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High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
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High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Mechanisms and Fundamental Electrochemistry Aspects".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 32374

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Biao Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Interests: energy storage; lithium-ion batteries

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the invention of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in the 1990s, the past decades have witnessed the booming of LIB-supported applications, typical examples being portable electronics and electric vehicles. Nevertheless, the rapid upgrading of current society, especially its intellectualization, is driving an increasing demand for high-energy-density batteries technologies. Moreover, the need for high-energy LIBs is rather urgent for electric vehicles to increase their endurance to overcome “range anxiety”. Therefore, we are calling for papers on this Special Issue to promote current research on this topic, which covers the main components of LIBs (cathode, anode, electrolyte) and their characterizations and fundamental understandings in the purpose of high-energy LIBs.

Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  1. High-capacity cathode materials (Li-rich/Ni-rich cathodes, high-voltage spinel oxides, etc.);
  2. Anionic redox;
  3. High-capacity anode materials (e.g., silicon anode, conversion-type anode);
  4. Wide-voltage-window electrolyte;
  5. Solid electrolyte interface (SEI) engineering;
  6. Full cell design;
  7. Advanced characterization techniques;
  8. Density-functional-theory method on batteries.

Dr. Biao Li
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • lithium-ion batteries
  • high-energy-density
  • high-capacity
  • high-voltage
  • cathode
  • anode
  • electrolyte
  • full cell
  • solid electrolyte interface
  • density functional theory
  • Li-rich
  • anionic redox
  • Ni-rich
  • silicon

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 7127 KiB  
Article
In Situ Metal Organic Framework (ZIF-8) and Mechanofusion-Assisted MWCNT Coating of LiFePO4/C Composite Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
by Priyatrisha Mathur, Jeng-Ywan Shih, Ying-Jeng James Li, Tai-Feng Hung, Balamurugan Thirumalraj, Sayee Kannan Ramaraj, Rajan Jose, Chelladurai Karuppiah and Chun-Chen Yang
Batteries 2023, 9(3), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030182 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
LiFePO4 is one of the industrial, scalable cathode materials in lithium-ion battery production, due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. However, the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 in high current rate operation is still limited, due to its poor ionic- and electron-conductive [...] Read more.
LiFePO4 is one of the industrial, scalable cathode materials in lithium-ion battery production, due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. However, the electrochemical performance of LiFePO4 in high current rate operation is still limited, due to its poor ionic- and electron-conductive properties. In this study, a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified LiFePO4/C (LFP) composite cathode materials were developed and investigated in detail. The ZIF-8 and MWCNT can be used as ionic- and electron-conductive materials, respectively. The surface modification of LFP by ZIF-8 and MWCNT was carried out through in situ wet chemical and mechanical alloy coating. The as-synthesized materials were scrutinized via various characterization methods, such as XRD, SEM, EDX, etc., to determine the material microstructure, morphology, phase, chemical composition, etc. The uniform and stable spherical morphology of LFP composites was obtained when the ZIF-8 coating was processed by the agitator [A], instead of the magnetic stirrer [MS], condition. It was found that the (optimum of) 2 wt.% ZIF-8@LFP [A]/MWCNT composite cathode material exhibited outstanding improvement in high-rate performance; it maintained the discharge capacities of 125 mAh g−1 at 1C, 110 mAh g−1 at 3C, 103 mAh g−1 at 5C, and 91 mAh g−1 at 10C. Better cycling stability with capacity retention of 75.82% at 1C for 100 cycles, as compared to other electrodes prepared in this study, was also revealed. These excellent results were mainly obtained because of the improvement of lithium-ion transport properties, less polarization effect, and interfacial impedance of the LFP composite cathode materials derived from the synergistic effect of both ZIF-8 and MWCNT coating materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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13 pages, 25974 KiB  
Article
Improving the Structural Ordering and Particle-Size Homogeneity of Li-Rich Layered Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 Cathode Materials through Microwave Irradiation Solid-State Synthesis
by Jotti Karunawan, Oktaviardi Bityasmawan Abdillah, Octia Floweri, Mahardika Prasetya Aji, Sigit Puji Santosa, Afriyanti Sumboja and Ferry Iskandar
Batteries 2023, 9(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010031 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3180
Abstract
Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (LNCM) has been intensively investigated owing to its high capacity and large voltage window. However, despite its high performance, the synthesis of LNCM can be challenging as it usually contains structural disorders and [...] Read more.
Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (LNCM) has been intensively investigated owing to its high capacity and large voltage window. However, despite its high performance, the synthesis of LNCM can be challenging as it usually contains structural disorders and particle-size inhomogeneities, especially via a solid-state method. This work introduces microwave irradiation treatment on the LNCM fabricated via a solid-state method. The as-treated LNCM has low structural disorders, as indicated by the smaller cation mixing, better hexagonal ordering, and higher c/a ratio compared to the non-treated LNCM. Furthermore, the particle-size homogeneities of as-treated LNCM improved, as characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyzer (PSA) measurements. The improved structural ordering and particle-size homogeneity of the treated sample enhances the specific capacity, initial Coulombic efficiency, and rate capability of the cathode material. The LNCM sample with 20 min of microwave treatment exhibits an optimum performance, showing a large specific capacity (259.84 mAh/g), a high first-cycle Coulombic efficiency (81.45%), and good rate capability. It also showed a stable electrochemical performance with 80.57% capacity retention after 200 cycles (at a charge/discharge of 0.2C/0.5C), which is 13% higher than samples without microwave irradiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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17 pages, 4754 KiB  
Article
Solid Electrolyte Interphase Layer Formation on the Si-Based Electrodes with and without Binder Studied by XPS and ToF-SIMS Analysis
by Zhan-Yu Wu, Li Deng, Jun-Tao Li, Sandrine Zanna, Antoine Seyeux, Ling Huang, Shi-Gang Sun, Philippe Marcus and Jolanta Światowska
Batteries 2022, 8(12), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8120271 - 5 Dec 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5290
Abstract
The formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer as a function of electrolyte and electrolyte additives has been extensively studied on simple and model pure Si thin film or Si nanowire electrodes inversely to complex composite Si-based electrodes with binders [...] Read more.
The formation and evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer as a function of electrolyte and electrolyte additives has been extensively studied on simple and model pure Si thin film or Si nanowire electrodes inversely to complex composite Si-based electrodes with binders and/or conductive carbon. It has been recently demonstrated that a binder-free Si@C-network electrode had superior electrochemical properties to the Si electrode with a xanthan gum binder (Si-XG-AB), which can be principally related to a reductive decomposition of electrolytes and formation of an SEI layer. Thus, here, the Si@C-network and Si-XG-AB electrodes have been used to elucidate the mechanism of SEI formation and evolution on Si-based electrodes with and without binder induced by lithiation and delithiation applying surface analytical techniques. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight ion mass spectrometry results demonstrate that the SEI layer formed on the surface of the Si-XG-AB electrode during the discharge partially decomposes during the subsequent charging process, which results in a less stable SEI layer. Contrarily, on the surface of the Si@C-network electrode, the SEI shows less significant decomposition during the cycle, demonstrating its stability. For the Si@C-network electrode, initially, the inorganic and organic species are formed on the surface of the carbon shell and the silicon surface, respectively. These two parts of species in the SEI layer gradually grow and then fuse when the electrode is fully discharged. The behavior of the SEI layer on both electrodes corroborates with the electrochemical results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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11 pages, 7417 KiB  
Article
Galvanic Replacement Preparation of Spindle-Structured Sb@C@NC as Anode for Superior Lithium-Ion Storage
by Junhao Liu, Peihang Li, Fangkun Li, Zhengbo Liu, Xijun Xu and Jun Liu
Batteries 2022, 8(11), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110245 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is regarded to be a potential alloying-type anode for lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent electrochemical reversibility and high theoretical specific capacity (660 mA h g−1). However, huge volume expansion accompanying rapid capacity fading seriously hinders its commercial application. [...] Read more.
Antimony (Sb) is regarded to be a potential alloying-type anode for lithium-ion batteries due to its excellent electrochemical reversibility and high theoretical specific capacity (660 mA h g−1). However, huge volume expansion accompanying rapid capacity fading seriously hinders its commercial application. Herein, double-carbon-modified spindle-structured Sb@C@NC were constructed via galvanic replacement using a Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) with polydopamine-coated-derived Fe@C@NC as reactants. Due to the unique double-carbon-encapsulated structure, the Sb@C@NC anode effectively moderates the volume fluctuation and maintains the integral framework from collapsing during the annealing and cycling process. As lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes, Sb@C@NC attained excellent cycling performance (389 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles) and superior rate capability (a reversible capacity of 343 mAh g−1 at 2000 mA g−1). Such an MOF-based approach provides an adjustable strategy for Sb-based nanomaterial and shield light on the applications of Sb@C@NC in other fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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9 pages, 2472 KiB  
Article
Enable High-Energy LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 by Ultra-Thin Coating through Wet Impregnation
by Xin Su, Xiaoping Wang, Javier Bareno, Yan Qin, Frederic Aguesse and Wenquan Lu
Batteries 2022, 8(10), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100136 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2409
Abstract
A high cut-off voltage is required for nickel-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) to meet the high energy density requirement of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, such a high voltage application leads to an unstable interface [...] Read more.
A high cut-off voltage is required for nickel-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) to meet the high energy density requirement of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. However, such a high voltage application leads to an unstable interface between NCM and liquid electrolytes. To stabilize the interface, the facile wet impregnation method has been developed to apply an ultra-thin Al2O3 coating layer on the NCM particles. This coating layer was found to have a strong interaction with the NCM and resulted in Al-doped NCM at the surface structure of NCM. The change of surface structure can not only reduce the surface resistance of lithium diffusion of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 (NCM523), but also stabilize the solid electrolyte interface between NCM523 and the electrolyte with the cut-off voltage of 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. Compared to other coating methods, wet impregnation coating can provide an ultra-thin and uniform coating with surface doping on NCM particles. Furthermore, this scalable coating method can be applied to various electrode materials without adding much additional cost. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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15 pages, 3454 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Electrochemical Performance of 1.8 Ah Pouch and 18650 Cylindrical NMC:LFP|Si:C Blend Li-ion Cells
by Imanol Landa-Medrano, Aitor Eguia-Barrio, Susan Sananes-Israel, Willy Porcher, Khiem Trad, Arianna Moretti, Diogo Vieira Carvalho, Stefano Passerini and Iratxe de Meatza
Batteries 2022, 8(8), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080097 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
Silicon has become an integral negative electrode component for lithium-ion batteries in numerous applications including electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. However, its high capacity and low cycling stability represent a significant trade-off that limits its widespread implementation in high fractions in the [...] Read more.
Silicon has become an integral negative electrode component for lithium-ion batteries in numerous applications including electric vehicles and renewable energy sources. However, its high capacity and low cycling stability represent a significant trade-off that limits its widespread implementation in high fractions in the negative electrode. Herein, we assembled high-capacity (1.8 Ah) cells using a nanoparticulate silicon–graphite (1:7.1) blend as the negative electrode material and a LiFePO4–LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (1:1) blend as the positive electrode. Two types of cells were constructed: cylindrical 18650 and pouch cells. These cells were subjected both to calendar and cycling aging, the latter exploring different working voltage windows (2.5–3.6 V, 3.6–4.5 V, and 2.5–4.5 V). In addition, one cell was opened and characterised at its end of life by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and further electrochemical tests of the aged electrodes. Si degradation was identified as the primary cause of capacity fade of the cells. This work highlights the need to develop novel strategies to mitigate the issues associated with the excessive volumetric changes of Si. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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13 pages, 6170 KiB  
Article
Influence of Fluoroethylene Carbonate in the Composition of an Aprotic Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Characteristics of LIB’s Anodes Based on Carbonized Nanosilicon
by Alesya V. Parfeneva, Aleksander M. Rumyantsev, Darina A. Lozhkina, Maxim Yu. Maximov and Ekaterina V. Astrova
Batteries 2022, 8(8), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8080091 - 15 Aug 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2337
Abstract
Here, we study an effect of FEC addition to TC-E918 electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of Si/C negative electrodes. The anodes were fabricated from nanosilicon powder coated with a carbon shell by means of a standard slurry technique. The low-temperature reduction of fluorocarbon [...] Read more.
Here, we study an effect of FEC addition to TC-E918 electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of Si/C negative electrodes. The anodes were fabricated from nanosilicon powder coated with a carbon shell by means of a standard slurry technique. The low-temperature reduction of fluorocarbon on the surface of Si nanoparticles was used to form the shell. It was shown that the presence of FEC in the electrolyte increases the cyclic stability of the electrodes and maintains a 1.5-fold higher discharge capacity during 300 cycles. Impedance measurements were used to study changes in the electrode parameters during long-term cycling with and without FEC additives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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Review

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19 pages, 7177 KiB  
Review
An Investigation into the Viability of Battery Technologies for Electric Buses in the UK
by Tahmid Muhith, Santosh Behara and Munnangi Anji Reddy
Batteries 2024, 10(3), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10030091 - 4 Mar 2024
Viewed by 3359
Abstract
This study explores the feasibility of integrating battery technology into electric buses, addressing the imperative to reduce carbon emissions within the transport sector. A comprehensive review and analysis of diverse literature sources establish the present and prospective landscape of battery electric buses within [...] Read more.
This study explores the feasibility of integrating battery technology into electric buses, addressing the imperative to reduce carbon emissions within the transport sector. A comprehensive review and analysis of diverse literature sources establish the present and prospective landscape of battery electric buses within the public transportation domain. Existing battery technology and infrastructure constraints hinder the comprehensive deployment of electric buses across all routes currently served by internal combustion engine counterparts. However, forward-looking insights indicate a promising trajectory with the potential for substantial advancements in battery technology coupled with significant investments in charging infrastructure. Such developments hold promise for electric buses to fulfill a considerable portion of a nation’s public transit requirements. Significant findings emphasize that electric buses showcase considerably lower emissions than fossil-fuel-driven counterparts, especially when operated with zero-carbon electricity sources, thereby significantly mitigating the perils of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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41 pages, 3035 KiB  
Review
Applications and Advantages of Atomic Layer Deposition for Lithium-Ion Batteries Cathodes: Review
by Yury Koshtyal, Denis Olkhovskii, Aleksander Rumyantsev and Maxim Maximov
Batteries 2022, 8(10), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8100184 - 15 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4790
Abstract
Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most convenient, reliable, and promising power sources for portable electronics, power tools, hybrid and electric vehicles. The characteristics of the positive electrode (cathode active material, CAM) significantly contribute to the battery’s functional properties. Applying various [...] Read more.
Nowadays, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most convenient, reliable, and promising power sources for portable electronics, power tools, hybrid and electric vehicles. The characteristics of the positive electrode (cathode active material, CAM) significantly contribute to the battery’s functional properties. Applying various functional coatings is one of the productive ways to improve the work characteristics of lithium-ion batteries. Nowadays, there are many methods for depositing thin films on a material’s surface; among them, one of the most promising is atomic layer deposition (ALD). ALD allows for the formation of thin and uniform coatings on surfaces with complex geometric forms, including porous structures. This review is devoted to applying the ALD method in obtaining thin functional coatings for cathode materials and includes an overview of more than 100 publications. The most thoroughly investigated surface modifications are lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese spinel (LMO), lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxides (NCM), lithium-nickel-manganese spinel (LNMO), and lithium-manganese rich (LMR) cathode materials. The most studied processes of deposition are aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) films. The primary purposes of such studies are to find the synthesis parameters of films, to find the optimal coating thickness (e.g., ~1–2 nm for Al2O3, ~1 nm for ZrO2, <1 nm for TiO2, etc.), and to reveal the effect of the coating on the electrochemical parameters of batteries. The review summarizes synthesis conditions, investigation results of deposited films on CAMs and positive electrodes and some functional effects observed due to films obtained by ALD on cathodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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