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Electronics
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Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications
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Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 June 2024 | Viewed by 6954

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Emanuele Cardillo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
Interests: radio frequency; microwave and millimeter-wave electronics; portable radars; hybrid microwave integrated circuits (HMIC); linear and noise microwave measurements; CubeSats
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Changzhi Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Box 43102, Lubbock, TX 79409-3102, USA
Interests: radio frequency and microwave; wireless localization; non-contact motion sensing; healthcare monitoring; structural monitoring; biomedical radar
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microwave and millimeter-wave radars have a disruptive impact in terms of reliability, operative performances, and multiplicity of provided information.

Although the term radar is an acronym of “RAdio Detection And Ranging”, the basic features of detection and ranging have been widely extended due to the extensive progression of the related electronic circuits, e.g., their ability to detect speed, angle of arrival (AoA) and millimeter/sub-millimeter displacements with high accuracy. Moreover, extracting the characteristic micro‑Doppler signature of a target enables advanced features such as gesture detection and movement analysis.

Radar contactless sensing is characterized by limited privacy concerns, decreasing sensor size as the operating frequency increases, and robustness against different ambient light and weather conditions.

Both circuits and signal processing stages can be embedded in portable systems; thus, they are of interest for a wide range of industrial, automotive, medical, healthcare, human–computer interface, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications at the human–microwave frontier.

This Special Issue represents a scientific hub which will collect contributions, knowledge and expertise inputs from different academic and industry sectors, creating a common effort directed towards new innovative theories, technologies, techniques, and applications.

Bearing in mind that the growth of scientific community is fueled by professional interaction, along with sharing concepts and ideas, cutting-edge scientific contributions focused on radar theory and techniques, hardware, signal processing, and applications are welcome.

Potential topics include (but are not limited to):

  • Radar theory and techniques.
  • Radar architectures.
  • Radar signal processing.
  • Microwave and mm-waves radars.
  • Activity sensing.
  • Human localization.
  • Non-contact vital sign detection.
  • Material characterization using radar techniques.
  • Gesture analysis.
  • Structural health monitoring.
  • Motion-based security monitoring.
  • Biomedical radars
  • Automotive radars.
  • Industrial radars.
  • Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radars.
  • Frequency-shifting keying (FSK) radars.
  • Interferometric radars.
  • Doppler radars.
  • Ultrawideband (UWB) radars.
  • Digital/RF beamforming.
  • Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars.
  • Synthetic aperture radars (SAR).
  • Self-injection-locked radars.
  • Unmanned aerial system-borne radars.
  • Imaging radars.
  • MMIC and HMIC radars.
  • Radar antennas.

Dr. Emanuele Cardillo
Dr. Changzhi Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Doppler
  • frequency-modulated continuous wave
  • ultrawideband (UWB)
  • multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
  • interferometric radar
  • synthetic aperture radars (SAR)
  • self-injection-locked radars
  • automotive radar
  • industrial radars
  • biomedical radar
  • contactless sensing
  • microwaves and millimeter waves
  • imaging radar
  • MMIC
  • HMIC
  • vital sign detection
  • gesture analysis
  • micro-Doppler signature
  • structural health monitoring
  • digital/RF beamforming

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 12671 KiB  
Article
Random Body Movement Removal Using Adaptive Motion Artifact Filtering in mmWave Radar-Based Neonatal Heartbeat Sensing
by Shiguang Yang, Xuerui Liang, Xiangwei Dang, Nanyi Jiang, Jiasheng Cao, Zhiyuan Zeng and Yanlei Li
Electronics 2024, 13(8), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081471 - 12 Apr 2024
Viewed by 452
Abstract
In response to the pressing requirement for prompt and precise heart rate acquisition during neonatal resuscitation, an adaptive motion artifact filter (AMF) is proposed in this study, which is based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) approach and takes advantage of the gradual, [...] Read more.
In response to the pressing requirement for prompt and precise heart rate acquisition during neonatal resuscitation, an adaptive motion artifact filter (AMF) is proposed in this study, which is based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) approach and takes advantage of the gradual, time-based changes in heart rate. This method is intended to alleviate the pronounced interference induced by random body movement (RBM) on radar detection in neonates. The AMF analyzes the frequency components at different time points in the CWT results. It extracts spectral peaks from each time slice of the frequency spectrum and correlates them with neighboring peaks to identify the existing components in the signal, thereby reducing the impact of RBM and ultimately extracting the heartbeat component. The results demonstrate a reliable estimation of heart rates. In practical clinical settings, we performed measurements on multiple neonatal patients within a hospital environment. The results demonstrate that even with limited data, its accuracy in estimating the resting heart rate of newborns surpasses 97%, and during infant movement, its accuracy exceeds 96%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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8 pages, 2220 KiB  
Communication
Beneficial Effects of Self-Motion for the Continuous Phase Analysis of Ac-Coupled Doppler Radars
by Luigi Ferro, Changzhi Li, Graziella Scandurra, Carmine Ciofi and Emanuele Cardillo
Electronics 2024, 13(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040772 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 536
Abstract
This paper analyzes the beneficial effects on phase detection arising from the motion of an ac-coupled Doppler radar. Indeed, although the presence of an ac coupling stage suppresses the dc offset after the receiver RF output, due to the coupling capacitor, a high-pass [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the beneficial effects on phase detection arising from the motion of an ac-coupled Doppler radar. Indeed, although the presence of an ac coupling stage suppresses the dc offset after the receiver RF output, due to the coupling capacitor, a high-pass behavior is introduced; the presence of a high-pass behavior leads to signal distortion, particularly for low Doppler frequencies, which are typical in many biomedical or industrial applications. Since the target displacement is usually extracted from the phase history, this effect might, in turn, worsen the overall accuracy of the system. Moreover, if the target alternates stationary and moving time intervals, the phase detection step becomes challenging. Indeed, during the stationary time, the output of the RF front-end shows only noise fluctuations that, in turn, result in uncorrelated phases which might be confused with the real target displacement. This negative effect might be avoided by keeping the radar continuously moving, thus exploiting what is usually considered a state that is negative and worthy of attention. In this contribution, this effect is addressed from a different perspective, and ad hoc experimental case studies are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system. This task has been accomplished through theoretical analysis and related experimental activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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12 pages, 2728 KiB  
Article
Characterization Technique for a Doppler Radar Occupancy Sensor
by Avon Whitworth, Amy Droitcour, Chenyan Song, Olga Boric-Lubecke and Victor Lubecke
Electronics 2023, 12(24), 4888; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12244888 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
Occupancy sensors are electronic devices used to detect the presence of people in monitored areas, and the output of these sensors can be used to optimize lighting control, heating and ventilation control, and real-estate utilization. Testing methods already exist for certain types of [...] Read more.
Occupancy sensors are electronic devices used to detect the presence of people in monitored areas, and the output of these sensors can be used to optimize lighting control, heating and ventilation control, and real-estate utilization. Testing methods already exist for certain types of occupancy sensors (e.g., passive infrared) to evaluate their relative performance, allowing manufacturers to report coverage patterns for different types of motion. However, the existing published techniques are mostly tailored for passive-infrared sensors and therefore limited to evaluation of large motions, such as walking and hand movement. Here we define a characterization technique for a Doppler radar occupancy sensor based on detecting a small motion representing human breathing, using a well-defined readily reproducible target. The presented technique specifically provides a robust testing method for a single-channel continuous wave Doppler-radar based occupancy sensor, which has variation in sensitivity within each wavelength of range. By comparison with test data taken from a human subject, we demonstrate that the mobile target provides a reproducible alternative for a human target that better accounts for the impact of sensor placement. This characterization technique enables generation of coverage patterns for breathing motion for single-channel continuous wave Doppler radar-based occupancy sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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19 pages, 9888 KiB  
Article
Static Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Millimeter-Wave Near-Field FMCW-SAR Imaging
by Zhanjun Hao, Ruidong Wang, Jianxiang Peng and Xiaochao Dang
Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4013; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194013 - 23 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 865
Abstract
To address the limitations of wireless sensing in static gesture recognition and the issues of Computer Vision’s dependence on lighting conditions, we propose a method that utilizes millimeter-wave near-field SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imaging for static gesture recognition. First, a millimeter-wave near-field SAR [...] Read more.
To address the limitations of wireless sensing in static gesture recognition and the issues of Computer Vision’s dependence on lighting conditions, we propose a method that utilizes millimeter-wave near-field SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imaging for static gesture recognition. First, a millimeter-wave near-field SAR imaging system is used to scan the defined static gestures to obtain data. Then, based on the distance plane, the three-dimensional gesture is divided into multiple two-dimensional planes, constructing an imaging dataset. Finally, an HOG (Histogram of Oriented Gradients) is used to extract features from the imaging results, PCA (Principal Component Analysis) is applied for feature dimensionality reduction, and RF (Random Forest) performs classification. Experimental verification shows that the proposed method achieves an average recognition precision of 97% in unobstructed situations and 93% in obstructed situations, providing an effective means for wireless-sensing-based static gesture recognition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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11 pages, 4419 KiB  
Article
A Joint Design of Radar Sensing, Wireless Power Transfer, and Communication Based on Reconfigurable Software Defined Radio
by Zhouyi Wu, Yasser Qaragoez, Vladimir Volskiy, Jiangtao Huangfu, Lixin Ran and Dominique Schreurs
Electronics 2022, 11(23), 4050; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11234050 - 6 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
This paper proposes a compact three-mode base station capable of performing radar sensing, communication, and wireless power transfer (WPT) in collaboration with indoor sensor networks. With regard to the wireless sensor node, the base station transmits two-tone signals in the downlink to support [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a compact three-mode base station capable of performing radar sensing, communication, and wireless power transfer (WPT) in collaboration with indoor sensor networks. With regard to the wireless sensor node, the base station transmits two-tone signals in the downlink to support its operation and provides two-way communication. The sensor node sends uplink information through backscattering using the third order intermodulation (IM3) product of the rectification. In the radar mode, a single-tone continuous wave (CW) is used to monitor if there is a moving target in the static environment. If a speed is detected, the transmit signal to the node is stopped, while the single-tone CW excitation will continue until the speed of the target is zero, and then the base station transmits a stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) signal to measure the distance of the target. The repeat between the two radar waveforms continues until the target is undetectable within the detection range. The software defined radio PlutoSDR is adopted as the base station. The system can wirelessly supply power and bi-directionally communicate with a CO2 sensor node 2 m away. It gives a range resolution of 2.5 cm and a minimum detectable speed of 0.25 m/s in the radar mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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24 pages, 6758 KiB  
Article
A Dimension Estimation Method for Rigid and Flexible Planar Antennas Based on Characteristic Mode Analysis
by Bashar Bahaa Qas Elias, Azremi Abdullah Al-Hadi, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin and Ping Jack Soh
Electronics 2022, 11(21), 3585; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213585 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1328
Abstract
An empirical method for simplified dimension estimation of patch antennas is proposed in this work based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA). This method involves generating formulae to calculate substrate-independent antenna patch widths produced from the antenna’s characteristic angle. This enables the definition of [...] Read more.
An empirical method for simplified dimension estimation of patch antennas is proposed in this work based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA). This method involves generating formulae to calculate substrate-independent antenna patch widths produced from the antenna’s characteristic angle. This enables the definition of a relationship between the characteristic angle and the natural resonant frequency of an antenna structure, bridging the changes of resonant frequencies contributed by possible variation in substrate properties. From here, the end ‘calibrated’ results can be used to generate specific formulae for each antenna to determine the width of the patch at different operating frequencies, making it time- and resource-efficient. This method was validated using conventional and slotted antennas designed using different substrates, both rigid (RO4003C, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880) and conventional (felt, denim fabric). Measurement results obtained were in satisfactory agreement with simulated results, even without considering the substrates and excitations. Finally, this method was also applied in designing dual-band antennas using flexible materials for wearable applications, indicating good agreement with experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Radar Electronics for Contactless Sensing Applications)
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