minimum power losses. The prototype also has a fast response time of only 70 ms. Finally, the strategies of LIB heating and insulation are proposed for the scenario of a battery swapping station. This research holds great significance in resolving the problem of low-temperature heating for e-bikes in cold regions. Full article

26 pages, 5241 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Identification of Cylindrical Cells for Enhanced State of Health Assessment in Lithium-Ion Battery Reuse

by Alejandro H. de la Iglesia, Fernando Lobato Alejano, Daniel H. de la Iglesia, Carlos Chinchilla Corbacho and Alfonso J. López Rivero

Batteries 2024, 10(9), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090299 (registering DOI) - 24 Aug 2024

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries are pervasive in contemporary life, providing power for a vast array of devices, including smartphones and electric vehicles. With the projected sale of millions of electric vehicles globally by 2022 and over a million electric vehicles in Europe alone in the first quarter of 2023, the necessity of securing a sustainable supply of lithium-ion batteries has reached a critical point. As the demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage (ESS) systems increases, so too does the necessity to address the shortage of lithium batteries and implement effective recycling and recovery practices. A considerable number of electric vehicle batteries will reach the end of their useful life in the near future, resulting in a significant increase in the number of used batteries. It is of paramount importance to accurately identify the manufacturer and model of cylindrical batteries to ascertain their State of Health (SoH) and guarantee their efficient reuse. This study focuses on the automation of the identification of cylindrical cells through optical character recognition (OCR) and the analysis of the external color of the cell and the anode morphology based on computer vision techniques. This is a novel work in the current limited literature, which aims to bridge the gap between industrialized lithium-ion cell recovery processes and an automated SoH calculation. Accurate battery identification optimizes battery reuse, reduces manufacturing costs and mitigates environmental impact. The results of the work are promising, achieving 90% accuracy in the identification of 18,650 cylindrical cells. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 9440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Thermal Runaway Hazards of Cylindrical and Pouch Lithium-Ion Batteries under Low Pressure of Cruise Altitude for Civil Aircraft

by Qiang Sun, Hangxin Liu, Zhi Wang, Yawei Meng, Chun Xu, Yanxing Wen and Qiyao Wu

Batteries 2024, 10(9), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090298 (registering DOI) - 24 Aug 2024

Viewed by 74

Abstract

Thermal runaway characteristics and hazards of lithium-ion batteries under low ambient pressure in-flight conditions are studied in a dynamic pressure chamber. The influence of ambient pressures (95 kPa and 20 kPa) and packaging forms (cylindrical and pouch commercial batteries) were especially investigated. The [...] Read more.

C O_{2}

concentration decrease with the reduction in pressure from 95 kPa to 20 kPa, while the total hydrocarbon and

C O

increase. Without violent fire, explosion, and huge jet flames, the thermal hazards of TR fire under 20 kPa are lower, but the amount of toxic/flammable gas emissions increases greatly. The amount of

C O

and hydrocarbons varies inversely with the thermal hazards of fire. Under low-pressure environments of cruise altitude, the thermal hazards of TR fire for pouch cells and the toxic/potentially explosive hazards of gas emissions of cylindrical cells need more attention. The performance of TR hazards for two packaging types of battery is also different. Pouch cells have higher thermal hazards of fire and lower combustible/toxic emitted gases than cylindrical cells. The thermal runaway intensity of individual cells decreases under lower ambient pressure, but the burning intensity increases dramatically when thermal runaway occurs in a battery pack. The open time of a safety valve (rupture of the bag) is shortened, but the trigger time for a thermal runaway varies for different formats of batteries under 20 kPa. Those results may be helpful for the safety warning and hazard protection design of Li batteries under low-pressure conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lithium-Ion Battery Safety and Fire)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 12734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hardware Implementation of Hybrid Data Driven-PI Control Scheme for Resilient Operation of Standalone DC Microgrid

by Ahmed Aghmadi, Ola Ali, S. M. Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Rawan A. Taha, Ahmed M. Ibrahim and Osama A. Mohammed

Batteries 2024, 10(9), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090297 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 270

Abstract

The control of energy storage systems (ESSs) within autonomous microgrids (MGs) is critical for ensuring stable and efficient operation, especially when incorporating renewable energy resources (RESs) such as photovoltaic (PV) systems. This paper addresses managing a standalone DC microgrid that combines PV generation and a battery energy storage system (BESS). We propose a hybrid control strategy that combines a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) with Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers to improve the performance of the bidirectional converter that connects the BESS to the microgrid. The RNN processes the voltage error and derivative into a reference current, which a PI controller refines to determine the best duty cycle for the converter’s switches. This hybrid control scheme provides superior adaptability and performance in various load conditions, including pulsed power load (PPL) demands. Simulation results show that the proposed control method exceeds traditional PI-PI control algorithms, particularly in improving the transient stability of the DC bus voltage and optimizing BESS performance. We conducted extensive hardware experiments to verify the robustness and effectiveness of the developed control algorithm. The experimental results confirmed the superior performance of the hybrid RNN-PI control scheme, demonstrating its ability to maintain system stability and efficiency across a wide range of real-world scenarios. This experimental validation reflects the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy in improving microgrid operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anion Intercalation/De-Intercalation Mechanism Enabling High Energy and Power Densities of Lithium-Ion Capacitors

by Yang Zhang, Junquan Lao and Ping Xiao

Batteries 2024, 10(9), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10090296 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 298

Abstract

The growing demands for electrochemical energy storage systems is driving the exploration of novel devices, with lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) emerging as a promising strategy to achieve both high energy density and fast charge capability. However, the low capacitance of commercial activated carbon (AC) cathode based on anion absorption/desorption limits LIC applications. Herein, commercial graphite is proposed as the cathode to construct an innovative AC (−)//graphite (+) system. The graphite cathode functions as anion hosting, allowing reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of anions into/from its interlayers. The as-designed AC (−)//graphite (+) full cell achieves stable cycling with 90.6% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and a prolonged lifespan with 87.5% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 0.5 A g⁻¹ with the upper cut-off voltage of 5.0 V, yielding a high average Coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.3%. Moreover, the full cell exhibits a high energy density (>200 Wh kg⁻¹) and power density of 7.7 kW kg⁻¹ (calculated based on active mass in both electrodes). These performances exceed most LICs based on anions absorption/desorption on the surface of AC cathodes. This work explores an effective electrode revolution with the assistance of anion intercalation/de-intercalation chemistry for developing novel LICs with high energy and power densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies on High-Performance Metal-Ion Capacitors: Technologies, Systems and Applications)

► Show Figures