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Coatings
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Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering
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Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Tribology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 10427

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Juozas Padgurskas

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: green tribology; biotribology; nanoparticles in lubricants; biodegradable oils; monitoring of tribosystems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Raimundas Rukuiža

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical, Energy and Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Vytautas Magnus University, LT-53361 Kaunas, Lithuania
Interests: friction and wear reducing coatings; green tribology materials; bio-degradable oils; nano-particles in lubricants; self-regulation in tribo systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to submit your work for the Special Issue “Friction and Wear Behaviours in Mechanical Engineering”. The friction and wear problems in mechanical systems have always been particularly important, but recently, with the worsening of energy problems, the relevance of these issues has increased even more. When solving this question, special attention should be focused on the systematicity of the solution, i.e., analysis of the entire tribological system. We invite articles that deal with the properties of friction surfaces; their change using various technological methods, both when forming coatings and applying other surface modification methods; and tribological system lubrication. We also seek articles dedicated to the loss of and increase in tribological system efficiency, mechanisms of surface wear and degradation, and the monitoring of tribological systems. The most important highlights of this publication are new and combined surface coating and processing methods; self-lubricating coatings; tribological properties of lubricants; their improvement and assessment of changes in properties during the operation; green, i.e., environmentally friendly technologies; and biodegradable lubricants. We welcome contributions that evaluate not only the friction and wear parameters of the tribological system, but also friction mechanisms, surface degradation processes, and environmentally friendly materials (i.e., bioscale and structural and lubricating materials made from renewable materials).

Most of the articles in the Special Issue will consist of published reports of the international conference BALTTRIB'2022 (www.balttrib.info).

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • New and combined methods of coating formation and surface modification;
  • Influence of surface treatment on its wear and degradation mechanisms and intensity;
  • Structural and lubricating materials of biological origin;
  • Self-lubrication coatings and self-regulation processes in friction pairs;
  • Green surface treatment technologies;
  • Green tribology.

Prof. Dr. Juozas Padgurskas
Dr. Raimundas Rukuiža
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • surface modification
  • tribosystem
  • friction and wear mechanisms
  • biolubricants
  • biodegradable materials
  • green tribology

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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30 pages, 14918 KiB  
Article
Wear Mechanism of an AlCrN-Coated Solid Carbide Endmill Cutter and Machined Surface Quality under Eco-Friendly Settings during Open Slot Milling of Tempered JIS SKD11 Steel
by Ly Chanh Trung and Tran Thien Phuc
Coatings 2024, 14(8), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080923 - 23 Jul 2024
Viewed by 773
Abstract
In the die and mold industry, tempered JIS SKD11 steel is selected to manufacture cold-forming dies that require an optimum balance of toughness, strength, and wear resistance. Therefore, the machinability of tempered JIS SKD11 in the milling machining process is challenging. The use [...] Read more.
In the die and mold industry, tempered JIS SKD11 steel is selected to manufacture cold-forming dies that require an optimum balance of toughness, strength, and wear resistance. Therefore, the machinability of tempered JIS SKD11 in the milling machining process is challenging. The use of eco-friendly machining settings is intended to diminish tool wear and enhance the quality of the machined surface as well as the accuracy of the machined components. Adapting to the aforementioned factors for cold-forming dies is a pivotal issue. In this study, the machinability of tempered JIS SKD11 steel was analyzed under dry, MQL, cryogenic cooling with liquid nitrogen (LN2), and liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) machining settings during open slot milling operations with varying input parameters, including cutting speeds and cutting feeds. An in-depth evaluation of output responses, including tool wear, surface roughness, cutting temperature in the cutting zone, and microhardness of the machined surface, was also conducted. The findings unveiled that the flank wear of the cutters and surface roughness of the machined surfaces obtained minimum values of 0.22 mm and 0.197 µm, respectively, during open slot milling operations at a cutting speed of 100 m/min and a cutting feed of 204 mm/min under cryogenic cooling with liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2). The findings from this study suggest that employing cryogenic cooling with LCO2 could serve as a viable substitute for dry, MQL, and cryogenic cooling with LN2 methods to enhance the machinability of hardened JIS SKD11 steel. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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19 pages, 8898 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Preload Relaxation of Bolted Joint Structures under Transverse Loading
by Yilong Liu, Min Zhu, Xiaohan Lu, Shengao Wang and Ziwei Li
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050538 - 26 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1168
Abstract
In this study, based on the Iwan model, the connection interface of the bolted joint structure subjected to lateral loads was simulated and comparatively analyzed. Commercial finite element software was used to model the bolted joint structure. Monotonic lateral loads and cyclic displacement [...] Read more.
In this study, based on the Iwan model, the connection interface of the bolted joint structure subjected to lateral loads was simulated and comparatively analyzed. Commercial finite element software was used to model the bolted joint structure. Monotonic lateral loads and cyclic displacement loads were applied to the model. The changes in the preload force of the bolted connection structure, as well as the changes in the sticking zone and stress state of the connection interface, were analyzed, and the loading results of monotonic load and cyclic displacement load were compared. The results show that the contact interface stress decreases with the increase in displacement load, and this increase is also a nonlinear relationship, which is approximately in phase with the trend of the contact surface slip curve. The amount of contact surface stress loss and the amount of preload loss are not directly related to the magnitude of the initial preload, regardless of the loading conditions. The contact surface is also circular under any form of displacement loading, whether it is stressed or slipped. The amount of preload loss is proportional to the amount of bolt compression for that variable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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28 pages, 17850 KiB  
Article
Abrasive Wear Resistance and Tribological Characteristics of Pulsed Hard Anodized Layers on Aluminum Alloy 1011 in Tribocontact with Steel and Ceramics in Various Lubricants
by Mykhailo Student, Iryna Pohrelyuk, Juozas Padgurskas, Raimundas Rukuiža, Volodymyr Hvozdets’kyi, Khrystyna Zadorozhna, Halyna Veselivska, Oleksandra Student and Oleh Tkachuk
Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111883 - 2 Nov 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1892
Abstract
Based on the analysis of known methods of surface hardening of aluminum alloys (chromium plating, plasma electrolytic oxidation, hard anodizing), the prospects for pulsed hard anodizing are shown both for improving the functional characteristics of alloys and for large-scale implementation of this method. [...] Read more.
Based on the analysis of known methods of surface hardening of aluminum alloys (chromium plating, plasma electrolytic oxidation, hard anodizing), the prospects for pulsed hard anodizing are shown both for improving the functional characteristics of alloys and for large-scale implementation of this method. The purpose of this work is to show the possibility of pulsed hard anodizing to improve the serviceability of low-strength aluminum alloy 1011 under conditions of abrasive and sliding wear. The influence of the pulsed anodizing temperature on the phase-structural state of the synthesized layers, their abrasive wear resistance, and tribological characteristics in various lubricants were established, and the mechanism of wear of these layers was proposed. It is shown that with an increase in the temperature of pulsed anodizing, the wear resistance of the synthesized layers increases, and their abrasive wear resistance decreases. The negative effect of lubricating media on the wear resistance of the synthesized layers compared to tests under dry conditions was shown, and an explanation for this phenomenon is proposed. A significant (up to 40 times) increase in wear resistance in dry friction of anodized low-strength aluminum alloy 1011 compared to high-strength aluminum alloy 1050 was shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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14 pages, 4760 KiB  
Article
Improving Wear Resistance of Highly Porous Titanium by Surface Engineering Methods
by Serhii Lavrys, Iryna Pohrelyuk, Juozas Padgurskas and Khrystyna Shliakhetka
Coatings 2023, 13(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101714 - 29 Sep 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1492
Abstract
The wear resistance of highly porous titanium in the tribo-pair with bronze under boundary lubrication condition was investigated. According to analyses of worn surfaces of highly porous titanium, it was shown that the main reason of poor wear resistance were subsurface pores that [...] Read more.
The wear resistance of highly porous titanium in the tribo-pair with bronze under boundary lubrication condition was investigated. According to analyses of worn surfaces of highly porous titanium, it was shown that the main reason of poor wear resistance were subsurface pores that led to nucleation of micro-cracks in the subsurface layer and thereby intensified fatigue (delamination) wear. For improvement of wear resistance of highly porous titanium, the surface engineering methods, such as deformation (ball burnishing, BB), diffusion (gas nitriding, GN), and their combination—deformation–diffusion treatment (DDT), were considered. It was shown that surface hardening of highly porous titanium by BB, GN, and DDT reduces the weight wear intensity and the friction coefficient of the tribo-pairs by 1.4, 3.5, 4.0 and 1.8, 2.3, 3.2 times, respectively. Such an improvement in the tribological properties of highly porous titanium after surface hardening is explained by changes in the main wear mechanism of the tribo-pairs from adhesive and fatigue to abrasive. The highest wear resistance of highly porous titanium was observed after surface deformation–diffusion treatment, as this treatment provides a combination of the positive effects of both ball burnishing (closing of surface pores) and nitriding (formation of a surface chemically inert and hard nitride layer). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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21 pages, 10389 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Distortion of the Bearing Rings after Quenching
by Xusheng Li, Dongying Ju, Jianting Cao and Kousuke Ishikawa
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071190 - 2 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Bearings are usually used at high-speed and high-load conditions, so the bearing sleeve must be able to withstand large contact stress, which requires heat treatment. However, during the quenching process of the bearing sleeve, a vapor film is formed on the surface. Since [...] Read more.
Bearings are usually used at high-speed and high-load conditions, so the bearing sleeve must be able to withstand large contact stress, which requires heat treatment. However, during the quenching process of the bearing sleeve, a vapor film is formed on the surface. Since the vapor film is not uniform along the axial direction during the process of boiling and breaking, it will cause uneven distortion of the bearing sleeve. This uneven distortion will cause the outer ring of the bearing to have elliptical distortion after heat treatment. However, the mechanism of this problem and how to reduce the elliptical distortion has not been completely solved. In this paper, two points on the inner wall and outer wall of the bearing sleeve in the orthogonal direction are measured by means of experiments, and the mechanism of the ellipticity distortion during the quenching process is revealed. Additionally, through its horizontal placement, oblique placement, and vertical placement, the cooling curve and cooling rate curve changes in the process of entering the quenching agent are studied; based on the cooling curve, the heat transfer coefficient of the bearing sleeve during quenching is obtained by the heat transfer equation. Input the heat transfer coefficient into the CAE heat treatment simulation software COSMAP, according to the Metallo-Thermo-Mechanics theory and the method of multi-field coupling, simulating the quenching process of GCr15 and 16MnCr5 materials. By comparison, the ellipticity value of the bearing placed at a 45° angle is smaller than that of the horizontally and vertically placed bearings, with the 16MnCr5 material having the smallest ellipticity value of 0.00016. The simulation results verified the distortion mechanism of the bearing sleeve during the quenching process and how to reduce the solution of elliptical distortion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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16 pages, 2150 KiB  
Article
Applicability Analysis of Nickel Steel Plate Friction Coefficient Model Based on Fractal Theory
by Min Zhu, Xiaohan Lu, Haiyan Li, Hongjun Cao and Fei Wu
Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061096 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1289
Abstract
In the field of aerospace, weapons and other complex assembly, there are more than 50 factors affecting the performance degradation of joint structures, among which the friction coefficient is the main factor. Nickel steel is widely used in large complex equipment due to [...] Read more.
In the field of aerospace, weapons and other complex assembly, there are more than 50 factors affecting the performance degradation of joint structures, among which the friction coefficient is the main factor. Nickel steel is widely used in large complex equipment due to its advantages of high strength. Therefore, this paper first establishes a theoretical model of friction coefficient based on fractal theory. Secondly, the friction coefficient experiment was carried out to measure the friction coefficient of nickel steel plates with different roughness under different normal loads. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the theoretical results, and the accuracy and error analysis of the model is carried out. The results show that the friction coefficient increases with the increase in roughness. When the normal load is greater than 50 kg, the friction coefficient gradually tends to be stable. The error of identification results of correction factor a was all within 5%. The error between theoretical model prediction and experimental data is 6%–15%, which indicates that the calculation of the friction coefficient has high accuracy. The results of this study can provide data and theoretical support for the friction coefficient evaluation of nickel steel plate joint structures, and contribute to the health detection and reliability evaluation of nickel steel plate joint structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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Review

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29 pages, 5089 KiB  
Review
A Review of Cross-Scale Theoretical Contact Models for Bolted Joints Interfaces
by Yilong Liu, Min Zhu, Xiaohan Lu, Shengao Wang and Ziwei Li
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050539 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1120
Abstract
Bolted joints structures are critical fastening components widely used in mechanical equipment. Under long-term loading conditions, the bolted joints interface generates strong nonlinearities within the system. The nonlinear stiffness inside the bolt leads to changes in the stiffness of the whole system. This [...] Read more.
Bolted joints structures are critical fastening components widely used in mechanical equipment. Under long-term loading conditions, the bolted joints interface generates strong nonlinearities within the system. The nonlinear stiffness inside the bolt leads to changes in the stiffness of the whole system. This affects the dynamic characteristics of the whole system. It brings challenges and difficulties to the performance prediction and reliability assessment of the equipment. A cross-scale theoretical model study based on the microscopic contact mechanism can provide a more comprehensive understanding and cognition of the degradation behavior of bolted joints interfaces. The current development status and deformation process of asperity models are summarized. The research progress of statistical summation model and contact fractal model based on microscopic contact mechanism is analyzed. The experimental methods for parameter identification of connection interfaces are reviewed. The study of numerical modelling of bolted joints structures from the surface contact mechanism is briefly described. Future research directions for cross-scale modelling of bolted joints structures are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Friction and Wear Behaviors in Mechanical Engineering)
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