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EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 22951

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Prof. Dr. Gabriele Gradoni

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Guest Editor

School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; metamaterials; wireless communications; wave chaos; dynamical systems; quantum graphs

Prof. Dr. Valter Mariani Primiani

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Guest Editor

Department of Information Engineering, Marche Polytechnic University, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Interests: EMC; reverberation chambers; emission; immunity; shielding effectiveness

Prof. Dr. Xiaoming Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Information and Communications Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
Interests: MIMO antennas; over-the-air testing; reverberation chambers, and electromagnetic information theory
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Testing of wireless devices and systems is becoming increasingly important in the technological development of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G mobile networks. Both mobile operators and telecommunications vendors are interested in assessing system performance and user-perceived quality in realistic propagation environments, including indoor and outdoor conditions. This area has become a central theme in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Beside the use of stochastic fields inside a reverberation chamber to carry out emulated over-the-air (OTA) tests, also other physical quantities are of extreme interest, e.g., power delay profile (PDP), Rician K- factor, coherence bandwidth, and time delay spread, among others. OTA tests can be efficiently carried out on wireless devices and on entire base stations by tuning the above parameters accordingly.

In addition, the EMC problems of 5G systems are exacerbated by the presence of complex high-frequency, multifunctional, digital circuits and numerous wireless devices deployed throughout the propagation channel. Not only the EMC tests need to evaluate emission and immunity, but also identify the key sources of EMC failures. Due to the complexity of 5G systems, the analysis and identification of EMC failure sources are particularly intricate and challenging. Therefore, new test solutions and post-processing techniques are needed to address the challenges of 5G EMC tests, also assessing the coexistence constrains with existing fixed and mobile installations.

Prof. Dr. Gabriele Gradoni
Prof. Dr. Valter Mariani Primiani
Prof. Dr. Xiaoming Chen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

RC theory and characterization
emission
immunity
coexistence
channel modelling
field statistics
wave chaos
antennas
MIMO/massive MIMO
reconfigurable intelligent surfaces
software defined radio

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Emulation of the Rician K-Factor of 5G Propagation in a Source Stirred Reverberation Chamber

by Alfredo De Leo, Paola Russo and Valter Mariani Primiani

Electronics 2023, 12(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010058 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

This paper presents a novel algorithm to emulate the Rician K-factor of a wireless communication environment using a reverberation chamber. In particular, it was focused on the frequency bands used by 5G technology for data transmission. Unlike the current state of the art, the increase of the Rician K-factor is not achieved by inserting lossy material in the chamber, but through the proposed algorithm, which selects a subset of electromagnetic field realizations inside the chamber. The algorithm was first applied to the results of a simulation obtained by using an analytical model that predicts the main physical quantities inside a rectangular cavity where a multiple monopole source stirring action is implemented. Subsequently, the robustness of the algorithm and its applicability was tested on a set of data retrieved from experimental measurements. In all of the considered scenarios, the validity of the proposed method was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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15 pages, 5456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compact MIMO System Performances in Metallic Enclosures

by Mir Lodro, Gabriele Gradoni, Christopher Smartt, David Thomas and Steve Greedy

Electronics 2022, 11(24), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244188 - 15 Dec 2022

Viewed by 1418

Abstract

In this work, we present a 2 × 2 near-field multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) prototype for bit-error-rate (BER) and error vector magnitude (EVM) measurements in a metal enclosure. The near-field MIMO prototype was developed using software-defined-radios (SDRs) for over-the-air transmission of QPSK modulated baseband waveforms. We checked the near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements in three different scenarios in a highly reflecting metal enclosure environment. In the first scenario, the line-of-sight (LOS) communication link was investigated when the mode stirrer was stationary. In the stationary channel conditions, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements are performed. In the second scenario, BER and EVM measurements were performed in dynamic channel conditions when the mode stirrer was set to move continuously. In the third scenario, LOS communication near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were performed in stationary channel conditions but now in the presence of MIMO interference. In three different scenarios, near-field MIMO BER and EVM measurements were investigated at different Tx USRP gain values and in the presence of varying levels of MIMO interference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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20 pages, 2639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IO-Link Wireless Sensitivity Testing Methods in Reverberation Chambers

by Christoph Cammin, Dmytro Krush, Dirk Krueger and Gerd Scholl

Electronics 2022, 11(17), 2775; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172775 - 3 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1510

Abstract

Communication reliability is a challenging requirement, which implies the need for over-the-air (OTA) testing. Reverberation chambers (RCs) are widely used for OTA tests in various fields. Due to their properties, such as inherent radio channel emulation or the arbitrary orientation of the equipment under test (EUT) in the test volume, they can be used as advantageous test environments for wireless products in the field of industrial manufacturing automation, such as for the IO-Link Wireless (IOLW) standard. In this paper, the different OTA sensitivity test procedures total isotropic sensitivity (TIS), average fading sensitivity (AFS) and mean channel packet error (MCPE) method, which is based on the fundamental channel model of the wireless standard, are described and evaluated in various variants. A core aspect of the proposal is the impact of the possible use of frequency hopping of the wireless equipment under test. The respective advantages and disadvantages are shown. Overall, TIS proves to be a suitable alternative for IOLW OTA sensitivity testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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9 pages, 2858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Reverberation Chamber Performance Using a Reconfigurable Source Stirring Antenna Array

by Chen Yu, Yongjiu Zhao, Huijuan Dai, Wenjun Qi, Feng Fang, Wenjun Xia and Qian Xu

Electronics 2022, 11(9), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091462 - 3 May 2022

Viewed by 1397

Abstract

An antenna array composed of 16 asymmetric distributed monopoles on a circular dielectric substrate is proposed to use as a reconfigurable source stirrer in a reverberation chamber (RC). The distance between antennas is above

\frac{λ}{2}

to ensure the isolation between [...] Read more.

\frac{λ}{2}

to ensure the isolation between antennas below −15 dB. In order to ensure the mutual independence of the stirring modes of the antenna array, the 16 monopoles are asymmetrically distributed on both sides with X and Y as axes. The stirring efficiency of a stirrer is related to its size, and usually a higher stirring efficiency means a larger stirrer. The source stirring technique can achieve high efficiency, but the rotation of a source stirring antenna is limited to the radius of the turntable in an RC. To solve this problem, we propose to use an antenna array as a reconfigurable source stirrer, which can achieve a high efficiency of source stirring. As the antenna array can achieve source stirring and mechanical stirring at the same time, the source stirring section is not limited to the radius of the turntable; the switch between the selected antennas of the antenna array can increase the actual stirring samples of the stirring. Thus, the efficiency can be improved significantly and has been verified by the measurement results. The volume occupied by the conventional mechanical stirrer is reduced, which improves the working volume. The figures of merit, such as the field uniformity (FU), the independent sample numbers, the average K-factor, and the total scattering cross-section (TSCS), are measured and compared to the conventional mechanical stirring, mechanical stirring, and source stirring of the antenna array. Measurement results of the reconfigurable stir are illustrated below. FU has the best convergence and the lowest value, below 0.5 dB. The independent sample number is the largest. K-factor is the lowest, and most ranges are below −15 dB. Additionally, the proposed method has the largest TSCS, above 2

m^{2}

. These confirm that the proposed reconfigurable source stirring technique outperforms other three stirring techniques significantly. The antenna array can be easy to disassemble and install in different RC. With a wide range of working band, the proposed method can be applied to 5G OTA testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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11 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Metasurface Lens Design for Synthesizing Plane Waves in Millimeter-Wave Bands

by Yu Zhang, Zhiqin Wang, Yuxin Ren, Chong Pan, Jinling Zhang, Lifei Jia and Xiongzhi Zhu

Electronics 2022, 11(9), 1403; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091403 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

With the development of communication technology has come several measurement applications requiring plane-wave conditions for wireless-device characterizations in anechoic chambers. In this paper, a metasurface lens with a 2 × 2 feeding-antenna array is proposed and characterized to synthesize a plane wave in a near field for a fifth-generation (5G) millimeter-wave radio-frequency (RF) devices test. The metasurface lens, based on Jerusalem-cross elements printed on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate, is used for controlling the phase-shift distribution of incident spherical waves. The lens has a size of 0.4 × 0.4 m and is designed to operate at a range from 24.25 GHz to 27.5 GHz, and its feeding-antenna array is located at a focal plane of the lens, which is parallel to the metasurface lens. The lens is studied and verified through simulations and experiments, and a uniform amplitude and phase-field distribution at a reduced distance of 1.2 m generated by the metasurface lens throughout a QZ are achieved. The worst-case amplitude and phase variation of the designed metasurface lens are ±0.75 dB and ±7.5°, respectively. The results show a plane-wave condition can be achieved in 5G millimeter bands through the proposed compact and effective metasurface lens. Moreover, the proposed metasurface lens is shown to be capable of reducing the plane-wave synthesizing distance compared to the compact antenna test range (CATR) with a significantly reduced system cost, making it an attractive alternative to antenna testing in 5G millimeter-wave frequency bands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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11 pages, 3586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Throughput Multiplexing Efficiency for High-Order Handset MIMO Antennas

by Xiaoyu Huang, Jianchuan Wei, Bingyi Qian, Aofang Zhang, Kunpeng Wei and Xiaoming Chen

Electronics 2022, 11(9), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11091301 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1312

Abstract

In multipath environments, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) terminals typically suffer from non-zero correlations due to limited handset space and power imbalances due to different antenna efficiencies or partial hand blockage. These antenna–channel impairments can lead to significant throughput performance degradation of MIMO terminals. The multiplexing efficiency was proposed to quantitatively assess this performance degradation. Previous work only derived the analytical expression of the throughput-based multiplexing efficiency of two-port MIMO antennas for user equipment (UE). However, the fifth-generation (5G) UE dictates four or more antennas. In this paper, we extend the multiplexing efficiency metric to high-order MIMO UEs. Both correlation-based channel models and geometry-based stochastic channel models were used for validation. Besides dipole antennas, two representative terminal antennas were also employed for simulation verifications in this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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18 pages, 7709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Technologies for Emerging Wireless Applications

by Sidina Wane, Fabien Ferrero, Thanh Vinh Dinh, Damienne Bajon, Lionel Duvillaret, Gwenaël Gaborit and Vincent Huard

Electronics 2022, 11(7), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11071134 - 2 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2186

Abstract

In this article, we introduce correlation technologies both at RF/mmWave and baseband frequencies. At RF and mmWave frequencies, power-spectra and energy-spectra metrics are introduced for measuring the power-density of mobile devices and systems. New ASIC-embedded smart connectors are developed for bringing correlation-based signal processing close to antenna modules. At baseband frequencies, DSP-based convolutional accelerators are proposed for fast and accurate measurement of EVM (error vector magnitude) using correlation technologies. Porting of the DSP-based convolutional accelerators into advanced fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FDSOI)-based ASIC platforms for co-integration with adaptive RF/mmWave front-end modules will enable real-time extraction of auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions of stochastic signals. Perspectives for optically synchronized interferometric-correlation technologies are drawn for accurate measurements in noisy environments of stochastic EM fields using power-spectra and energy-spectra metrics. Adoption of correlation technologies will foster new paradigms relative to interactions of humans with smart devices and systems in randomly fluctuating environments. The resulting new paradigms will open new possibilities in communication theory for properly combining and reconciling information signal theory (Shannon information-based entropy) and physical information theory (statistical-physics-based entropy) into a unified framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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13 pages, 2076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Performance Metrics and Environmental Conditions for 5G MIMO OTA

by Meijun Qu, Zihan Chen, Xianhui Liu and Siyang Sun

Electronics 2022, 11(5), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11050747 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1865

Abstract

For Multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) user equipment (UE), over-the-air (OTA) testing of radiated multi-antenna reception performance is crucial to guarantee actual network performance and is mandatory in North America, Europe and China. For 5G MIMO OTA, 3GPP has specified the clustered delay line (CDL) channel models as the reference channel models, which present higher order and directivity than those of 4G. Therefore, which kinds of performance metrics and environmental conditions are feasible and necessary to better characterize the MIMO performance should be studied. In this paper, MIMO OTA measurement results of different figures of merits (FoMs) under both UE noise-limited and interference-limited environmental conditions have been compared and discussed, respectively. In addition, the impact of different channel models on MIMO OTA throughput performance as well as the variance per azimuth are compared. Based on the analysis, Peak-Null can better reflect the difference between the 12 azimuth positions than Variance. Total Radiated Multi-antenna Sensitivity (TRMS) under both channel models presents nearly the same performance trends at different thresholds. On the contrary, MIMO Average Radiated SIR Sensitivity (MARSS) exhibits a high dependence on channel models. The MARSS under UMi channel model shows a much smaller performance variation between UEs than UMa channel model. TRMS under 3GPP UE noise-limited environmental condition exhibits a stronger ability to distinguish between good and bad performing devices than that of MARSS under CTIA interference-limited environmental condition. The discrepancy can reach 4 dB at most. This discrepancy does not come from different average manners between TRMS and MARSS, but originates from environmental condition itself. Therefore, it is proposed to adopt TRMS under UE noise-limited environmental condition as the unique or baseline test condition in 5G FR1 MIMO OTA. Peak-Null can be considered as a secondary FoM to characterize the variance per azimuth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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8 pages, 1729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Class-F Based Power Amplifier with Optimized Efficiency in Triple-Band

by Fei Yang, Hongxi Yu, Jun Li, Chao Guo, Sen Yan, Xiaoming Chen, Anxue Zhang and Zhonghe Jin

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030310 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1527

Abstract

A Class-F mode-based power amplifier (PA) with optimized efficiency in triple-band was designed using a simple and systematic approach. By considering the second and third harmonic terminations of the PA, the relationship between the output impedance design space and the drain efficiency (DE) is extracted by large-signal model simulation. Then, a low-pass matching topology is utilized for the triple-band efficiency optimization. The method is justified by both simulation and measurement of a triple-band PA to integrate three functions into one hardware, i.e., 1518–1525 MHz for mobile communication, 2.1 GHz for telemetry and control, and 2.492 GHz for navigation signal transport. The proposed PA achieves a measured result of high DE (63% at 1.52 GHz, 71% at 2.1 GHz, 59% at 2.492 GHz) in the three bands with an output power of at least 40 dBm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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22 pages, 8681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prototype Verification of Self-Interference Suppression for Constant-Amplitude Full-Duplex Phased Array with Finite Phase Shift

by Jie Zhang and Jiudong Zheng

Electronics 2022, 11(3), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030295 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1600

Abstract

In view of the strong self-interference problem when the practical phased array system is simultaneously applied for transmission and reception, under the constraints including limited quantization number, constant envelope amplitude, scanning mode, wideband signal mode, etc., this work studies it and proposes the amplitude-phase joint adjustment method and the phase-only method for beamforming optimization. Through digital simulation design, electromagnetic simulation evaluation and principle test verification, under the actual array system conditions, including 6-bit phase quantization or phase step size of 5.625° and amplitude 0.5 dB quantization step, when the transmitting beam is pointing (0°, 0°), the research has achieved a performance of 11.9~14.4 dB for self-interference suppression; at the same time, the optimized beam shape is maintained well, and the ratio of the main lobe to the side lobes does not change significantly, but the beam gain has a loss of about 2~3 dB. In addition, we studied the interference suppression performance and beam feature retention performance of the optimized beamforming weights in the case of array scanning and broadband signals, and analyzed the influence of the changes in the mutual coupling characteristics between elements caused by scanning and frequency changes on the cancellation performance. This provides a reference for the application research of the simultaneous transmitting and receiving self-interference suppression technology in the actual array system state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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Review

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16 pages, 5009 KiB

Open AccessReview

Self-Interference Cancellation: A Comprehensive Review from Circuits and Fields Perspectives

by Jiahao Zhang, Fangmin He, Wei Li, Yi Li, Qing Wang, Songhu Ge, Jinling Xing, Hongbo Liu, Yaxing Li and Jin Meng

Electronics 2022, 11(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11020172 - 6 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4445

Abstract

Increased demand for higher spectrum efficiency, especially in the space-limited chip, base station, and vehicle environments, has spawned the development of full-duplex communications, which enable the transmitting and receiving to occur simultaneously at the same frequency. The key challenge in this full-duplex communication paradigm is to reduce the self-interference as much as possible, ideally, down to the noise floor. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the self-interference cancellation (SIC) techniques for co-located communication systems from a circuits and fields perspective. The self-interference occurs when the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna are co-located, which significantly degrade the system performance of the receiver, in terms of the receiver desensitization, signal masking, or even damage of hardwares. By introducing the SIC techniques, the self-interference can be suppressed and the weak desired signal from the remote transmitter can be recovered. This, therefore, enables the full-duplex communications to come into the picture. The SIC techniques are classified into two main categories: the traditional circuit-domain SICs and the novel field-domain SICs, according to the method of how to rebuild and subtract the self-interference signal. In this review paper, the field-domain SIC method is systematically summarized for the first time, including the theoretical analysis and the application remarks. Some typical SIC approaches are presented and the future works are outlooked. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EMC Analysis in Wireless Communication)

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