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Brain Sciences
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Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous...
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Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 November 2021) | Viewed by 13288

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Luana Fioriti

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Dulbecco Telethon Institute, 20156 Milan, Italy
Interests: memory; neurodegenerative disease; polyQ disorders; post-translational modification; prion-like propation of polyQ aggregates; RNA granules; biomolecular condensates
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Lenzie Ford

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Kosik Lab, Neuroscience Research Institute, University Of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Interests: neurobiology of memory; synaptic plasticity; amyloids; protein misfolding diseases; neurodegenerative diseases; biological condensates; liquid-liquid phase separation; ribonucleoprotein granules

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The central and peripheral nervous systems are composed of an intricate network of neurons supported by various glial cells. The connection between brain cells within this network are meticulously regulated and strengthened based on the needs of the organism.

Many diseases and disorders disrupt the cellular circuitry within the nervous system, resulting in debilitating psychological and neurological symptoms.

This Special Issue focuses on reviews and original research articles that help gather details about cellular, molecular, and systems disruptions to the nervous system, both in the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

We aim to bring together new research across various models, like human brain imaging, murine neuroscience, invertebrate electrophysiology, neurobiology, and computational modeling to provide a multidisciplinary approach for studying physiological and pathological aspects of nervous system function.

Dr. Luana Fioriti
Dr. Lenzie Ford
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Brain Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
  • neuropathology
  • neuron
  • brain

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4893 KiB  
Article
Modulation of Hippocampal Astroglial Activity by Synaptamide in Rats with Neuropathic Pain
by Igor Manzhulo, Olga Manzhulo, Anna Tyrtyshnaia, Arina Ponomarenko, Sophia Konovalova, Ekaterina Ermolenko, Elena Milkina and Anna Starinets
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(12), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121561 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2599
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine), an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, when administered subcutaneously (4 mg/kg/day, 14 days), exhibits analgesic activity and promotes cognitive recovery in the rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We analyzed the dynamics of GFAP-positive [...] Read more.
The present study demonstrates that synaptamide (N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine), an endogenous metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid, when administered subcutaneously (4 mg/kg/day, 14 days), exhibits analgesic activity and promotes cognitive recovery in the rat sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. We analyzed the dynamics of GFAP-positive astroglia and S100β-positive astroglia activity, the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), and two subunits of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A) in the hippocampi of the experimental animals. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of DCX. Analysis of N-acylethanolamines in plasma and in the brain was performed using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that synaptamide (1) reduces cold allodynia, (2) improves working memory and locomotor activity, (3) stabilizes neurogenesis and astroglial activity, (4) enhances the expression of NGF and NMDAR1, (5) increases the concentration of Ca2+ in astrocytes, and (6) increases the production of N-acylethanolamines. The results of the present study demonstrate that synaptamide affects the activity of hippocampal astroglia, resulting in faster recovery after CCI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS))
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16 pages, 3240 KiB  
Article
Using System Identification to Construct an Inherent Model of Pupillary Light Reflex to Explore Diabetic Neuropathy
by Yung-Jhe Yan, Chien-Nan Chen and Mang Ou-Yang
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(7), 852; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070852 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2217
Abstract
This study proposed a pupillary light reflex (PLR) inherent model based on the system identification method to demonstrate the dynamic physiological mechanism of the PLR, in which pupillary constriction and dilation are controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. This model was [...] Read more.
This study proposed a pupillary light reflex (PLR) inherent model based on the system identification method to demonstrate the dynamic physiological mechanism of the PLR, in which pupillary constriction and dilation are controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. This model was constructed and verified by comparing the simulated and predicted PLR response with that of healthy participants. The least root-mean-square error (RMSE) of simulated PLR response was less than 0.7% when stimulus duration was under 3 ms. The RMSE of predicted PLR response increased by approximately 6.76%/s from the stimulus duration of 1 ms to 3 s, when the model directly used the parameters extracted from the PLR at the stimulus duration of 10 ms. When model parameters were derived from the regression by the measured PLR response, the RMSE kept under 8.5%. The model was applied to explore the PLR abnormalities of the people with Diabetic Mellitus (DM) by extracting the model parameters from 42 people with DM and comparing these parameters with those of 42 healthy participants. The parameter in the first-order term of the elastic force of the participants with DM was significantly lower than that of the healthy participants (p < 0.05). The sympathetic force and sympathetic action delay of the participants with DM were significantly larger (p < 0.05) and longer (p < 0.0001) than that of the healthy ones, respectively. The reason might be that the sympathetic nervous system, which controls the dilator muscle, degenerated in diabetic patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS))
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Review

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14 pages, 355 KiB  
Review
Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Mechanisms of B. burgdorferi Infection of the Nervous System
by Lenzie Ford and Danielle M. Tufts
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(6), 789; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060789 - 15 Jun 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7353
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the United States, infecting ~476,000 people annually. Borrelia spp. spirochetal bacteria are the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans and are transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks. Clinical manifestations vary depending on which Borrelia [...] Read more.
Lyme borreliosis is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the United States, infecting ~476,000 people annually. Borrelia spp. spirochetal bacteria are the causative agents of Lyme disease in humans and are transmitted by Ixodes spp ticks. Clinical manifestations vary depending on which Borrelia genospecies infects the patient and may be a consequence of distinct organotropism between species. In the US, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto is the most commonly reported genospecies and infection can manifest as mild to severe symptoms. Different genotypes of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto may be responsible for causing varying degrees of clinical manifestations. While the majority of Lyme borreliae-infected patients fully recover with antibiotic treatment, approximately 15% of infected individuals experience long-term neurological and psychological symptoms that are unresponsive to antibiotics. Currently, long-term antibiotic treatment remains the only FDA-approved option for those suffering from these chronic effects. Here, we discuss the current knowledge pertaining to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto infection in the central nervous system (CNS), termed Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), within North America and specifically the United States. We explore the molecular mechanisms of spirochete entry into the brain and the role B. burgdorferi sensu stricto genotypes play in CNS infectivity. Understanding infectivity can provide therapeutic targets for LNB treatment and offer public health understanding of the B. burgdorferi sensu stricto genotypes that cause long-lasting symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS))
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