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Cancers
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Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment
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Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment

A special issue of Cancers (ISSN 2072-6694). This special issue belongs to the section "Cancer Therapy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 7758

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Matthias Troeltzsch

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
Interests: oral squamous cell carcinoma; immunooncology; head- and neck reconstructive surgery; jaw bone pathology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are on the rise, with nearly 1 million reported worldwide in the last 5 years. Although the main risk factors for the development of OSCC (smoking and alcohol consumption) are widely known, many cases of OSCC in “low risk patients” remain enigmatic. For example, increasing cases of aggressive tongue carcinoma, especially in your women, have recently attracted scientific and clinical attention. The underlying reasons for the pathogenesis of these cancers are unknown; they display a high rate of local relapse and distant metastasis and are associated with poor prognosis. However, their genetics resemble similar cancers of older patients with less aggressive behavior.

In the quest to decipher the etiological parameters of OSCC, researchers have scrutinized the genomics, epigenetics, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics of OSCC. Big data analysis and bioinformatics have facilitated the identification of hub genes, which are of pivotal importance in central pathways implicated in OSCC development. An abundance of immunohistochemical studies have described the morphological appearance of cancers cells and have tried to associate molecular characteristics with biological cancer behavior and prognosis. Finally, advanced surgical approaches, radiotherapy techniques and chemotherapeutic protocols (with the implementation of checkpoint inhibitors) have tried to enhance local cancer control, survival rates and patients’ quality of life.

It is rather sobering that, despite a rapidly growing body of knowledge about OSCC, lasting therapeutic successes and ultimate molecular decryption of this cancer entity have yet to be achieved.

The aims of this Special Issue “Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment” are threefold. The current state-of-the-art knowledge of OSCC molecular biology, pathology, clinical behavior, risk factors and treatment shall be revisited. Topical papers addressing current trends in OSCC research and treatment considering all aspects of surgery, radiation oncology and chemotherapy are strongly invited. Furthermore, future developments and innovative papers regarding this field are welcome.

I would like to thank all contributors to this Issue for their effort, expertise and stamina in OSCC research. We hope to make this Issue the new standard of the current OSCC knowledge.

Sincerely,

Dr. Matthias Troeltzsch
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cancers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • oral squamous cell carcinoma
  • omics
  • head and neck surgery
  • reconstruction
  • immuno-oncology
  • innovative treatment
  • radiation oncology

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2205 KiB  
Article
From Pixels to Diagnosis: Algorithmic Analysis of Clinical Oral Photos for Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Simona Rabinovici-Cohen, Naomi Fridman, Michal Weinbaum, Eli Melul, Efrat Hexter, Michal Rosen-Zvi, Yelena Aizenberg and Dalit Porat Ben Amy
Cancers 2024, 16(5), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16051019 - 29 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1206
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for more than 90% of oral malignancies. Despite numerous advancements in understanding its biology, the mean five-year survival rate of OSCC is still very poor at about 50%, with even lower rates when the disease is detected [...] Read more.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for more than 90% of oral malignancies. Despite numerous advancements in understanding its biology, the mean five-year survival rate of OSCC is still very poor at about 50%, with even lower rates when the disease is detected at later stages. We investigate the use of clinical photographic images taken by common smartphones for the automated detection of OSCC cases and for the identification of suspicious cases mimicking cancer that require an urgent biopsy. We perform a retrospective study on a cohort of 1470 patients drawn from both hospital records and online academic sources. We examine various deep learning methods for the early detection of OSCC cases as well as for the detection of suspicious cases. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of these methods in both tasks, providing a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s condition. When evaluated on holdout data, the model to predict OSCC achieved an AUC of 0.96 (CI: 0.91, 0.98), with a sensitivity of 0.91 and specificity of 0.81. When the data are stratified based on lesion location, we find that our models can provide enhanced accuracy (AUC 1.00) in differentiating specific groups of patients that have lesions in the lingual mucosa, floor of mouth, or posterior tongue. These results underscore the potential of leveraging clinical photos for the timely and accurate identification of OSCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment)
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16 pages, 6495 KiB  
Article
Metastatic Lymph Node Detection on Ultrasound Images Using YOLOv7 in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Sato Eida, Motoki Fukuda, Ikuo Katayama, Yukinori Takagi, Miho Sasaki, Hiroki Mori, Maki Kawakami, Tatsuyoshi Nishino, Yoshiko Ariji and Misa Sumi
Cancers 2024, 16(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020274 - 8 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1372
Abstract
Ultrasonography is the preferred modality for detailed evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) identified on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, owing to its high spatial resolution. However, the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography depends on the examiner’s expertise. To support the ultrasonographic diagnosis, [...] Read more.
Ultrasonography is the preferred modality for detailed evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) identified on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging, owing to its high spatial resolution. However, the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography depends on the examiner’s expertise. To support the ultrasonographic diagnosis, we developed YOLOv7-based deep learning models for metastatic LN detection on ultrasonography and compared their detection performance with that of highly experienced radiologists and less experienced residents. We enrolled 462 B- and D-mode ultrasound images of 261 metastatic and 279 non-metastatic histopathologically confirmed LNs from 126 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The YOLOv7-based B- and D-mode models were optimized using B- and D-mode training and validation images and their detection performance for metastatic LNs was evaluated using B- and D-mode testing images, respectively. The D-mode model’s performance was comparable to that of radiologists and superior to that of residents’ reading of D-mode images, whereas the B-mode model’s performance was higher than that of residents but lower than that of radiologists on B-mode images. Thus, YOLOv7-based B- and D-mode models can assist less experienced residents in ultrasonographic diagnoses. The D-mode model could raise the diagnostic performance of residents to the same level as experienced radiologists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment)
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18 pages, 4664 KiB  
Article
Combined Biomarker System Predicts Prognosis in Patients with Metastatic Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Tatjana Khromov, Lucas Fischer, Andreas Leha, Felix Bremmer, Andreas Fischer, Henning Schliephake, Michal Amit Rahat and Phillipp Brockmeyer
Cancers 2023, 15(20), 4924; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15204924 - 10 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1016
Abstract
Background: Metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with poor patient prognosis. Metastasis is a complex process involving various proteins, tumor cell alterations, including changes attributable to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, [...] Read more.
Background: Metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with poor patient prognosis. Metastasis is a complex process involving various proteins, tumor cell alterations, including changes attributable to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we investigate a combined protein marker system consisting of connexin 43 (Cx43), EMMPRIN (CD147), E-cadherin, and vimentin, with a focus on their roles in the invasive metastatic progression of OSCC and their potential utility in predicting prognosis. Methods: We conducted an immunohistochemical analysis to assess the protein expression profiles of Cx43, EMMPRIN, E-cadherin, and vimentin using tissue samples obtained from 24 OSCC patients. The metastatic process was mapped through different regions of interest (ROIs), including adjacent healthy oral mucosa (OM), center of primary OSCC, invasive front (IF), and local cervical lymph node metastases (LNM). The primary clinical endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: Substantial changes in the expression profiles of the different marker proteins were observed among the different ROIs, with all p-values < 0.05, signifying statistical significance. Multivariable Cox regression analysis results showed a significant effect of increased EMMPRIN expression toward the IF on DFS (p = 0.019) and OS (p = 0.023). Furthermore, the combined predictive analysis showed a significant predictive value of the marker system for DFS (p = 0.0017) and OS (p = 0.00044). Conclusions: The combined marker system exhibited a significant ability to predict patient prognosis. An increase in EMMPRIN expression toward the IF showed the strongest effect and could be an interesting new antimetastatic therapy approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment)
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12 pages, 2237 KiB  
Article
Association of Suppressive Myeloid Cell Enrichment with Aggressive Oropharynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Changlin Yang, Rekha Garg, Kristanna Fredenburg, Frances Weidert, Hector Mendez-Gomez, Robert Amdur, Ji-Hyun Lee, Jamie Ku, Jesse Kresak, Stephanie Staras, Andrew G. Sikora, Lily Wang, Daniel McGrail, Duane Mitchell, Elias Sayour and Natalie Silver
Cancers 2023, 15(8), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082346 - 18 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1736
Abstract
Background: While immune-cell infiltrated tumors, such as human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) ororpharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) have been associated with an improved clinical prognosis, there is evidence to suggest that OPSCCs are also subjected to increased immunoregulatory influence. The objective of this study [...] Read more.
Background: While immune-cell infiltrated tumors, such as human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) ororpharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) have been associated with an improved clinical prognosis, there is evidence to suggest that OPSCCs are also subjected to increased immunoregulatory influence. The objective of this study was to assess whether patients with clinically aggressive OPSCC have a distinct immunosuppressive immune signature in the primary tumor. Methods: This retrospective case-control study analyzed 37 pre-treatment tissue samples from HPV+ and HPV-negative OPSCC patients treated at a single institution. The cases were patients with known disease recurrence and the controls were patients without disease recurrence. An mRNA-expression immune-pathway profiling was performed, and correlated to clinical outcomes. The TCGA head and neck cancer database was utilized to make comparisons with the institutional cohort. Results: In our cohort, HPV-negative and HPV+ patients with known disease recurrence both had significantly increased suppressive monoctyte/macrophage and granulocyte cell-expression-profile enrichment. Similar findings were found in the TCGA cohort when comparing HPV-negative to positive patients. Conclusions: our study demonstrates that patients with recurrent HPV+ OPSCC had suppressive monocyte/macrophage and granulocyte immune-cell enrichment, similar to those seen in the more aggressive HPV-negative OPSCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment)
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11 pages, 966 KiB  
Article
Management of the Contralateral Neck in Unilateral Node-Positive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
by Christian Doll, Friedrich Mrosk, Lea Freund, Felix Neumann, Kilian Kreutzer, Jan Voss, Jan-Dirk Raguse, Marcus Beck, Dirk Böhmer, Kerstin Rubarth, Max Heiland and Steffen Koerdt
Cancers 2023, 15(4), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15041088 - 8 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1742
Abstract
Introduction: In lateralized oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with ipsilateral cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM), the surgical management of the unsuspicious contralateral neck remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to analyze this cohort and to compare the outcomes [...] Read more.
Introduction: In lateralized oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with ipsilateral cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM), the surgical management of the unsuspicious contralateral neck remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to analyze this cohort and to compare the outcomes of patients with and without contralateral elective neck dissection (END). Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients with lateralized OSCC, ipsilateral CLNM (pN+) and contralateral cN0-stage was performed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgical management of the contralateral neck: I: END; and II: no END performed. Adjuvant radiotherapy was applied bilaterally in both groups according to individual risk. Results: A total of 65 patients (group I: 16 (24.6%); group II: 49 (75.4%)) with a median follow-up of 28 months were included. Initially, there was no case of contralateral CLNM after surgery. During follow-up, 6 (9.2%) patients presented with recurrent CLNM. In 5 of these cases (7.7%), the contralateral neck (group I: 3/16 (18.8%); group II: 2/49 (4.1%)) was affected. Increased ipsilateral lymph node ratio was associated with contralateral CLNM (p = 0.07). END of the contralateral side showed no significant benefit regarding OS (p = 0.59) and RFS (p = 0.19). Conclusions: Overall, the risk for occult contralateral CLNM in patients with lateralized OSCC ipsilateral CLNM is low. Our data suggest that END should not be performed routinely in this cohort. Risk-adapted radiotherapy of the contralateral neck alone seems to be sufficient from the oncological point of view. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma–from Diagnosis to Treatment)
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